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1.
Three studies were conducted with juvenile cobia, Rachycentron canadum: (Study 1) a 10‐week feeding trial within floating net cages to test the nutritional efficacy of different dietary feeding regimes (trash‐fish control diet, a semimoist diet, an in‐house dry formulated diet, and a commercial cobia feed); (Study 2) a 10‐week feeding trial within an indoor water‐recirculating tank‐based system to test the nutritional efficiency of different potential dietary fishmeal replacers (poultry byproduct meal, soy protein concentrate, feather meal), a diet without taurine supplementation, and a commercial cobia feed; and (Study 3) estimation of the essential amino acid (EAA) requirements of cobia based on EAA whole‐body composition in fast‐growing cobia fed a trash‐fish‐based diet. Fish performance in terms of growth and feed efficiency was the greatest within the outdoor net‐cage feeding trial, with fish fed the control trash‐fish‐based diet exhibiting the best performance. Although fish growth was poorer within the indoor feeding trials, fish performance was similar for most diets, with apparent crude protein digestibility coefficients of over 75% being obtained in all experimental diets in both feeding trials. The estimated EAA requirements of cobia obtained during this study were similar to those reported for other similar marine carnivorous fish species.  相似文献   

2.
卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)是我国近年来快速发展起来的重要海水养殖鱼类,其年产量高达12万t。目前,国内外有关该鱼的营养需求与饲料研究已有较多报道,但对有些营养素的研究还是空白。本文主要就其蛋白质、氨基酸、脂肪、脂肪酸、碳水化合物和微量营养素的需求,蛋白源和脂肪源替代鱼粉和鱼油,功能性饲料添加剂应用等方面的研究进展进行综述,以期为该鱼的精准营养研究及高效低成本环保配合饲料的研发提供参考资料,从而推动其养殖业的健康可持续发展。  相似文献   

3.
An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to quantify the dietary lysine requirement of juvenile cobia with an initial average weight of 1.25 g reared in indoor flow-through and aerated aquaria. Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic practical diets (44% CP and 16% lipid) containing six levels of dietary lysine ranging from 1.15 to 3.25% (dry weight) at about 0.4% increments, using fish meal and wheat gluten as sources of intact protein, supplemented with crystalline amino acids. Equal amino acid nitrogen was maintained by replacing lysine with nonessential amino acid mixture. Each diet was randomly assigned to three aquaria and was fed to apparent satiation by hand four times daily. The results indicated that there were significantly differences in growth performance and feed utilization among the treatments. Maximum weight gain, special growth rate and protein efficiency ratio occurred at 2.38% dietary lysine; but with the increase of dietary lysine from 2.38 to 3.25%, weight gain, special growth rate and protein efficiency ratio did not significantly increase. The hepatosomatic index, viscerosomatic index, condition factor, crude protein content in whole body and main composition in muscle were significantly affected by dietary lysine levels; however moisture, lipid and ash content in whole body were not significantly affected by the dietary lysine. There were significant differences in total serum protein, glucose and triacyglycerol concentrations in fish fed diets with different dietary lysine levels. Haematocrit and leukocyte count were significantly affected by dietary lysine level, but hemoglobin and red blood cell count were not significantly affected. Lysine concentration in serum was significantly increased with the increase of dietary lysine level from 1.15 to 2.38%. Broken-line analysis on the basis of special growth rate showed that the dietary lysine requirement of juvenile cobia was 2.33% of dry diet (5.30% dietary protein).  相似文献   

