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1.
研究了牛粪、沼渣、污泥、鸡粪、菌渣和猪粪6种有机物料施用对灌漠土春小麦产量和土壤肥力的影响,旨在考察6种有机废弃物农用的可行性。采用大田试验方法,分别将6种有机物料与70%常量化肥配合施用,共设置了8个处理。结果表明,与对照相比,6种有机物料与70%常量化肥配合施用均能提高春小麦的籽粒产量和生物产量。与施用常量化肥的处理相比,菌渣、污泥和鸡粪处理能提高春小麦的氮素利用率;菌渣、沼渣和污泥处理能提高春小麦的磷素利用率。菌渣和污泥处理的钾素利用率要远远高于其他有机物料的处理,分别达到了97.47%和94.75%。不同有机物料输入均能显著提高灌漠土的有机质含量,对土壤全量养分含量的影响均表现不显著,对速效养分含量则能产生不同的影响。 相似文献
2.
Organic farming has become increasingly important in recent decades as the consumer has grown its focus on the food and environmental benefits of the technique. However, when compared to conventional farming systems, organic farm system are known to yield less.Presented in this paper are the results from two organic cropping systems following six years of organic management. Fertilisation management differentiated the two systems; one was fertilised with green manure and commercial organic fertilisers, while the other was fertilised with dairy manure. A conventional cropping system, managed with mineral fertiliser as typical in the southern Piemonte region (Italy), served as the bussiness as usual crop management. The first hypothesis tested related to crop yield variation during the initial phase of organic management; we expected a sharp reduction in the early phase, then minor reductions later on. The second hypothesis tested related to soil fertility variation; we expected enhanced soil fertility under organic management.Overall, the organic system produced less, relative to the conventional system in interaction with year effect. Yield reduction seemed related to the lower soil nutrient availability of organic fertilisers that provided nutrients consequent to mineralisation. Therefore, summer crops are well-suited to manure-fertilised organic farms as mineralisation happens at higher temperatures, as opposed to winter wheat, which is largely reduced in such systems. Commercial organic fertilisers can, however, limit this effect through their high nutrient availability in the winter and early springAlso shown was that soil quality, defined as a general decrease in soil organic carbon (SOC) over time in the three analysed arable systems, can be mitigated by manure additions. Green manuring can maintain SOC and increase total N in soil, only if introduced for a sufficient number of years during crop rotation. Finally, soil fertility and Potential Mineralisable N in the different systems demonstrated that organic systems managed with commercial organic nitrogen fertilisers and green manure do not improve soil quality, compared to systems managed with mineral fertilisers. 相似文献
3.
有机耕作对大豆土壤-植株氮磷吸收及品质的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
通过常规与有机大豆土壤-植株氮磷吸收规律和产品品质比较,为区域农业发展提供决策依据。研究以常规与有机大豆为研究对象,分析土壤-植株氮磷吸收规律,大豆产量与品质差异。结果表明,常规与有机耕作模式下土壤全氮、全磷含量差异均不显著。不同生育时期常规与有机大豆土壤全磷含量差异显著,均表现为成熟期最大,花期最小。常规与有机大豆植株氮素、磷素吸收均为花期最大,成熟期最小。与常规大豆相比,有机大豆产量和蛋白质产量分别提高13.7%和17.1%,油脂产量降低9.1%。由此得出,有机和常规大豆土壤-植株氮磷吸收特征基本相同,但有机大豆种植过程中由于充分利用土壤自身调节能力,改善了土壤养分均衡供应,使得产量及品质均显著高于常规大豆。 相似文献
4.
