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1.
Sesame, Sesamum indicum L. is used worldwide for cooking oil and food. The United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit (USDA, ARS, PGRCU) conserves 1,226 accessions originating from Europe, Africa, Asia, North America, and South America. Sesame accessions were directly seeded to the field in Griffin, GA between 15 May and 01 June 2003–2007. At 50% maturity, 192 accessions were characterized for morphological, phenological, and reproductive traits during the regeneration cycles. High quality plants regenerated from all accessions produced 131 to more than 80,000 seeds per accession. Sesame can be successfully grown and regenerated in Griffin, GA. Coefficients of variation and principal component analysis revealed considerable variability among accessions for phenological, morphological and reproductive traits. Assuming appropriate levels of heritability, sufficient variation among sesame accessions exists for days to maturity, plant height, and reproductive traits among these sesame accessions to warrant breeding programs for new sesame cultivar development.  相似文献   

2.
Butterfly pea, Clitoria ternatea is used in Africa as a companion crop and in the United States as an ornamental. The USDA, ARS, PGRCU curates 28 butterfly pea accessions. Butterfly pea accessions were transplanted from about 30-day-old seedlings to the field in Griffin, GA around 01 June 1999, 2003, 2006–2007 or directly sown in 2001. At 50% maturity, 19 accessions were characterized for morphology, phenology, and evaluated for regeneration. High quality plants regenerated from all accessions produced 6 to more than 3,400 total seeds. Butterfly pea can be successfully grown and regenerated in Griffin, GA. Coefficients of variation and principal component analysis revealed considerable variability among accessions for morphological and reproductive traits. Butterfly pea has potential to be used as a nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, or food. The flavonoid quercetin has been shown to reduce upper respiratory infections in humans while delphinidin and malvidin identified in butterfly pea flowers may inhibit various forms of cancer.  相似文献   

3.
Swordbean, Canavalia ensiformis has been used in Asia and Japan as a vegetable while in the United States sword bean is used as a source of the lectin concanavalin A. The USDA, ARS, PGRCU maintains 27 swordbean accessions. Swordbean accessions were transplanted from approximately 45-day-old seedlings to the field in Griffin, GA around 01 June from 1998 to 2003 (except 2001). After 3–4 months, 21 accessions were characterized for morphological traits and evaluated for regeneration. High quality plants regenerated from all accessions produced 19 to more than 1100 total seeds. Swordbean can be successfully grown and regenerated in Griffin, GA. Swordbean has potential to be used in numerous other ways including nutraceuticals, phytopharmaceuticals, and other agricultural products. Flavonoids such as rutin identified in swordbean seeds may decrease precancerous lesions in the large intestine while the phytochemical, beta-aminopropionitrile inhibits breast adenocarcinoma growth. Canatoxin, the potential pesticide from swordbean seeds showed toxicity to the cotton pest, Dysdercus peruvianus.  相似文献   

4.
Guar [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] is an important commercial crop of India, mainly cultivated in the northwestern part and neighboring areas of Pakistan. High morphological diversity is reported in guar. The present study attempts to analyze the genetic diversity in cultivated guar using allozyme polymorphism and compare it with reported morphological diversity. Accessions for the study were selected from a set of guar germplasm conserved at the National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi. The morphological data of 108 selected accessions was subjected to UPGMA clustering. Fifty-five accessions were then picked randomly from the clusters generated. Tris-borate system (pH 8.3) was found to be most effective for detection of allozyme polymorphism in guar. Ten enzymes were selected for the study out of 18 systems tried, namely, malate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, phosphogluco isomerase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, esterase, peroxidase, alcohol dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and shikimate dehydrogenase. A total of 20 loci were detected with 34 alleles. The number of polymorphic loci in different accessions was observed to be highly variable (0–9). An average of 1.27 allozyme per polymorphic locus was observed. The allele frequency data of the 55 accessions was used to determine genetic diversity parameters. The dendrogram generated on genetic distance showed three clusters in the distance range of 0–0.28. Most of the accessions were in the first clusters in a narrow distance range of 0–0.08. The second cluster consisted of improved varieties and accession from Pakistan. The third cluster of accessions was genetically more distant but there was no definite segregation of accessions according to the place of collection. The accessions from south west Rajasthan were scattered in all the three clusters showing higher variability in this region, also supported by higher morphological variation. The genetic distance was low among accessions of guar, indicating low diversity in India.  相似文献   

