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1.
Huth C Russke A Alsleben B Hamann H Distl O 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2005,118(3-4):150-159
In 56 heifers of the three breeds German Holstein (GH), German Brown (GB) und German Red (GR) the body weight and height were determined at the age of 350 to 550 days in intervals of 6 to 8 weeks. At the right front limb and the left hind limb the claw measurements dorsal wall length, diagonal length, heel length and height, the angle of the dorsal wall and the hardness of the claw were taken. Furthermore, the punctual pressure under the medial and the lateral claw of the right front limb and the left hind limb were determined using an electronic measuring system. The GH heifers weighing 387.3 kg on an average and having a mean height of 132.3 cm at the sacral bone in the course of the present study were the heaviest and tallest breed at the age of 12 to 18 months. GB had a weight of 366.2 kg and 106.2 cm height at the sacral bone. The GR were the smallest breed (126.0 cm) and weighed 337.7 kg. The heel at the front limb was on the average 1 cm shorter than at the hind limb and it was 0.5 cm lower. The angle of the dorsal border was 4-5 degrees higher at the hind limb. The GR had the flattest claws. The animals showed a larger average weight load on the medial claws than on the lateral claws especially of the front limbs. The highest pressures per cm2 were found underneath the rear part of the medial claw in all breeds. At the front limb, the GB showed significantly higher average pressures per cm2 under the front sectors of the claws than GH and GR, while the other values did not differ significantly between the breeds. The GH tended to have lower average pressures per cm2 underneath the claws of the hind limb, but this was only significant at the front medial sector of the claw. 相似文献
2.
Measurements of both front feet of slaughtered German Simmental cattle (17 heifers, 13 cows) were carried out to document the normal shape and size of the forelimb claws and to gain information about function and possible predisposition to disease. Only clinically normal feet were examined, and a standardised sole thickness of 5mm at the tip and 8mm in the heel region in both claws was established as a reference. The dorsal wall length, dorsal wall angle, heel length, height and width, sole and claw length and claw width, sole circumference and sole area were measured. After removal of the horn capsules, measurements of values at the level of the corium were carried out. The lateral front claws were wider and the medial claws longer than their partner claws. Overall, the sole surface areas and circumferences of the paired claws were similar, but were statistically larger in the medial claws. The front claws were characterised by long and high heel bulbs, and had a toe length:heel bulb length ratio of approximately 1.6:1. These properties, together with the musculo-tendinous attachment of the limbs to the trunk, are believed to provide better protection for the forelimb claws when standing or walking on hard surfaces. Functional mechanical relief of the medial front claws is probably best achieved by pairing the soles of the foot to the same level, which usually entails reduction of the lateral claw. For German Simmental cattle, a dorsal wall length of 75mm can be used as a guideline when trimming front and hind feet. 相似文献
3.
The aim of this study was to compare measurements of the medial and lateral claws of the hind feet in cattle, and to establish reference values to aid in functional claw trimming. Variables of the medial and lateral claws of 40 hind feet obtained from 40 slaughtered German Simmental cows were measured. To standardise the observations the soles of both the medial and lateral claws were first trimmed to a defined thickness of 5mm at the apex and 8mm at the heel, before measurements were taken. After this standardisation, the mean lengths of the dorsal walls of the two claws were not significantly different (means, lateral 76.8, medial 77.1 mm). However, there were considerable other differences. For example, the soles of the lateral claws were significantly (P < 0.01) longer (means, 120.1mm versus 112.7 mm, and wider (means, 52.0 mm versus 42.5 mm). In 36/40 feet, the sole of the lateral claw protruded approximately 2-3mm above the sole of the medial claw after the standardisation. The soles of the lateral claws were therefore then trimmed to the height of the medial claw ("levelling") and the measurements were repeated in the lateral claws. The dorsal wall of the lateral claw was then significantly shorter than that of the medial claw (means, 74.8 mm versus 77.1 mm) and, most importantly from a functional point of view, the sole was significantly thinner than that of the medial claw (means, 2.71 mm versus 5mm at the toe tip, 4.9mm versus 8 mm at the heel). Finally, the horn capsule of all claws was removed and various measurements of the corium surface were made. The length of the dorsal corium surface did not differ statistically (P > 0.05) between the lateral (mean, 62.6 mm) and medial (mean, 62.5 mm) claws. Strict adherence to the principles of functional trimming thus reduces the thickness of the sole, the length of the dorsal wall and the length and height of the bulb of the lateral claw. This suggests that the sole of the medial claw should be left an extra 3 mm thicker than previously recommended such that, after "levelling", the sole of the lateral claw remains thick enough to protect fully the corium and the claw retains a more normal shape. 相似文献
4.