不同施肥对土壤微生物活性、群落结构和生物量的影响 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
本文概述了不同施肥措施对微生物活性、生物量和群落结构的影响,以及微生物因原有土壤肥力、施肥时间长短、肥料数量等不同而对不同施肥措施做出不同的响应。施肥是影响土壤碳、氮含量的最主要农业措施,而土壤中的碳和氮是微生物生命活动的基础,土壤微生物生命活动是土壤养分转化的活的驱动力。化肥对微生物数量、活性和多样性的直接影响很有限,但它可通过增加作物产量、秸秆还田量和土壤有机质的方式间接增加微生物活性。化肥尤其氮肥的另外一个间接作用就是使土壤酸化,从而对微生物有显著负影响。而有机肥可直接为土壤微生物提供碳源,或通过促作物生长和秸秆还田为微生物间接提供碳源。总之,长期不同施肥改变土壤养分的转化途径,从而影响土壤供氮能力和碳贮备能力,最终影响土壤可持续性和土壤质量。 相似文献
5.
The effects of nitrogen (N) availability related to fertilizer type, catch crop management, and rotation composition on cereal yield and grain N were investigated in four organic and one conventional cropping systems in Denmark using the FASSET model. The four-year rotation studied was: spring barley–(faba bean or grass-clover)–potato–winter wheat. Experiments were done at three locations representative of the different soil types and climatic conditions in Denmark. The three organic systems that included faba bean as the N fixing crop comprised a system with manure (stored pig slurry) and undersowing catch crops (OF + C + M), a system with manure but without undersowing catch crops (OF ? C + M), and a system without manure and with catch crops (OF + C ? M). A grass-clover green manure was used as N fixing crop in the other organic system with catch crops (OG + C + M). Cuttings of grass-clover were removed from the plots and an equivalent amount of total-N in pig slurry was applied to the cropping system. The conventional rotation included mineral fertilizer and catch crops (CF + C + F), although only non-legume catch crops were used. Measurements of cereal dry matter (DM) at harvest and of grain N contents were done in all plots. On average the FASSET model was able to predict the yield and grain N of cereals with a reasonable accuracy for the range of cropping systems and soil types studied, having a particularly good performance on winter wheat. Cereal yields were better on the more loamy soil. DM yield and grain N content were mainly influenced by the type and amount of fertilizer-N at all three locations. Although a catch crop benefit in terms of yield and grain N was observed in most of the cases, a limited N availability affected the cereal production in the four organic systems. Scenario analyses conducted with the FASSET model indicated the possibility of increasing N fertilization without significantly affecting N leaching if there is an adequate catch crop management. This would also improve yields of cereal production of organic farming in Denmark. 相似文献
6.
《European Journal of Agronomy》2010,32(4):177-182
Advances in scientific understanding of the plant and soil behaviour in a cultivated field led to the design of numerous soil–crop models simulating crop growth. The frequent low predictive quality of these models is linked to uncertainties in inputs, parameters and equations. The AZODYN crop model predicting wheat grain yield and grain protein content was previously developed to support decision for N management of conventional and organic wheat crops. This paper outlines a sequential approach to improve the predictions of the AZODYN model by testing various formalisms. This study is based on the comparison of 38 versions of the model assessed in multi-environment trials carried out under conventional or low-input conditions. This paper describes and discusses the methodology. The results show that the predictive value of grain yield and grain protein content could be largely improved without increasing model complexity. 相似文献
7.