5.
Wild species of safflower, Carthamus oxyacanthus Bieb., is highly crossable with cultivated species, C. tinctorius L. and could be directly exploited in broadening safflower gene pool and improving the crop for biotic and abiotic stress environments. In this study, genetic diversity among accessions of C. oxyacanthus and their relationships with cultivated safflower were evaluated using agro-morphological traits and polymorphic inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers. Significant variation was observed among accessions particularly for seeds per capitulum, seed yield per plant, harvest index and capitula per plant. Cluster analysis based on agro-morphological traits classified the wild accessions in two groups according to their geographical regions, and separated them from the cultivated genotypes. ISSR marker also revealed a high genetic variation among the accessions, and cluster analysis based on this marker divided genotypes into four groups, with cultivated ones in a separate clade. Genetic variation observed among the wild safflower germplasm at the DNA level was higher than the agro-morphological traits, indicating that ISSR is an effective marker system for detecting diversity among safflower genotypes and their genetic relationships. Accessions of C. oxyacanthus with high genetic relationship to cultivated species could be used for interspecific hybridization in breeding programs of safflower.  相似文献   

6.
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7.
Sixteen germplasm accessions of Prosopis cineraria with suitable horticultural traits were identified from north-western Rajasthan, India, propagated clonally by budding on seedling rootstock and maintained in the field gene bank. Morphological characterization of seven-year-old trees of these accessions by 21 traits indicated a lot of variation among the accessions tested. Higher number of flowers per raceme was found in accession CIAH/K2, higher width of ripened pod in CIAH/K5, higher number of seeds per pod in CIAH/K12 and a higher weight of seed per pod in CIAH/K6. Overall, CIAH/K16 was found to be a superior genotype for most of the useful traits. High significant positive correlation was obtained with traits useful for horticultural values. Out of 62 random decamer primers for random amplification (RAPD) reaction, and four minisatellite core sequence for direct amplification of minisatellite DNA (DAMD) screened with these accessions, 12 RAPD and 2 DAMD primers were found polymorphic. Average polymorphism resolved by these markers among the accessions was 93.2%. Genetic diversity revealed by Jaccard’s co-efficient was between 0.11 and 0.77, and four major clusters were identified among these accessions by phylogenetic analysis using NTSYSpc-2.02e software. This study shows the existence of high genetic diversity within these accessions.  相似文献   

8.
One hundred ninety four accessions of barnyard millet collected from different eco-geographical regions of India were evaluated for 14 quantitative traits during kharif 2003 and 2005. These accessions were grouped into 5 groups on the basis of place of collection. These groups differed significantly in their mean values for quantitative traits and magnitude of correlation among traits indicates origin based association. The group ‘C’ (source of origin is unknown) was found most diverse group (mean coefficient of variation 17.67%), while rest of the groups recorded mean coefficient of variation between 12 and 13%. Correlation studies indicate that flag leaf width, number of racemes along with internode length should be considered while performing selection in segregating generations. The plotting of first and second principal component axes scores suggests that presence of three distinct morphotypes in the present study. These morphotypes are quite similar to three botanical varieties viz., var. robusta, var. intermedia and var. stolonifera in their morphological traits, while botanical variety laxa (endemic to Sikkim area of India) was completely absent from the present study.  相似文献   