4.
Redclaw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus, von Martens 1868) is a freshwater decapod crustacean with a number of biological and commercial attributes that make it an excellent aquaculture species. The redclaw aquaculture industry has been growing rapidly since the mid‐1980s in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Redclaw aquaculture is mostly in extensive pond systems, but interest in developing more intensive systems is increasing. To support continued intensification, development of high‐quality practical diet formulations and information about redclaw nutrition requirements are necessary. A number of studies have determined optimum dietary protein and lipid requirements for juvenile redclaw. However, there is limited information on essential amino acid and fatty acid requirements. Several studies report the presence of various digestive enzymes that have been linked to the ability of the species to digest a wide range of dietary components. Furthermore, as in many other aquaculture species, there is a need to replace fishmeal with other protein sources. A number of studies explored the possibility of replacing fish meal with various terrestrial plant sources of protein and lipids and showed that redclaw can be offered diets containing low‐cost, plant‐based ingredients without compromising survival, growth and, to a certain extent, reproduction. Formulated diets containing less expensive, plant ‐ based ingredients will contribute to a more profitable and environmentally sustainable redclaw aquaculture industry. Finally, there is also a paucity of information on vitamin and mineral requirements of redclaw and little information on nutrient requirements of broodstock. For the redclaw aquaculture industry to thrive, we need to have a better understanding of nutrient requirements at all life stages.  相似文献   

5.
A 10‐week feeding trial was conducted to estimate the optimum dietary selenium (Se) requirement for juvenile cobia, Rachycentron canadum L. The basal diet was formulated to contain 50.6% crude protein from vitamin‐free casein, gelatin. A control diet (no added seleno‐dl ‐methionine) and five experimental diets containing 0.20, 0.40, 0.60, 0.80 and 1.00 mg seleno‐dl ‐methionine kg?1 were prepared. Each diet was randomly fed to triplicate groups of juvenile cobia with initial weight 6.27±0.03 g in a flow‐through system. The Se concentration in rearing water was monitored during the feeding period, and was not detectable. The dietary Se level significantly influenced the survival, specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency and the Se concentrations in the whole body and vertebra of cobia. The Se‐dependent glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.119) activity increased with an increase in the dietary Se levels (P<0.05). Hepatic glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) activity was the highest in fish fed the diet with 0.21 mg Se kg?1, and declined with an increase in the dietary Se levels. Based on broke‐line regression of SGR, the Se concentration in the whole body and vertebra, the Se requirements of juvenile cobia were 0.788, 0.811 and 0.793 mg Se kg?1 diet in the form of seleno‐dl ‐methionine respectively.  相似文献   

6.
Accurate digestibility coefficients for protein, energy, and lipid are needed by feed formulators to optimize diets to meet nutritional requirements and to substitute ingredients cost‐effectively. Of particular interest is protein, which accounts for the majority of shrimp feed content and expense. The current study evaluated seven cottonseed meal and protein products. Most of the samples were derived from a glandless cotton variety that lacks significant levels of the antinutritive compound, gossypol. The various protein fractions were evaluated for apparent crude protein, crude lipid, and energy digestibility when fed to juvenile Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Apparent energy digestibility for the protein fractions derived from the glandless seed ranged from 76.7% for ground kernels to 94.6% for protein isolate, and these values were greater than the value obtained for the commercial meal that contained gossypol (64%). Apparent protein digestibility for the six glandless‐cotton‐based samples varied from 72.3% for the ground full‐fat kernels to 94.1% for the protein isolate, and these values were mostly higher than the value obtained for the commercial meal (82.3%). The high apparent digestibility values demonstrate that low‐gossypol cottonseed protein products may be useful as a cost‐effective replacement for more expensive protein sources in L. vannamei diets.  相似文献   

7.
黑鲷幼鱼饲料蛋白源氨基酸平衡的研究   总被引：13，自引：1，他引：12  
以黑鲷幼鱼肌肉的氨基酸组成作为幼鱼饲料中必需氨基酸需要量的标准模式,通过必须氨基酸指数（ＥＡＡＩ）和生物饲养试验结果相结合,对黑钱财幼鱼的９种不同蛋白源酸比的饲料进行了比较研究,对黑钱财幼鱼配合饲料中氨基酸平衡和蛋白质营养价值进行了评估,筛选出个高效饲料蛋白源配方;表明ＥＡＡＩ是鱼用饲料蛋白质营养价值评估和氨基酸平衡研究的一种简便有效的评价指标。  相似文献   