华北地区有机及常规草莓生产对环境影响的生命周期评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
有机农业与农产品质量安全和生态环境安全密切相关,其环境影响效应也越来越受到人们的广泛关注,系统全面评价有机农产品生产过程对环境的影响,对促进有机农业健康发展具有重要应用价值。本研究采用生命周期评价方法(Life Cycle Assessment, LCA),分析和比较了山东省淄博市博山区有机草莓和北京市昌平区常规草莓生产过程及其对环境的影响。研究结果表明,在各项环境影响指标中,常规草莓生产带来的全球变暖、环境酸化、富营养化和土壤毒性的潜在环境影响分别是全球人均基准值的 3.45%、 2.11%、 27.09%和 280.16%,而有机草莓生产带来的全球变暖、环境酸化、富营养化和土壤毒性的潜在环境影响分别是全球人均基准值的 1.22%、 0.44%、 15.17%和 202.76%,均低于常规草莓。常规草莓生产中生命周期环境影响较大的是富营养化、水体毒性和土壤毒性,造成常规草莓水体毒性危害严重的原因是种植阶段农药残留迁移至水体所致,而土壤毒性是由于化肥和有机肥所携带的重金属残留所致。有机草莓生产中生命周期环境影响较大的是富营养化和土壤毒性,主要是由于有机草莓农作阶段施肥过程中的磷流失和重金属残留所引起的。总体上看,有机草莓生命周期环境影响综合指数为 0.22,而常规草莓为 0.43,说明常规草莓对环境的负面影响明显高于有机草莓。因此,施用生物源农药与优质有机肥是控制草莓生命周期负面环境影响的关键措施。 相似文献
8.
有机肥配施氮肥对滴灌春玉米产量及土壤肥力状况的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
针对宁夏扬黄灌区沙质土壤肥力贫瘠、养分利用率低以及农田生产力弱等问题。通过两年连续田间定位试验,采用裂区试验设计,主处理为不施有机肥(+M)处理和施有机肥3000kghm^-2(+M)处理,副处理为施纯氮0(N0)、75(N75)、150(N125)、225(N225)和300kghm^-2(N300)5个不同氮肥用量,进行滴灌条件下有机肥与氮肥配合施用对玉米产量及土壤肥力状况的研究,探讨施肥对土壤养分、玉米产量的影响,以选择最佳的肥料配比,从而达到玉米高产、优质和土壤培肥的目的。结果表明,有机肥配施氮肥能有效增加土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效钾和速效磷含量,促进春玉米干物质累积并提高产量,以有机肥配施纯氮300kghm^-2和225kghm^-2处理的培肥效果最佳。有机肥配施氮150、225和300kghm^-2处理间的玉米产量无显著差异,但较不施氮肥处理产量分别提高了74.21%、91.33%和81.23%,施有机肥处理较不施有机肥处理平均增产24.28%。在试验区的推荐施肥量为3000kghm^-2有机肥配施225~300kghm^-2氮肥。 相似文献
9.
Grain legumes, especially peas, could play a key role in organic cropping systems. They could provide nitrogen (N) to the system via N2 fixation and produce grain rich in protein while improving soil N for the succeeding crop. Thus, maximising N2 fixation and optimising grain N production together with N contribution to soil is a challenging issue for organic pea crops. However, pest, disease and weed infestation are less easy to control in organic systems than in conventional systems. Therefore, the effects of weed infestation and pea weevil (Sitona lineatus L.) attacks on N nutrition and N2 fixation of organic pea crops were examined by on-farm monitoring over two years. The magnitude of the net contribution of the crops to the soil N balance in relation to their productivity was also assessed. In many situations, weed infestation together with pea weevil damage severely limited the nitrogen nutrition and grain yield. Percentage of N derived from fixation (%Ndfa) increased with weed biomass because weeds appeared more competitive than peas for soil N. But %Ndfa decreased with pea weevil leaf damage score. The interaction between these two biotic factors affected N yields and the net contribution of the crops to soil N. This latter ranged from −133 kg N ha−1 to 69 kg N ha−1 depending on %Ndfa and nitrogen harvest index (NHI). Optimising both grain N and net balance would require a reduction in root nodule damage by weevil larvae in order to maximise %Ndfa and a reduction in the NHI through the choice of cultivar and/or suitable crop management. 相似文献
10.
在农业生态系统中,微生物有利于生态系统中养分循环,增加植物抗性,提高农作物对营养吸收,并改善土壤结构。保护微生物资源,维持微生物多样性,需要对微生物多样性进行评价。目前微生物多样性评价方法主要包括传统的微生物培养法、生物标记法、BIOLOG微平板分析方法和分子生物技术。在现代农业的进程中,利用微生物生物技术研制的微生物农药、微生物化肥、微生物饲料、微生物食品和微生物能源在农业上已开始应用。在未来,微生物生物技术在新品种培育、解决能源短缺和减少环境污染方面将会发挥越来越重要的作用。 相似文献
11.