9.
Patterns of geographical diversity, and the relationship between agro-morphological traits and fatty acid composition were assessed for 193 safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) accessions representing forty countries. Accessions were assigned to eight groups based on geographical proximity. Cluster and Principal Component analyses were performed to assess patterns of diversity among the accessions and to select the most distant accessions from each of eight groups for analysis of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. There was a large amount of diversity for agro-morphological traits, fatty acid composition, and RAPD markers. Most correlations among different traits were rather low. Plant height showed a positive correlation with days to flowering (r = 0.63**). Palmitic acid was positively correlated with stearic acid and oleic acid values, and negatively correlated with linoleic acid (P < 0.01). Oleic acid and linoleic acid showed a strong negative correlation (r = −0.89**). The first three principal components together explained 59% of the variation, however, neither principal component analysis (PCA) nor marker analysis revealed a clear relationship between diversity pattern and geographical origin. Accessions from some geographical regions tended to group together, such as accessions from South Western Asia, Central Western Europe, and the Mediterranean region. The correlation between the morphological matrix and the genetic matrix based on RAPD markers was not significant (r = 0.027). Wide diversity in safflower germplasm indicates a considerable potential for improving this crop for both agronomic and quality traits.  相似文献   

10.
There are many valuable Tadehagi accessions in southwest China, but it is unknown that the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship of these Tadehagi resources. This report is the first study in which 41 primers of inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) were used to assess the genetic diversity of 36 Tadehagi accessions from 3 provinces in the southwest of China. Totally, 30 usable ISSR primers detected 163 polymorphic bands among the 36 accessions, which suggested high utility of ISSR primers in the genetic analysis of Tadehagi accessions. Genetic similarity coefficients among all of the accessions ranged from 0.54 to 0.92 with the average of 0.79 based on the ISSR data, indicating high level of genetic variation in Tadehagi resources from the southwest of China. As for the 3 population, Hainan population had the maximum average genetic similarity coefficients of 0.81, while similarity coefficient of Guangxi and Yunnan population was 0.75 and 0.74, respectively. All the 36 Tadehagi accessions were divided into 4 groups in the UPGMA dendrogram constructed from genetic similarity coefficients. The Tadehagi accessions from Yunnan and Guangxi provinces showed more genetic variation and occupied the bottom of the dendrogram. On the contrary, those from Hainan Province had less genetic variation and clustered in the middle and top of the dendrogram. The information on the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship from this study is propitious to construct a core germplasm collection and develop novel Tadehagi cultivars with desired economic traits.  相似文献   

11.
Cultivated sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is an important food security crop in the semi-arid regions of the world including Asia and Africa. Its genetic diversity is contained mostly in traditional varieties and modern cultivars used by farmers. In this study, agro-morphological traits and molecular markers were used to assess genetic diversity in 22 accessions of cultivated sorghum from five countries (Botswana, Namibia, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe) in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region. The study revealed a significant variation among 22 accessions in both qualitative and quantitative morphological traits, indicating the accessions’ promising potential as breeding material. For molecular analysis, 11 microsatellite primer-pairs were used, and generated a total of 70 alleles across 20 accessions. Analysis of molecular variance revealed a high level of genetic variation; 67 % among the accessions and 10 % among the five countries. The patterns of genetic diversity and the relationships observed in this study should provide insights for genetic resource conservation and utilization of sorghum germplasm in the SADC region.  相似文献   

12.
It is important to evaluate yield and agronomic traits when selecting for elite lines in Brassica napus L. In this study, 488 global collections of B. napus L. were evaluated for yield and agronomic traits during two consecutive years under growing conditions in central China. A series of phenotypic data for yield and agronomic traits were obtained. Large variations in yield and agronomic traits were found among these accessions, making selection possible for these characters. Chinese accessions, in general, tended to have higher plot yield (POY), higher seed yield per plant (PY), higher thousand-seed weight (TSW), more seeds per silique (SS), and fewer siliques per plant (PS) than foreign accessions. Comparing winter, semi-winter, and spring accessions, semi-winter accessions tended to have the highest POY, highest PY, highest TSW, most SS and fewest PS. Genotypic variation for TSW accounted for 71.23 % of the total variation, and it was the highest for all 12 of the phenotypic traits. Significant correlations were observed between different traits. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that significant variation among the traits with the first four principal components could explain 49.8 % of the total variation. Three major groups (winter, spring and semi-winter oilseed rape accessions) could be distinguished when projecting the accessions onto the first two PCAs. The information on variations in yield and agronomic traits detected in this study provided useful parents for rapeseed breeding. Moreover, the phenotypic data on yield and agronomic traits obtained may be used in our subsequent genome-wide association studies for B. napus.  相似文献   