5.
There are a number of differences between the claws of the front and hind limbs in cattle concerning macroscopic shape, chemical and physical properties of claw horn and epidemiological data. Front claws have superior data in almost every respect. Virtually no information is available on the mechanical stability of the suspensory apparatus of the third phalanx. It was the objective of this study to develop a method to measure the maximum strength (N/mm2) of the suspensory apparatus of the bovine distal phalanx. This apparatus includes all layers of tissue such as bone, corium, corioepidermal junction and wall horn. The feet of 13 clinically healthy beef bulls were collected from the local abattoir. Testing was performed in three locations of the wall segment (dorsal, abaxial, axial) in a material testing machine. The corium and the corioepidermal junction were set under increasing tension until failure occurred. Maximum stress was recorded. The values ranged between 2.47-3.13 N/mm2 (dorsal), 4.08-4.87 N/mm2 (abaxial) and 2.27-2.66 N/mm2 (axial). No differences could be validated statistically between front and hind claws and between lateral and medial claws respectively. Abaxial ultimate stress values were significantly higher than dorsal and axial ones. Between the two a statistical difference could not be validated. Most of the specimens (57.1%) were torn apart at the corioepidermal junction, almost a quarter of the samples (27.6%) were to a degree disrupted at the corioepidermal junction and to a certain extent in the deeper layers of the corium. A few samples showed disruption within the horn (11.5%) or at the attachment of the third phalanx (3.8%). Biomechanical features of the experimental set-up are discussed. The biological significance of these findings is that the body weight and the additional dynamic loading is predominantly taken over by the abaxial part of the claw, while the dorsal and axial aspects are less loaded. 相似文献
6.
The object of this study was to develop a simple method for accurately calculating the volume of bovine claws under field conditions. The digits of 30 slaughterhouse beef cattle were examined and the following four linear measurements taken from each pair of claws: (1) the length of the dorsal surface of the claw (Toe); (2) the length of the coronary band (CorBand); (3) the length of the bearing surface (Base); and (4) the height of the claw at the abaxial groove (AbaxGr). Measurements of claw volume using a simple hydrometer were highly repeatable (r(2)= 0.999) and could be calculated from linear measurements using the formula:Claw Volume (cm(3)) = (17.192 x Base) + (7.467 x AbaxGr) + 45.270 x (CorBand) - 798.5This formula was found to be accurate (r(2)= 0.88) when compared to volume data derived from a hydrometer displacement procedure. The front claws occupied 54% of the total volume compared to 46% for the hind claws. 相似文献
7.
Measurements were taken in the metacarpal and metatarsal bones in 42 calves and 10 dairy cows post-mortem to determine whether there are anatomical differences in bone length. Manual and digital measurements of various bone length parameters were taken. There was a significant difference in the mean length of the condyles of the metacarpal and the metatarsal bones in calves and cows, the lateral condyle being longer than the medial. In all but one metatarsal bone (98.8%), the lateral condyle was longer than the medial. In the metacarpal bones, the lateral condyle was longer in only 52.4% of the bones, in 21.2%, they had the same length and in 27.4% the medial condyle was longer. These intrinsic anatomical differences can help distinguish between the left and right metacarpal and metatarsal bones, for instance, in anatomical and archaeological studies. Knowledge of these differences might be useful for studies on digit function and on the possible predisposition of cattle to claw diseases in the lateral claws of the hind limbs. 相似文献
8.
Hinterhofer C Apprich V Ferguson JC Stanek C 《DTW. Deutsche tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2005,112(4):142-146
Hind claws of 15 adult, sound Fleckvieh cows were used for material analysis. The elastic modulus was tested in tension tests according to EN ISO 527 and ASTM D 638-03 at a universal material testing machine. Samples were taken from different segments of the bovine claw to find the differences in material properties. Samples orientation was parallel to the horn tubules and transversal, respectively. Dry matter of the test samples was determined at the time of testing. Elastic modulus values were highest with mean = 659.7 N/mm2 at the dorsal wall. Values dropped axial to 416.3 N/mm2, abaxial to 343.9 N/mm2 for longitudinal (parallel) samples and to 433.1 N/mm2 for transversal samples. The elastic modulus of the sole segment was found to be 172.1 N/mm2. No difference was calculated neither between right and left feet, lateral and medial claws, nor between longitudinal and transversal samples. 相似文献
9.
The thickness of the subsolar soft tissue layer (dermis and subcutaneous tissue) of the hind lateral and medial claws of 23 Holstein dairy cattle was measured by ultrasound imaging. The results showed that on average the subsolar soft tissue layer of the lateral hind claw was significantly thicker (4.29 mm) than that of the medial hind claw (3.92 mm). 相似文献
10.