An eleven years long-term field experiment for soil fertility and crop yield improvement had been conducted at China Agricultural University's Qu-Zhou experiment station since 1993. The field experiment included three treatments: effective microorganisms (EM) compost treatment; traditional compost treatment; and unfertilized control. The results revealed that long-term application of EM compost gave the highest values for the measured parameters and the lowest values in the control plot. The application of EM in combination with compost significantly increased wheat straw biomass, grain yields, straw and grain nutrition compared with traditional compost and control treatment. Wheat straw biomass, grain yields, straw and grain nutrition were significantly higher in compost soils than in untreated soil. This study indicated that application of EM significantly increased the efficiency of organic nutrient sources. 相似文献
12.
有机无机氮肥配施对典型菜地土壤微生物和酶活性的影响 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
为了比较不同种类有机无机氮(N)肥配施后典型菜地土壤微生物和酶活性的差异,揭示施用有机物料后微生物在调节土壤肥力中的作用,以猪粪、沼渣沼液和猪粪堆肥为供试材料,采用田间小区试验,设置不施肥(CK)、不施N肥(PK)、纯施化肥(NPK)、有机无机肥配施1(20%猪粪N+80%化肥N,NPKM1)、有机无机肥配施2(20%沼渣沼液N+80%化肥N,NPKM2)和有机无机肥配施3(20%猪粪堆肥N+80%化肥N,NPKM3)等6种施肥模式,连续3年(2011-2013年)研究不同有机无机N肥配施对典型菜地土壤微生物和酶活性的影响。结果表明:小白菜季和莴苣季生育期间土壤细菌数量呈上升趋势,土壤真菌、放线菌数量呈先升后降趋势,且栽培后季较前季高。与NPK处理相比,NPKM1、NPKM2、NPKM3处理土壤细菌数量提高2.27%~26.16%(小白菜季),15.06%~40.82%(莴苣季);真菌数量提高33.62%~47.10%(小白菜季),39.64%~52.27%(莴苣季);放线菌数量提高6.59%~38.21%(小白菜季),20.97%~29.66%(莴苣季)。有机无机N肥配施可以促进菜地土壤微生物大量繁殖。与NPK处理相比,NPKM1、NPKM2、NPKM3处理提高土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、纤维素酶的活性。有机无机N肥配施可以促进菜地土壤酶活性的提高。各处理蔬菜产量分别为6.73~22.50 t/hm2(小白菜),21.54~47.79 t/hm2(莴苣),大小均表现为NPKM3NPKM1NPKM2NPKPKCK。相关分析表明,小白菜和莴苣产量与土壤微生物数量和酶活性之间均存在密切关系。总之,有机无机N肥配施可以有效提高土壤中微生物数量和酶活性,维持菜地较高的土壤肥力,有利于蔬菜种植的可持续和高效生产,以猪粪堆肥配施效果最佳。 相似文献
13.