13.
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14.
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15.
An investigation was conducted to determine the extent of diversity and relationships among a worldwide safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) germplasm collection and to find out adapted accessions that can be used in an organic safflower breeding program in Germany. A total of 468 accessions was studied under organic farming conditions at Kleinhohenheim experimental station during the seasons of 2004 and 2005. All the accessions were evaluated for 12 phenotypic traits and three rated diseases. Multivariate analyses have been used to measure the diversity in a subset of 200 accessions and 11 geographical regions. Generally, the study showed that there was a large genetic variation within accessions. A coefficient of variation (CV%) for investigated traits and diseases ranged from 2.9 to 91.0% with the highest CV was recorded for yield/m2, yield/plant and seeds/plant. The most accessions that originated in Europe revealed relatively better performance compared to non-Europeans. High yielding, early maturing, and disease tolerant accessions were identified. However, the low oil content (8.7–22.8%) is the primary concern in this germplasm collection. The degree of heritability varied between 10% for lodging to 86% for plant height. Genotypic coefficient of correlation (r g) was slightly higher for many traits than the respective phenotypic coefficient. Oil content and seed yield/m2 were highly significantly correlated (r g = 0.78). The genotypic coefficient of correlation showed that selection for seeds/plant and thousand kernel weight was effective for improvement of seed yield and oil content. The results of the principal component analysis and the clustering pattern of accessions were consistent with the results of analysis of variance. About 78% of the total phenotypic diversity in the germplasm was explained on the basis of four principal components and 88% of the total variation among geographical regions was contributed by the first three principal components. The distribution of the accessions within clusters has no apparent relationship with the geographical origin. However, many of the European accessions have a tendency to stay together.  相似文献   

16.
《Cereal Chemistry》2017,94(2):190-198
Consumption of polyphenol‐rich food is associated with decreased risk of oxidative stress‐related chronic diseases. Sorghum, a major food and feed cereal crop, has many polyphenol‐containing accessions with high antioxidant activity in the grain. However, many of these polyphenol‐containing accessions are not high‐yielding or food‐grade varieties. The natural variation in sorghum grain polyphenols can be used to develop high‐yielding, health‐promoting specialty food types through marker‐assisted breeding. To identify new antioxidant‐rich germplasm, we quantified antioxidant activity, total polyphenols, and condensed tannins in whole kernel flour in 266 accessions from the genetically and phenotypically diverse Sorghum Association Panel. Antioxidant activity, total polyphenols, and condensed tannins were in the ranges of 9.6–325.1 μmol of trolox equivalents (TE)/g, 0.8–18.8 g of gallic acid equivalents/kg, and 0–65.5 g of catechin equivalents/kg, respectively. Twenty‐three accessions were rich sources of antioxidant activity, with PI534144 (SC84; 325.1 μmol of TE/g) and PI534117 (SC991; 237.0 μmol of TE/g) possessing the highest values. To identify quantitative trait loci associated with sorghum grain antioxidant traits, we conducted a genome‐wide association study with 404,628 single nucleotide polymorphism markers. Many significant associations were identified, including two homologs of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) transparent testa (TT ) genes TT10 and TT4. This study provides information that can help breeders incorporate health‐promoting traits into elite breeding lines.  相似文献   

17.
Knowledge of the genetic diversity in the germplasm accessions is important for the efficient germplasm management. We studied 45 colored rice accessions, which had been earlier collected from peninsular India. The accessions were evaluated at two diverse locations for 12 morpho-agronomic traits and genotyped using 50 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Significant genotypic variability was observed for all morpho-agronomic traits studied. Dendrogram and principal component analysis based on morpho-agronomic traits separated the accessions into three clusters. The first two principal components accounted for 82% of the total variation. The most discriminatory traits were number of grains per panicle, biomass yield, and days to flowering and maturity. The SSR analysis revealed high polymorphic information content value of 0.84. Though, Mantel test did not show a significant correlation, yet the classification based on phenotyping and genotyping data showed good agreement for the expression of morpho-agronomic traits in the formation of clusters. Five accessions had high concentration (> 100 μg/g) of Fe and one of Zn. Our study revealed the presence of large genetic variation among the colored rice accessions evaluated and moderate agreement between morpho-agronomic and SSR–based classifications and of these with geographic diversity.  相似文献   