We investigated the associations of hind limb claw lesions with claw measures and reproductive performance of sows on a commercial breeding farm. We used a five‐point scale (score of 0–4) for each hind limb claw region to generate a claw lesion score (CLS). Of 110 sows, 1.8% had no hind claw lesions, and the remaining 98.2% had at least one. The proportions of sows with a CLS of 2 and 3 were 49.1% and 3.6%, respectively. The junction region had the highest frequency of a CLS of ≥ 2 (P < 0.05). The mean toe length was 45.0 ± 0.4 to 46.4 ± 0.4 mm. Sows with the highest CLS of ≥ 2 in the lateral claw had longer sole dimensions than did sows with the highest CLS of ≤ 1 (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in claw width or height between sows with the highest CLS of ≥ 2 and ≤ 1. There was also no difference in reproductive performance between sows with the highest CLS of ≥ 2 and ≤ 1. In conclusion, most sows had hind claw lesions. The association between CLS and claw measures indicates that the sole length can be used as an indicator of claw lesions. 相似文献
11.
van Amstel SR Palin FL Rorhbach BW Shearer JK 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2003,223(4):492-494
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether ultrasound could be used to measure sole horn thickness in dairy cattle after claw trimming with an adaptation of the Dutch method. DESIGN: Case series. ANIMALS: 24 adult Holstein dairy cows. PROCEDURE: Cows were restrained in a standing position, and claws were trimmed with an adaptation of the Dutch trimming method. B-mode ultrasonography was then performed. The transducer was placed on the sole just caudal to the apex of the toe and immediately medial and parallel to the abaxial white zone. The inner margin of the sole was identified as a thin hyperechoic line. Soles were considered to be too thin if sole horn thickness, determined by use of ultrasonography, was < 5 mm. RESULTS: Sole horn, underlying soft tissues, and the distal surface of the third phalanx were imaged in 151 claws. The inner margin of the sole could not be identified in 4 claws, and 37 claws could not be imaged because cows collapsed in the restraining chute. Mean +/- SD sole thickness for all claws was 71 +/- 1.3 mm. Only 1 sole was < 5 mm thick. The lateral front claws were significantly thicker than the medial hind claws. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that ultrasound imaging can be used to determine sole thickness in dairy cattle after routine claw trimming. 相似文献
12.
We assessed the prevalence of claw lesions, abnormal claw shapes and lameness in relation to most-recent claw-trimming routines in Norwegian dairy herds housed in tie stalls and free stalls. Equal-sized groups were randomly sampled from both tie and free stalls in each of the three most animal-dense regions in Norway. The study population consisted of 2551 cows of the Norwegian Red breed housed in 54 tie stalls and 52 free stalls. Fourteen educated claw trimmers performed claw trimming and recording of claw lesions once during the spring of 2002. A multivariable model including cluster effects and individual-cow factors was fit for each claw lesion and abnormal claw shape.
In tie-stall herds with routine trimming 39.9% of the cows had one or more lesions or abnormal shapes in front or hind claws versus 52.8% in herds with no routine trimming. Hind-claw results in tie stalls with concrete stall base: herds trimmed occasionally had more haemorrhages of the white line (OR = 2.8) and corkscrewed hind claws (OR = 3.6) versus herds trimmed routinely; herds never trimmed had more heel-horn erosions (OR = 2.6) versus herds trimmed routinely and less haemorrhages of the white line (OR = 0.3) and the sole (OR = 0.2) versus herds trimmed occasionally.
In free-stall herds with routine trimming 76.8% of the cows had one or more lesions or abnormal shapes in front or hind claws versus 68.9% in herds with no routine trimming. Hind-claw results in free stalls with concrete stall base: herds never trimmed had less haemorrhages of the white line (OR = 0.3) and the sole (OR = 0.3) versus herds trimmed routinely; and also less haemorrhages of the white line (OR = 0.3) and white-line fissures (OR = 0.3) versus herds trimmed occasionally. Hind-claw results in free stalls with rubber-mat stall base: herds trimmed occasionally had less heel-horn erosions (OR = 0.5) and more dermatitis (OR = 5.4) versus herds trimmed routinely.
The routine claw trimming performed in Norwegian free stalls has not had the desired effects on claw lesions and abnormal claw shapes. Routine trimming in tie stalls, however, seems to have prevented claw disorders. 相似文献
13.