8.
Three 6 wk feeding trials were conducted with juvenile red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii in a flow-through culture system to evaluate practical feed formulations and specific dietary sup plements. Diets were formulated to contain 30% crude protein from various practical ingredients with or without supplemental cholesterol, lecithin, astaxanthin, vitamin premix and mineral premix. Peanut meal consistently provided inferior weight gain of crayfish compared to soybean, fish and shrimp meals, and a combination of soybean meal and fish meal supported the most rapid weight gain. Supplementation of 1.0% cholesterol did not enhance crayfish weight gain compared to a basal diet, whereas supplementation of 6% lecithin improved weight gain. Astaxanthin supplementation at 13 mg/kg diet marginally improved crayfish weight gain compared to a diet containing 1% beta-carotene. Deletion of a complete vitamin premix impaired crayfish weight gain while deletion of a trace mineral premix did not. Results from this study indicate that protein quality significantly influenced weight gain of crayfish in a flow-through culture system, and supplernentation of a complete vitamin premix was most critical.  相似文献   

9.
The olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus is one of the most commercially important fish species in Korea. In order to formulate better diets for cultured olive flounder we evaluated the optimum dietary protein requirements for larval, fry and juvenile olive flounder, and the optimum dietary protein to energy ratio for juvenile olive flounder. Results of four separate experiments suggested that the optimum dietary protein requirements were 60% in larvae (0.3 g), 46.4–51.2% in 4.1-g juvenile, and 40–44% in 13.3 g growing olive flounder. The optimum dietary protein to energy ratio based on weight gain, feed efficiency, specific growth rate, and protein retention efficiency was 27–28 mg protein/kJ 2 energy (35 and 45% CP for diets containing 12.5 and 16.7 kJ energylg diet, respectively).  相似文献   

10.
Culture of walleye Sfizostedion vitreum is one of the largest components of public sector aquaculture in the eastern U.S. and there is increasing interest in private sector culture. However, the nutritional requirements of walleye are unknown and experimental diets for use in quantifying nutritional requirements have not been identified. We formulated four experimental and four practical diets and fed those to triplicate groups of walleye with an initial weight of 13 g per fish. The experimental diets contained either casein (CAS), casein + gelatin (CG), casein + arginine (CA), or casein + gelatin + crystalline amino acids (CGAA) as sources of amino acids. The practical diets were formulated to mimic salmon grower (SG) and trout grower (TG) diets, a fish meal‐free diet for trout (TFMF), and a walleye grower (WG) diet. Fish were fed twice daily to satiation for 9 wk. Feed consumption, percent weight gain, specific growth rates, feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio, and protein retention efficiency were not significantly different among fish fed CGAA, SG, and TG, but those values were significantly higher than in fish fed other diets. Weight gain of fish fed CGAA was approximately 80% of that in fish fed SG and 91% of that in fish fed TG. Protein retention efficiency of fish fed CGAA was approximately 69% and 81% of that observed for fish fed SG, and TG, respectively. In general, the carcasses of fish fed diets CGAA, SG and TG had significantly lower moisture and ash concentrations, and higher lipid levels than fish fed other diets. There were no significant differences in carcass protein concentration, muscle proximate composition, or liver lipid concentration among treatments. Livers from fish fed all diets were characterized by microvesicular degeneration and glycogen accumulation in hepatocytes. Results from the study indicate that CGAA can be used as a basal experimental diet in future nutritional research with juvenile walleye and confirms the benefits of trout and salmon grower diets. Fish meal‐free diets formulated around the requirements for rainbow trout were consumed at approximately 80% of the values in fish fed TG and SG, but weight gain was approximately 20% of that in fish fed TG and SG. It appears the nutritional requirements for walleye are different than those of rainbow trout.  相似文献   

