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乳鸽人工代乳料的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
鸽乳是由亲鸽嗉囊所分泌的一种特殊营养物质,主要由蛋白质和脂肪组成。乳鸽在0～7日龄完全靠鸽乳维持生长,并且多数鸽场中,乳鸽仍是由亲鸽哺喂到28日龄左右,这就降低了亲鸽的繁殖性能和乳鸽的产量。因此,通过开展乳鸽人工代乳料的研究,可以使亲鸽从繁重的孵化和育雏任务中解脱出来,缩短种鸽的产蛋周期间隔,提高产蛋率,提高生产的经济效益,从而促进养鸽业的飞速发展。 相似文献
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鸽子是许多国家重要的经济家禽品种。作为一种晚成鸟,其生长发育在很大程度上依赖于第1周嗉囊组织产生的鸽乳。鸽乳具有蛋白质和脂肪含量高、碳水化合物含量低的特点,并且鸽乳的形成涉及一个复杂的调控网络,其形成机制有2个生物过程,一是嗉囊表皮细胞的增殖脱落,二是细胞内营养物质的积累。在激素尤其是催乳素的刺激下,嗉囊细胞大量增殖,嗉囊表皮的增殖也受到非编码RNA的影响。同时,嗉囊表皮细胞中也合成了大量的营养物质,如蛋白质、脂类等。当营养物质积累到一定水平时,表皮细胞发生凋亡,使富含营养物质的上皮细胞大量脱落,形成鸽乳。该文综述鸽子在繁殖周期内鸽乳的成分及其形成机制研究进展,这对更好地了解晚成鸟的生理需求和人工嗉囊乳的开发具有重要意义,为发展鸽产业提供理论参考。 相似文献
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１乳鸽饲养管理技术从出壳到离巢出售前的鸽子，称为乳鸽。乳鸽在其生长发育的全过程中，基本上不能自行采食，几乎全靠亲鸽灌喂嗉乳和饲料。据观察，乳鸽一出壳，亲鸽即口对口地给乳鸽灌气，培养其接受哺育的习惯。乳鸽出壳后约４小时，亲鸽的嗉囊便分泌出鸽乳灌喂乳鸽，这时，如果发现亲鸽（尤其是初产母鸽）在乳鸽出壳后５～６小时仍不授乳，就应进行人工训练。方法是将乳鸽的嘴小心的放在亲鸽的嘴里，如此反复多次，一般亲鸽就会灌喂嗉乳了。如亲鸽因为疾病而不喂乳鸽，则应及时治疗，并调离乳鸽。在１～３天内，亲鸽以很稀的浆乳哺喂乳… 相似文献
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将20只1日龄的雏鸽随机平均分成两组,研究通过添加免疫球蛋白和益生素而配制的免疫型人工鸽乳对乳鸽免疫功能和生长性能的影响。结果表明,采食免疫型人工鸽乳的乳鸽能够增强1～6日龄乳鸽的免疫功能并促进其生长。与种鸽哺喂的自然鸽乳相比,采食免疫型人工鸽乳的乳鸽免疫器官指数,血清IgG、IgA、IgM和IL-4水平以及全血T和B细胞增殖均显著下降,日增重均显著降低(P<0.05);而血清中INF-γ以及INF-γ/IL-4均显著提高(P<0.05)。试验证实,通过添加免疫球蛋白和益生素研制的免疫型人工鸽乳能够使1～6日龄乳鸽在比较健康的状态下生长。但是与种鸽哺喂的乳鸽相比,无论在增强免疫功能方面,还是在促进生长方面都还存在很大的差距,要弥补这种差距还有待进一步研究。 相似文献
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种鸽在孵蛋10多天后,其嗉囊壁逐渐发生改变,至雏鸽孵出时,可分泌鸽乳。鸽乳内富含脂肪、卵磷脂、蛋白质以及生长素和维生素等,营养丰富。亲鸽与雏鸽以嘴对嘴的方法进行哺乳。 相似文献
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Pigeon milk (PM) is a semi-solid nutrient substance produced and secreted by the crop of pigeon and it is the only nutritional source of squab. Squabs should be fed by their parents because they could not eat by themselves, so PM is very important for their growth and development. The production and secretion of PM is a special physiological process, which is rare in birds and different from the lactation process of mammals. PM is mainly composed of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and minerals. Synthesis and secretion of PM are regulated by numerous hormones such as prolactin, insulin and relaxin. The signaling pathways such as JAK/STAT, PI3K/Akt/TOR, AMPK and Wnt are activated by these hormones and then the expression of related genes are regulated. The processes of crop epithelial cell proliferation, degeneration, nutrient synthesis and enrichment are regulated. The composition of pigeon milk and its production regulatory mechanism are reviewed, we compare these characteristics of PM with mammalian milk, and the physiological mechanism of pigeon milk production by crop and its similarities and differences with mammalian mammary lactation are further clarified. Research on the composition of PM will provide reference for the formulating of breeding pigeon nutrition requirements and research of artificial PM. The regulation mechanism of PM production will further find out genes regulating lactation and select breeding populations with high yield of PM by using molecular marker-assisted breeding technology. 相似文献