Hinterhofer C Zöscher M Gabler C Stanek C 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2005,118(7-8):334-340
Hardness of bovine hoof horn was tested as ball indentation hardness and as shore D hardness post mortem in different segments of the hoof wall, in the sole and the hard bulb of sound claws of 10 Austrian Holstein Friesian cows. Both methods of hardness determination showed corresponding results, with shore D hardness between 52.2 and 63.9 hardness units (hu) and ball indentation hardness between 11.2 N/mm2 and 24.3 N/mm2. Bovine hoof horn becomes significantly softer from the coronary band towards the weight bearing border (vertical decrease) and from the dorsal wall towards the heel (horizontal decrease). Decreasing hardness was associated with decreasing dry matter content. Measurements of the claw capsule showed thickness of the hoof wall increasing from the coronary border towards the sole. In dorsopalmar/-plantar direction, bovine hoof wall at the weight bearing border decreases towards the heel. 相似文献
14.
Approximately 88% of Norwegian dairy cattle are housed in tie stalls. Free-stall housing will be implemented for all cattle within 20 years. This means that most existing barns have to be rebuilt in the near future. We designed our study to estimate the prevalence of claw lesions in Norway and to reveal possible differences between tie stalls and free stalls. Fifty-five tie-stall herds and 57 free-stall herds were sampled by computerized systematic selection and 2665 cows were trimmed by 13 claw trimmers, during the late winter and spring of 2002. The claw trimmers had been taught diagnosing and recording of claw lesions. Environmental factors, management and feeding routines also were recorded. Forty-eight percent of cows housed in tie stalls had one or more claw lesions versus 71.8% in free stalls. Prevalences recorded in the hind claws were: 4.2% of the animals had dermatitis in tie stalls versus 5.7% in free stalls; 7.9% versus 38.0% had heel–horn erosions; 7.3% versus 13.6% had haemorrhages of the white line; 11.7% versus 20.4% had haemorrhages of the sole; 2.8% versus 3.2% had sole ulcers and 5.5% versus 9.7% had white-line fissures. Most lesions were mild. A model was designed to estimate cluster effects within herd and within claw trimmer. The cluster effect within herd was significant for all lesions. The cluster effect within claw trimmer was only significant for heel–horn erosions in front and hind claws and for white-line fissures in front claws. Agreements between some of the claw lesions were revealed. The study confirms that in Norwegian dairy cattle, most claw lesions are more prevalent in free stalls than in tie stalls. 相似文献
15.
The vascular organisation of the hind limb claws from clinically normal cattle was studied using plastic corrosion casts. The proper digital artery ran dorsodistally within the interdigital space and gave off a bulbar branch to the bulb, a plantar branch to the axial aspect of the wall and sole, and a coronary artery to the coronary margin and proximal wall. The artery entered the distal phalanx at the axial foramen, coursed through the nutrient canal as the terminal arch, and emerged at the abaxial foramen to anastomose with branches of the bulbar artery. During its interosseous course, the terminal branch gave off 6-8 primary branches which provided the arterial supply to the coronary margin, axial and abaxial wall, white zone and sole. The dorsal proper digital vein and axial and abaxial proper plantar digital veins drained all venous blood from the claw. Each of these large veins arose from numerous smaller veins which joined to form the venous networks of the coronary margin, wall, sole and bulb. A large arched vein passed through the coronary cushion and formed a connection between the superficial coronary venous plexus and the intra-osseous plexus of the distal phalanx. The axial and abaxial proper plantar digital veins were connected by a vessel through the bulbar cushion. At the same level, the axial proper plantar digital veins of the lateral and medial claw were connected to each other by a large vessel through the interdigital space, situated just proximal to the distal interdigital ligaments. This resulted in the presence of a complete distal venous arch along the plantar aspects of both claws. The parietal collecting veins drained most of the venous blood from the sole, white zone and wall, and connected directly to the venous plexuses of the coronary margin and bulb. Valves occurred commonly in medium and larger calibre veins throughout the claw. 相似文献
16.
Measurements were made of the extent of sole and white line lesions on the claws of 115 Holstein-Friesian cows on at least three and at most 16 occasions, and some cows were followed up to their third lactation. All the measurements were made between 12 weeks before calving and 45 weeks after calving. In total, 1016 repeated observations were made. Correlations were calculated between pairs of claws, between types of lesion (sole and white line), and between pairs of the different measurements (number of lesions, proportion of the claw affected, maximum severity score and proportion of the claw affected weighted for severity). The outer hind claws had the greatest extent of lesions of both types. Spearman correlation coefficients and confidence intervals measured the strength of the association. All the associations between claws were positive, suggesting that the lesions did not occur in isolation. Sole and white line lesions were not associated at individual observation points. Lesions on the left and right claws were markedly similar, except for sole lesions on the two inner hind claws, and for white line lesions on the two outer hind claws. 相似文献
17.