From all plant nutrients N fertilizer rates deserve highest attention as too high rates may result in nitrate leaching, volatilisation of N2O (greenhouse gas) and affect the farmers’ profit. Too low rates will also depress the profit. The problem is accentuated by the fact that crops not only feed from soil inorganic but also from organic soil N. Most soil N tests do not consider the available organic soil N. The Electro-Ultra-Filtration (EUF) method applied by us takes into account the EUF extractable inorganic and organic soil N for calculating the N fertilizer rate. This method developed at the Liebig University Giessen is called Giessen model (sampling in autumn out of the upper soil layer, 0–30 cm). We compared it with the standard soil N test the “Nmin method” recommended by German officials which method does not consider the available organic soil N (sampling in spring out of three or two soil layers, depending on soil depth). The investigation was carried out on farmers’ fields on five different sites with winter cereals (wheat, barley) in 1989/1990, 1990/1991 and 1991/1992. Recommended fertilizer application rates differed somewhat for both methods. Of the 23 cases, significantly higher grain yields were obtained five times by Nmin and four times by EUF; otherwise grain yields did not differ significantly between both methods. Grain yield and crude protein concentration were increased by fertilizer N compared with the plots without N fertilizer. On the site Giessen, however, there were some cases in which the N fertilizer did not increase grain yield. The soil of the Giessen site was rich in interlayer NH4+ which is not recovered by the EUF and Nmin method, but which obviously contributed to the N supply of the crop, and therefore the N rates were too high. Grain crude protein concentration were higher with Nmin for Wernborn and Bruchkobel sites because of higher N fertilizer rates. For the Giessen site in 1989/1990 the reverse was true. Nitrogen agronomic efficiency (AE) ranged from 0 to 35.6. Apparent N recovery (ANR) ranged from 0 to 111. The gross profit differed from −88 to 489 Euro/ha. Negative values (three cases out of 23) were found on the Giessen site where no yield increase was obtained by the N fertilizer because of interlayer NH4+. This interpretation is supported by the finding that interlayer NH4+ significantly decreased from autumn to spring. Apart from the results found in 1 year on the Giessen site, the gross profit calculation showed that a precise N fertilizer application based on soil analysis yields a high profitability of cereal production. 相似文献
14.
Field experiments were conducted at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, during 2001–2002 and 2002–2003, to study the effect of inorganic, organic and Azotobacter combined sources of N on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and their residual effect on succeeding wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop. The results indicated considerable increase in yield attributes and mean seed cotton yield (2.33 Mg ha?1) with the combined application of 30 kg N and farmyard manure (FYM) at 12 Mg ha?1 along with Azotobacter (M4). The treatment in cotton that included FYM, especially when fertilizer N was also applied could either improve or maintain the soil fertility status in terms of available N, P and K. Distinct increase in yield attributes and grain yield of wheat was observed with the residual effect of integrated application of 30 kg N ha?1 + FYM at 12 Mg ha?1 + Azotobacter. Direct application of 120 kg N ha?1 resulted 67.4 and 17.7 % increase in mean grain yield of wheat over no N and 60 kg N ha?1, respectively. Integrated application of organic and inorganic fertilizer is therefore, recommended for higher productivity and sustainability of the cotton–wheat system. 相似文献
15.
The reduction in crop diversity and specialization of cereal-based cropping systems have led to high dependence on synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilizer in many areas of the globe. This has exacerbated environmental degradation due to the uncoupling of carbon (C) and N cycles in agroecosystems. In this experiment, we assessed impacts of introducing grain legumes and cover crops to innovative cropping systems to reduce N fertilizer application while maintaining wheat yields and grain quality. Six cropping systems resulting from the combination of three 3-year rotations with 0, 1 and 2 grain legumes (GL0, GL1 and GL2, respectively) with (CC) or without (BF, bare fallow) cover crops were compared during six cropping seasons. Durum wheat was included as a common high-value cash crop in all the cropping systems to evaluate the carryover effects of rotation. For each cropping system, the water use efficiency for producing C in aerial biomass and yield were quantified at the crop and rotation scales. Several diagnostic indicators were analyzed for durum wheat, such as (i) grain yield and 1000-grain weight; (ii) aboveground biomass, grain N content and grain protein concentration; (iii) water- and N-use efficiencies for yield; and (iv) N harvest index. Compared to the GL0-BF cropping system, which is most similar to that traditionally used in southwestern France, N fertilizer application decreased by 58%, 49%, 61% and 56% for the GL1-BF, GL1-CC, GL2-BF and GL2-CC cropping systems, respectively. However, the cropping systems without grain legumes (GL0-BF and GL0-CC) had the highest water use efficiency for producing C in aerial biomass and yield. The insertion of cover crops in the cropping systems did not change wheat grain yield, N uptake, or grain protein concentration compared to those of without cover crops, demonstrating a satisfactory adaptation of the entire cropping system to the use of cover crops. Winter pea as a preceding crop for durum wheat increased wheat grain production by 8% (383 kg ha−1) compared to that with sunflower − the traditional preceding crop − with a mean reduction in fertilizer application of 40–49 kg N ha−1 during the six-year experiment. No differences in protein concentration of wheat grain were observed among preceding crops. Our experiment demonstrates that under temperate submediterranean conditions, properly designed cropping systems that simultaneously insert grain legumes and cover crops reduce N requirements and show similar wheat yield and grain quality attributes as those that are cereal-based. 相似文献
16.