11.
牛津  赵伟 《水产学报》2022,46(10):1776-1800
凡纳滨对虾(Penaeus vannamei)是我国最主要的海水对虾类养殖品种,2021年海水养殖产量达到119.77万吨,占全国海水虾类养殖总产量的80%以上。目前,国内外对于凡纳滨对虾的营养需求与饲料研究已有较多报道,但是对于不同生长阶段的精准营养需求以及营养素和功能性饲料添加剂的相互关系研究仍不够深入。本文主要就其蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物和微量营养素的需求,蛋白源和脂肪源替代鱼粉和鱼油,功能性饲料添加剂应用等方面的研究进展进行综述,以期为凡纳滨对虾的精准营养研究及高效环保饲料的开发提供科学参考,从而推动其养殖业的健康可持续发展。  相似文献   

12.
An 8‐week experiment was designed to determine the optimum dietary iron requirement of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum (mean initial weight, 15.89 ± 0.84 g) with iron sulphate (FeSO4•7H2O) and iron methionine (FeMet) as iron sources, using a semi‐purified diet based on casein and white fish meal as the protein sources. The basal diet was supplemented with 0, 30, 60, 120, 240 and 480 mg iron kg−1 dry diet from either FeSO4 or FeMet, respectively. Survival was not significantly affected by the all dietary treatment. Weight gain (WG), feed efficiency (FE), serum catalase activity (SCAT), and haemoglobin were significantly affected by any of the dietary treatments from both of two iron sources. Based on broken‐line regression analysis of WG, FE and SCAT, a minimum requirement for dietary iron was recommended to be 80.5–94.7 mg kg−1 from FeSO4 and 71.3–75.1 mg kg−1 from FeMet. Iron supplement to the basal diet had no significant effect on haematocrit, erythrocyte count, iron concentration in whole body and fillet. Our experiment also showed that the bioavailability of FeMet and FeSO4 to juvenile cobia was similar for WG and FE, and the relative bioavailability of FeMet and FeSO4 to juvenile cobia was 275% for maximum SCAT.  相似文献   

13.
The effects of replacing fish meal (FM) with shrimp waste meal (SWM) in diets fed to juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum) were investigated through a 6‐week trial. SWM was added to replace FM at fractions of 0%, 10%, 20% and 25% of the diet. The result showed the survival rates of the fish were higher than 86.7%. The weight gain and feed conversion rate showed an increasing trend as the SWM proportion in diet increased from 0% to 25%, but the protein efficiency ratio showed a decreasing trend in efficiency. In addition, the hepatosomatic index increased significantly when the SWM percentage was 20% and 25%. There were no significant differences in the protein and ash concentration of the muscle among all dietary groups. However, the muscle lipid content was low when fish fed in diets with high SWM level. Chitinase activity was extremely high in the pyloric caeca tissue of cobia, and increased specific activities of chitinase were only found in the foregut of cobia fed diets containing 10% SWM for a 6‐week period. A challenge test showed that SWM could not enhance cobia resistance to Photobacterium damselae ssp. piscicida infection. Our results suggest that the administration of a 10% SWM diet could potentially reduce the use of FM in the diet of cobia.  相似文献   

14.
Provision of a suitable feed is paramount for the ongoing success of spiny lobster culture. This study compared and evaluated the performance of seven diets for first instar juvenile spiny lobster Panulirus argus [5–6 mm carapace length (CL)] based on growth rates, survival, and feed conversion ratio. Results demonstrated that a seafood-based juvenile formulation produced the fastest growth rate (3.49% weight gain day−1 and 0.90% CL increase day−1 over a 28-day period). These growth rates were also reflected by a low feed conversion rate (3.04) for this formulated feed. Similar results were also obtained for juveniles fed a frozen seafood diet, however, frozen brine shrimp, Artemia salina (both enriched and un-enriched), frozen enriched mysis shrimp, a dry pellet, and a meal-based juvenile formulation did not produce consistent growth rates. Survival rates ranged between 38% and 85% and demonstrate that juvenile lobsters have better likelihoods of survival in captive culture environments compared to the wild. Although further nutritional refinement is recommended, the results from this research have significant implication for the possible expansion of juvenile spiny lobster growout to a larger scale.  相似文献   