I A Gardner D W Hird N M Sullivan R J Pierce 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1990,196(11):1791-1794
A longitudinal study was undertaken in a swine herd with an ever-present problem of foot abscess in suckling pigs reared on a woven-wire floor. Of 3,322 4-day-old pigs, 199 (6%) developed abscess lesions involving claws and accessory digits before weaning. Lesions were first detected in 4-day-old pigs; median and mean ages at onset were 10 and 11.3 days, respectively. At first detection, most pigs had only a single claw affected, but 39 pigs had at least 2 claws with abscesses. Hind limbs had more affected claws (140) than forelimbs (96). In the hind limbs, medial claws were most likely to have lesions, whereas the reverse was true for the forelimbs. Gross and microscopic examinations of affected claws indicated necrotic pododermatitis, with severe osteomyelitis, arthritis, and tenosynovitis. Bacteria isolated from foot abscess lesions included Actinomyces pyogenes, Staphylococcus spp, beta-hemolytic Streptococcus spp, Actinobacillus spp, Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium spp, Bacteroides spp, and Peptostreptococcus spp. 相似文献
18.
Claw disorders cause problems in dairy cattle all over the world. Nutrition, feeding, environment, claw trimming routines, hormonal changes related to calving and genetics are among the factors which influence the pathogenesis. The colour of the claw horn (pigmentation) has been suggested to play a role. The aim of this study was to investigate if there were any associations between the colour of the sole horn and claw disorders detected at claw trimming. Altogether, 2607 cows on 112 farms were claw trimmed once and the colour (dark, mixed or light) of the right lateral hind claw and hind claw disorders were recorded by 13 trained claw trimmers. The data were analysed using logistic regression models with logit link function, binomial distribution and herd and claw trimmer as repeated effects, with herd nested within claw trimmer. Haemorrhages of the sole (HS) and white line (HWL) were more frequently found in light than in dark claws (OR = 2.61 and 2.34, respectively). Both HS (OR = 1.43) and corkscrewed claws (OR = 1.84) were slightly more prevalent among cows which had claws with mixed colour versus dark claws. There were no significant associations of other claw disorders with claw horn colour. 相似文献
19.
Klaas Frankena Klaas A. S. van Keulen Jos P. Noordhuizen Elsbeth N. Noordhuizen-Stassen Jan Gundelach Douwe-Jan de Jong Irma Saedt 《Preventive veterinary medicine》1993,17(3-4):137-144
The hind claws of 1141 female dairy breeding calves, between 2.5 and 12 months of age, were examined for symptoms of dermatitis interdigitalis (DI). The mean prevalence in calves was 67.1% (±2.7% for 95% confidence interval). The prevalence of DI increased with age and eventually almost all 1-year-old animals were affected in at least one claw. Logistic regression modelling revealed that the presence of DI and sole haemorrhages were related positively. Large between-herd variation existed (range in prevalence: 0–100%). Herd factors related to DI were herd size and type of housing. Animals housed in a straw yard showed a 3.2-fold decreased risk of being affected when compared with housing on slatted floors. Also, feeding a larger variety of dietary components (hay, milk, concentrates plus silage) was protective. Using claw shape as one of the criteria for sire selection reduced the risk of DI 1.6-fold. 相似文献
20.
Ayano SATO Toshihide KATO Motoshi TAJIMA 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2021,83(6):940
Flexural and hyperextension deformities are congenital problems in calves. We, therefore, aimed to investigate the distal limb conformation in 1 day- and 28-day-old female Holstein-Friesian (HF) calves (n=21), male Japanese Black (JB) calves (n=15), and female JB calves (n=15). The claw angle of the forelimb dorsal claw wall in a standing position and recorded other parameters, including body weight, withers height, circumference of forelimbs, and flexor tendon thickness in the forelimbs, were measured and compared these between the three groups. At 1 day old, the mean claw angles were 51.1° in female HF calves, 47.0° in male JB calves, and 41.8° in female JB calves; the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the claw angles showed large distributions in all three groups. One female HF and one male JB calves showed mild flexural deformity, whereas four JB calves showed hyperextension deformity. At 28 days old, the mean claw angles were 51.7° in female HF calves, 51.2° in male JB calves, and 48.4° in female JB calves; the 95% CIs of the claw angles showed smaller distributions than those at 1 day old in all groups. For all groups, the limb deformities had improved without treatment at 28 days old. As a feature of the breed, female JB calves were apt to show hyperextended deformities inversely proportional to the body weight. These limb deformities healed spontaneously and were thought to be physiological. 相似文献