Advances in scientific understanding of the plant and soil behaviour in a cultivated field led to the design of numerous soil–crop models simulating crop growth. The frequent low predictive quality of these models is linked to uncertainties in inputs, parameters and equations. The AZODYN crop model predicting wheat grain yield and grain protein content was previously developed to support decision for N management of conventional and organic wheat crops. This paper outlines a sequential approach to improve the predictions of the AZODYN model by testing various formalisms. This study is based on the comparison of 38 versions of the model assessed in multi-environment trials carried out under conventional or low-input conditions. This paper describes and discusses the methodology. The results show that the predictive value of grain yield and grain protein content could be largely improved without increasing model complexity. 相似文献
17.
Two experiments were carried out at Pegões (central Portugal) to determine the potential N mineralization in a pulse amended disturbed and undisturbed soil incubated at several temperatures, and to evaluate for 2 years the yield and N2 fixation capacity of sweet lupine (Lupinus albus L. cv. Estoril) inoculated with a mixture of rhizobia strains or nodulated by indigenous soil bacteria and submitted to conventional tillage or no-till practices. A completely randomized block design for soil mobilization with three replicates was used for the laboratory study, and completely randomized blocks for inoculation and tillage treatments with four replicates were used for the lupine yield and N2 fixation experiment. Residue N immobilization occurred immediately after mature residue return to the soil independent of temperature, and was greater at 7 °C especially in the disturbed topsoil. Greater immobilization was also observed by doubling the amount of mature residue incorporated in the soil. This was expected since soil microorganisms would be in direct contact with the fresh organic matter and would be provided with more organic carbon under these circumstances. Nitrogen mineralization proceeded after 5 days of amendment. Potential N mineralization was higher at 25 °C than at 18 or 7 °C, for both conventional and no-till practices. At 25 °C, 42% of buried residue-15N was released over 210 days, at a smaller rate than 18 °C (49%) over 81 days. Lupine yield and N2 fixation capacity were similar in plots that were not inoculated and those receiving the mixture of three rhizobia strains. White lupine had an efficient symbiosis with indigenous soil rhizobia at pod-filling (>99%, >100 kg N ha−1 year−1) which was not affected by tillage. At this stage, plant residue including visible roots and nodules accounted for a soil N input of +96 kg ha−1 year−1 (91% of crop N), showing the large soil N benefit by the crop at this stage. The lupine residue at pod-filling stage can be used as a green manure under the conditions of organic farming systems. The apparent N “harvest” index of the pulse at pod-filling was only 9% though at maturity phase it should result in a higher value and the legume will show a lower fertilizer N value. 相似文献
18.