15.
An 8-week feeding trial was conducted with cobia to determine the amount of soybean meal that could replace fish meal in formulated diets without reducing growth. Juvenile cobia (initial mean weight, 32 g) were fed 48% crude protein diets in which dietary protein was supplied by brown fish meal or a mixture of hexane extracted soybean meal and the fish meal, resulting in 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 60% of fish meal protein being replaced by soybean protein. The fish readily accepted all seven experimental diets and no fish died during the trial. Detrimental effects on growth performance were obvious when half of the fish meal protein was replaced by soybean protein. There existed a significant difference in fish weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and net protein utilization (NPU) when the replacement level for fish meal protein was increased from 40% to 50%, indicating that up to 40% of fish meal protein can be replaced by soybean meal protein without causing reduction in growth and protein utilization. On the other hand, quadratic regression analysis shows a growth optimum at 16.9% replacement of fish meal protein by soybean meal protein. Lipid concentrations in the cobia muscle increased significantly as dietary soybean meal increased. Muscle concentrations of free threonine and histidine decreased as use of the soybean meal increased in the diets. Since methionine concentration in the test diets decreased from 2.52 to 1.36 g 16 g−1 N as the soybean meal protein replacement level was increased from 0% to 60% while all other essential amino acids remained relatively constant, dietary requirement of methionine was calculated assuming it was equally available between the two proteins. The broken-line model analysis based on fish weight gain shows a breakpoint when dietary methionine+cystine concentration was 2.66 g 16 g−1 N or 1.28 g 100 g−1 diet.  相似文献   

16.
Culture of hybrid striped bass has been expanding in the United States and further growth has been predicted, however, several problem areas exist, including a lack of nutritional information. This series of studies offered reciprocal cross juvenile hybrids several of the commercially available feeds and several different types of purified experimental diets. Weight gain and feed efficiency of fish fed the commercially available feeds formulated to meet the general requirements of salmonids were better than fish fed feeds formulated to meet the nutritional requirements of catfish. Experimental diets containing casein as the primary protein source were unpalatable regardless of the level of fish oil added (6 or 12%) but were accepted if 10% menhaden fish meal was added. Addition of lower levels of fish meal resulted in decreasing degrees of acceptance. Thus, the minimum level of fish meal that elicited a feeding response appeared to be between 510% of the dry diet. A crystalline amino acid test diet was palatable, and weight gain of fish fed that diet was 65–91% of the weight gain recorded for fish fed the positive control diets. Addition of L-arginine, L-methionine or L-cystine to a purified diet containing casein did not result in dietary acceptance. Whole-body proximate composition offish revealed a general trend toward increased lipid levels with increasing levels of dietary lipid. All fish exhibited microvessicular hepatopathy, regardless of diet fed. Hepatocytes contained both glycogen and lipid in the cytoplasm.  相似文献   

17.
Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were fed to juvenile cobia, to assess the relative contribution of different proteins (fish meal, soybean meal, corn gluten and beer yeast) to the growth of cobia. The dietary effects on nitrogen and carbon turnover and on the isotopic diet‐consumer discrimination factors (Δ15N and Δ13C) were also assessed. Growth results showed that the final body weight, growth rate, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio of cobia fed diets with alternative protein were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than cobia fed diet formulated with 100% fish meal. The estimated half‐lives of nitrogen and carbon ranged between 9–11 days and 6–8 days, respectively, with significant differences among treatments (P < 0.05). Δ15N ranged between 0.0–1.2‰ and ?0.1–1.6‰ in whole fish and muscle and Δ13C ranged between 3.8–5.1‰ and 4.0–5.1‰ in whole fish and muscle respectively. Diets were formulated with low levels of dietary nitrogen (10%) supplied by alternative protein sources substituting fish meal. The relative contributions of the dietary nitrogen supplied from these sources to the growth of whole fish and muscle tissue ranged between 4.9–5.2% and 5.9–7.7% respectively. Results indicated that growth accounted for the majority of observed isotopic change in animals under all treatments. In whole animals and muscle tissue, isotopic change due to metabolism occurred faster for carbon stable isotopes than for nitrogen stable isotopes. Cobia fed diets formulated with alternative proteins showed reduced nitrogen turnover rate and increased Δ15N.  相似文献   