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试验通过测定不同日龄乳鸽嗉囊中鸽乳外观品质、能量蛋白质浓度、消化酶活性、免疫球蛋白水平及生长因子浓度,分析这些指标在乳鸽不同日龄的动态变化,旨在为系统了解乳鸽营养与生理需求提供理论依据。随机选择0、7、14、21、28日龄健康白羽王鸽乳鸽各12只,待亲鸽哺喂后屠宰,取出其嗉囊全部内容物。一部分用生理盐水稀释后取上清,用于消化酶活、免疫球蛋白及生长因子的测定;另一部分制成风干样用于常规营养水平的检测。结果显示,0日龄鸽乳外观呈乳白色油性奶酪样,7日龄鸽乳为奶酪样鸽乳和饲料的混合物,14日龄之后逐渐过渡为软化的饲料。日龄对鸽乳的能值和蛋白质浓度均有显著影响（P<0.05）,0日龄鸽乳的能值和蛋白质浓度显著高于后期鸽乳（P<0.05）,7日龄后,鸽乳能值和蛋白质浓度趋于平缓。不同时期鸽乳的淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶活性差异显著（P<0.05）,且均随日龄增加呈一次线性上升（P<0.05）。不同时期鸽乳的免疫球蛋白A （IgA）、免疫球蛋白M （IgM）和免疫球蛋白G （IgG）水平均有显著差异（P<0.05）,且均先下降后上升,与日龄呈二次曲线关系（P<0.05）。不同时期鸽乳中胰岛素生长因子-1（IGF-1）和表皮生长因子（EGF）浓度差异显著（P<0.05）,且均先下降后上升,与日龄呈二次曲线关系（P<0.05）。0~7日龄鸽乳以亲鸽嗉囊黏膜上皮细胞的脱落物与细胞碎片为主,能量、蛋白质、免疫因子和生长因子均处于最高水平;8~14日龄鸽乳能量和蛋白质浓度趋于平缓,免疫因子和生长因子降至最低;15~28日龄鸽乳营养水平与亲鸽饲粮相似,且乳鸽消化能力逐渐增强。 相似文献
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母乳的产量和质量对哺乳仔猪的成活率、生长速度及健康程度至关重要,而高温是影响家畜泌乳健康的一个重要环境因素。特别是夏季,动物因长期处于高温环境而容易引发热应激。此外,动物的泌乳过程受到机体内分泌系统的严格调控,涉及多种激素,包括催乳素（PRL）、生长激素（GH）、胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF-1）等。很多生产数据和研究结果表明,高温会造成母猪采食量降低,泌乳性能下降以及内分泌状态的改变,进而对母猪、仔猪均产生不利影响。为了保证母猪的健康状态及仔猪良好的生长性能,了解高温对母猪泌乳及相关内分泌激素的影响十分必要。作者针对高温对母猪泌乳量、乳成分和泌乳相关激素的影响进行总结,得到高温会降低母猪泌乳量,改变乳糖、乳脂和乳蛋白的含量及泌乳调控激素水平的结论,为后续探索高温影响母猪泌乳的内分泌机制及寻找适宜的缓解高温对母猪泌乳危害的措施提供参考。 相似文献
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The experiment was conducted to study whether insulin receptor substance 1 (IRS1) / Protein kinase B (Akt)/target of the rapamycin (TOR) signalling pathway activation stimulates crop milk protein synthesis in the domestic pigeon (Columba livia).
Crop milk was collected from ten 1-d-old squabs and analysed for nutrient content. During the non-breeding period and the first day of lactation, blood samples were collected from 5 pairs of breeding pigeons and the levels of prolactin and insulin were determined.
Crop samples were collected from 5 pairs of breeders at d 14 and 16 of the incubation period and d 1, 3 and 7 of the lactation period. Crop samples were evaluated for changes in crop weight and thickness and changes in the expression patterns of IRS1/Akt/TOR signalling pathway–related proteins.
The results demonstrated that prolactin induces a gradual increase in the relative weight and thickness of the crop, with crops reaching a maximum size at the third day of lactation.
Pigeon crop milk contains 64.1% crude protein and 29.7% crude fat based on dry weight.
Serum prolactin and insulin levels in the lactation period were significantly higher than those in the non-breeding period. Compared with non-breeding pigeons, the expression of the phosphorylated IRS1 phosphorylated Akt, phosphorylated TOR, phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 kinase, phosphorylated S6, phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E were significantly up-regulated in the crop of pigeons in the lactation period.
In conclusion, prolactin might induce changes in crop tissue and form the physiological structure for crop milk synthesis. Furthermore, the synthesis of crop milk protein is regulated by activation of the IRS1/Akt/TOR signalling pathway.