In a field experiment, peas (Pisum sativum L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole crops and intercrops, fertilized with horse manure and yard-waste compost derived from shrub and garden cuttings at 10 t C ha−1 each. The objectives were to compare the effects of these organic fertilizer and cropping system in organic farming on (a) yield of peas and oats, grown as the sole crop or intercropped, as well as N2 fixation and photosynthetic rates, (b) the yield of wheat as a succeeding crop, (c) microbial biomass indices in soil and roots, and (d) microbial activity estimated by the CO2 evolution rate in the field and the amount of organic fertilizers, recovered as particulate organic matter (POM). In general, organic fertilizer application improved nodule dry weight (DW), photosynthetic rates, N2 fixation, and N accumulation of peas as well as N concentration in oat grain. Averaged across fertilizer treatments, pea/oat intercropping significantly decreased nodule DW, N2 fixation and photosynthetic rate of peas by 14, 17, and 12%, respectively, and significantly increased the photosynthetic rate of oats by 20%. However, the land equivalent ratio (LER) of intercropped peas and oats exceeded 1.0, indicating a yield advantage over sole cropping. Soil microbial biomass was positively correlated with pea dry matter yields both in sole and intercropped systems. Organic fertilizers increased the contents of microbial biomass C, N, P, and fungal ergosterol in soil and CO2 production, whereas the cropping system had no effects on these microbial indices. According to the organic fertilizer recovered as POM, 70% (manure) and 64% (compost) of added C were decomposed, but only 39% (manure) and 13% (compost) could be attributed to CO2–C during a 101-day period. This indicated that horse manure was more readily available to soil microorganisms than compost, leading to increased grain yields of the succeeding winter wheat. 相似文献
19.
影响常规籼稻品种氮素籽粒生产效率的主要源库指标 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
在群体水培条件下，以国内外不同年代育成的籼稻代表品种（2001年为88个、2002年为122个）为材料，测定叶面积系数、库容量、干物重以及氮素含量等，采用组内最小平方和的动态聚类方法将供试品种的氮素籽粒生产效率从低到高依次分为A、B、C、D、E、F等6种类型，研究各类型籼稻品种有关源库指标的差异以及影响氮素籽粒生产效率的主要源库指标。结果表明，A、B、C、D、E、F类籼稻品种的平均氮素籽粒生产效率2001年分别为20.51、31.04、35.64、39.46、43.55和50.92 g g-1，2002年分别为24.33、31.61、35.83、39.06、43.51和50.00 g g-1；高氮素籽粒生产效率类型籼稻品种源、库的基本特点为抽穗期的叶面积系数较小、灌浆结实期叶面积下降速度慢、净同化率高、库容量大，抽穗期的单位叶面积、单位干物重和单位氮素所承担（形成）的库容量大。多元逐步回归分析表明，单位氮素库容量、单位干物质库容量、单位库容量形成的产量、抽穗期叶面积系数以及抽穗期至成熟期叶面积系数减少量对氮素籽粒生产效率有显著影响（R2=0.749～0.805）。通径分析表明，抽穗期的单位氮素库容量和单位干物质库容量以及单位库容量形成的产量对籼稻品种氮素籽粒生产效率的影响力明显大于抽穗期叶面积系数和抽穗期至成熟期叶面积系数减少量。 相似文献
20.
麦秸还田及氮肥管理技术对水稻产量的影响 总被引：31，自引：0，他引：31
以水稻武香粳14和扬粳9538为材,大田设麦秸还田与不还田、不施氮肥、习惯施肥法（FFP）和基于叶绿素仪(SPAD)测定值的氮肥管理(SSNM)等处理。结果表明,SSNM较FFP氮肥施用量减少40.0%~41.7%,而产量平均增加3.81%。秸秆还田的较秸秆未还田的产量平均增加2.49%。氮肥的农学利用率、吸收利用率和生理利用率均以秸秆还田高于秸秆不还田处理。与秸秆未还田或FFP相比,秸秆还田和SSNM降低了生育前期的分蘖数、叶面积指数和干物质积累（但抽穗及以后差异较小）;提高了茎蘖成穗率、结实期叶片光合速率和根系活力。说明秸秆还田和SSNM有利于生育后期群体光合生产和提高物质生产效率。秸秆还田和实地氮肥管理提高了氮收获指数和氮肥利用效率。对秸秆还田和SSNM的产量、生育特性及氮肥利用效率进行了讨论。 相似文献