18.
Summary Patterns of morphological diversity were examined in relation to geographical origins of 157 accessions of wild Lupinus angustifolius from the Aegean region using multivariate techniques. Genetic diversity was extremely large for most morphological traits, with significant variation detected among localities in Greece and within and between collection sites for some traits. Canonical variates and correlation analysis showed that early flowering, tall and large-seeded accessions were associated with warm winters and drier climates in southern Greece. Thirteen groups of accessions were identified by hierarchical cluster analysis of 19 morphological traits, accounting for 81 % of genotype and 41 % of genotype x trait sums of squares. The distinguishing features of these groups were clarified by principal coordinates analysis. Two groups, with very desirable agronomic characteristics, originated from the Dhodhekanisos Islands (Kos, Leros, Patmos) in the south-eastern Aegean: these had rapid and tall growth, prolific podding on the main stem, pods high off the ground, many upper lateral branches, large leaves, pods and seeds, and high seed yield. Accessions from the Kikladhes Islands of the central Aegean were extremely variable and those from Naxos Island were represented in 9 of the 13 groups. Accessions from northern Greece grouped together as later flowering, shorter, and smaller-seeded types, but some accessions from the southern Greek Islands were grouped with the northern mainland types. This study identified regions in Greece, such as the south-eastern islands, where further collection may be warranted for traits of obvious agronomic value for domesticated L. angustifolius. Extreme morphological variability occurs within and between collection sites, and between localities in Greece.  相似文献   

19.
Crop domestication has lead to the selection of a wide range of traits that distinguish domesticated crops from their wild ancestors. Over the past four decades, concerted efforts by archaeologists and geneticists have provided novel insights into the domestication of crops. However, minor crops are rarely a subject for intensive domestication studies and very less is known on the domestication of guar [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] except the trans-domestication hypothesis. The hypothesis proposes that the domestication of guar took place in recent times in the dry areas of the northwestern region of Indo-Pakistan subcontinent and the African wild species, C. senegalensis Guill. et Perr., as its ancestor. However, the process by which the wild species was domesticated is not fully understood. The present paper describes the exploration, collection and in situ characterization of the primitive weedy forms of guar that could be the missing link between the wild and cultivated species. Adak guar is found to grow along with cultivated guar as a weed and is characterized by several primitive characters, prominent among which are spreading habit, small inedible pods which shatter at maturity, hard seed coat and seed dormancy. A total of 66 germplasm collections of these primitive weedy forms of guar have been made from naturally occurring populations in the arid regions of northwestern India. Systematic studies involving these primitive weedy forms can help in understanding the domestication bottlenecks and in utilizing the genetic variation lost during the process of domestication for the improvement of cultivated guar.  相似文献   

20.
Seventy-seven wild sunflower accessions from USA were compared in France (Mauguio) for 13 quantitative characters using multivariate methods, including clustering, principal component and canonical discriminate analyzes to assess the patterns of morphological and climatic variation. Geographic and climatic data from their sampled sites such as latitude, longitude, elevation, rain fall, temperature, number of rain fall days, temperature range, and sunniness were also analyzed and we sought for correlations of climatic variables and morphological traits. Climatic data clustered the accessions into four groups. Principal component analysis was used to summarize the characteristic habits of annual wild sunflower sampled sites in terms of geography and climates, thus we characterized the ecogeographical profiles of wild sunflowers. As we studied the traits in a common environment we speculated whether local adaptation patterns are sustained by our data. Indeed traits shared by accessions that belong to climatic clusters are suggested to be due to local adaptation.  相似文献   

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