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The transition from pregnancy to lactation is the most stressful period in the life of a cow. During this transition, homeorhetic adaptations are coordinated across almost every organ and are marked by changes in hormones and metabolism to accommodate the increased energetic demands of lactation. Recent data from our laboratory showed that changes in circadian clocks occur in multiple tissues during the transition period in rats and indicate that the circadian system coordinates changes in the physiology of the dam needed to support lactation. Circadian rhythms coordinate the timing of physiological processes and synchronize these processes with the environment of the animal. Circadian rhythms are generated by molecular circadian clocks located in the hypothalamus (the master clock) and peripherally in every organ of the body. The master clock receives environmental and physiological cues and, in turn, synchronizes internal physiology by coordinating endocrine rhythms and metabolism through peripheral clocks. The effect of the circadian clock on lactation may be inferred by the photoperiod effect on milk production, which is accompanied by coordinated changes in the endocrine system and metabolic capacity of the dam to respond to changes in day length. We have shown that bovine mammary epithelial cells possess a functional clock that can be synchronized by external stimuli, and the expression of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like gene, a positive limb of the core clock, is responsive to prolactin in bovine mammary explants. Others showed that 7% of genes expressed in breasts of lactating women had circadian patterns of expression, and we report that the diurnal variation of composition of bovine milk is associated with changes in expression of mammary core clock genes. Together these studies indicate that the circadian system coordinates the metabolic and hormonal changes needed to initiate and sustain lactation, and we believe that the capacity of the dam to produce milk and cope with metabolic stresses in early lactation is related to her ability to set circadian rhythms during the transition period. 相似文献
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【目的】 试验旨在研究1~28日龄乳鸽嗉囊中鸽乳粗蛋白质和矿物元素含量的变化规律。【方法】 选取36对种鸽,每对种鸽哺育2只乳鸽,于乳鸽1、3、5、7、14、28日龄采集鸽乳,每个时间点6个重复,每个重复2只乳鸽,在种鸽哺喂后通过挤压嗉囊的方式采集乳鸽嗉囊内鸽乳。分别在乳鸽1、7、14、21、28日龄时称重,并记录种鸽每周的采食量。【结果】 乳鸽体重随日龄增加呈显著的线性和二次增加(P<0.05),在1~21日龄乳鸽体重随日龄增加而增加(P<0.05),之后维持稳定。种鸽颗粒料和原粮以及总采食量随日龄增加呈显著的线性和二次增加(P<0.05),原粮和颗粒料采食量以及总采食量均于7日龄后显著增加(P<0.05),并在15~28日龄维持稳定。不同日龄鸽乳的粗蛋白质和矿物元素含量均有显著差异(P<0.05)。粗蛋白质含量随日龄增加呈显著的线性和二次减少(P<0.05),1~5日龄粗蛋白质含量维持稳定,在7日龄显著降低(P<0.05),在14~28日龄维持稳定。钙含量随日龄增加呈显著的线性增加(P<0.05),磷含量呈显著的线性减少(P<0.05),钙磷比呈显著的线性升高(P<0.05)。铜、锰、锌含量均随日龄增加呈显著的线性和二次增加(P<0.05)。铁含量随日龄增加呈显著的二次增加(P<0.05),铜、铁、锰、锌含量均在1~3日龄维持稳定,铜含量在5日龄显著增加(P<0.05),之后维持稳定,于14日龄显著增加(P<0.05),随后于28日龄显著降低(P<0.05)。铁、锌和锰含量均于5日龄显著增加(P<0.05),在5~28日龄维持稳定;硒含量随日龄变化无显著差异(P>0.05)。【结论】 乳鸽在21日龄前生长速度快,21~28日龄乳鸽体重维持稳定,种鸽颗粒料和原粮采食量以及总采食量均随乳鸽日龄增加而增加。鸽乳中粗蛋白质和磷含量均随日龄增加而减少,而钙、铜、铁、锰、锌含量均随日龄增加而增加。 相似文献
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鸽沙门氏菌病是由沙门氏菌引起的养鸽业常见且多发的疾病,主要侵害雏鸽,给养鸽业造成严重经济损失。引起该病的沙门氏菌为一种兼性胞内寄生菌,可于宿主细胞内生存繁殖并逃避机体免疫防御机能,增加了该病净化的难度。目前,使用抗生素防治鸽沙门氏菌病是生产中最常用的有效措施,但抗生素的大量使用甚至滥用,导致沙门氏菌这一人兽共患病原菌耐药菌株的不断产生,以及药物残留等危害食品和公共卫生安全问题的出现。寻求抗生素替代品来减少或替代抗生素在畜禽养殖生产中的应用已成为动物疫病防控研究的主流。由于养鸽业起步较晚,有关鸽沙门氏菌病及其防控的研究相对较少,文章主要对鸽沙门氏菌病、沙门氏菌致病机制和近年来针对沙门氏菌病的抗生素替代品防控措施的研究进展进行综述,以期为鸽沙门氏菌病相关研究提供参考。 相似文献