18.
To be able to study nutrient requirement and utilization in any species, a diet supporting normal feed intake and growth equally well as a traditional fish meal‐based diet is needed. Additionally the formulation of the diet should allow low levels of the nutrient under study. When studying the amino acid metabolism and requirements, one cannot rely on the fish meal‐based diets as fish meal are nicely balanced according to requirements. Therefore the current study aimed to develop a plant protein‐based diet (with low fish meal inclusion) to be used in the nutritional studies of Senegalese sole juveniles supporting feed intake and growth close to that obtained in a fish meal‐based control feed. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate whether Senegalese sole juveniles would accept and utilize diets containing high plant protein inclusion. For testing the acceptance of high plant protein inclusion, two diets were formulated: a reference diet that contained fish meal as the main protein source (450 g kg?1 dry matter) whereas in the test diet, fish meal was substituted by a mixture of plant ingredients (soybean meal, corn and wheat gluten) with l ‐lysine supplementation. In order to improve the palatability, 50 g kg?1 squid meal was added to both diets. The indispensable amino acids (IAA) profile of the test diet was made similar to the control diet by adding crystalline amino acids. Further, automatic feeders were used to improve the feed intake. Fish (24 g initial body weight) were fed the diets for a period of 4 weeks. As fish accepted both diets equally well, a second study was undertaken to test the growth performance. Fish (6 g initial BW) were fed the diets for a period of 12 weeks. The use of automatic feeders to deliver the feed and the addition of both squid and balancing the indispensable amino acids resulted in growth performance and accretion not differing from the fish meal fed control. It can be concluded that juvenile Senegalese sole are able to grow and utilize high plant‐protein diets when both diet composition and feeding regime are adequate for this species.  相似文献   

19.
As a marine carnivore exhibiting exceptionally high growth rates, cobia are considered a species for which fish oil (FO) replacement may be difficult. However, partial, if not complete, FO replacement is necessary to ensure sustainability. We evaluated the effects of graded substitution of dietary FO with soybean oil (SO) in cobia culture. Feeds contained FO (100% FO), SO (0% FO) or blends of the two (67% FO, 33% FO) as the supplemental lipid source. Production performance was largely unaffected by partial replacement of FO with SO: feed intake and final weight were reduced only in the 0% FO dietary treatment. Fillet total lipid fatty acid (FA) composition differed among the dietary treatments, closely approximating dietary FA profile. As increasing amounts of FO were replaced, SO‐associated FA became enriched within the fillet lipid at the expense of FO‐associated FA. Fillet lipid classes were associated with a particular FA signature, regardless of dietary FA profile. SO can replace a substantial amount of dietary FO; however, juvenile cobia appear to exhibit a nominal requirement for intact long‐chain polyunsaturated FA. Therefore, aggressive FO replacement may result in essential fatty acid deficiencies unless the feeds can be amended with alternative sources of these essential nutrients.  相似文献   

20.
本研究旨在探讨红鳍东方鲀(Takifugu rubripes)幼鱼对红鱼粉、白鱼粉、豆粕、菜粕、花生粕、棉粕、玉米酒糟蛋白(DDGS)和肉骨粉中干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、氨基酸、总能和总磷的表观消化率.实验饲料由70％的基础饲料和30％的待测饲料原料组成,并添加0.1％的三氧化二钇(Y2O3)作为外源添加剂,选取平均体重...  相似文献   

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