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1.
Welfare in farmed fish got particular attention during the last decades from both governmental and public sides. In aquaculture context, welfare concerns are mainly related to handling procedures, water quality and stoking densities. In Europe, authorities had to clarify the threshold limits of stocking densities to maintain fish good welfare, including for organics aquaculture through the EC regulation 710/2009. However, effects of stocking density on fish welfare are complex and sometimes contradictory. Moreover, there is a lack of knowledge about the impact of density on fish welfare in organic aquaculture. Thus, the aim of the study is to asses welfare state of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at two initial stocking densities (low density, LD: 12 kg/m3 and high density, HD: 17 kg/m3) fed using organic feed by combining the monitoring of growth performances, behaviour (swimming activity) and physiological indicators (i.e. cortisol, glucose, lactate, hematocrit, red blood cellule count and lysozyme). At the end of experiment, the stocking density reached 21 kg/m3 and 30 kg/m3 for the LD and HD respectively. Overall, growth performances, swimming activity and level of physiological indicators of stress and welfare were similar between HD and LD over the experiment duration. To conclude, we observed no alteration of fish welfare between the two stocking densities monitored. This study suggests that a final stocking density of 30 kg/m3 can be considered for organic aquaculture of rainbow trout respecting welfare.  相似文献   

2.
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was reared under low (LD) and high (HD) stocking densities for 70 days, during which they were fed with diets supplemented with 0, 5 and 10 g tryptophan (Trp) per kg. At the end of the experiment, there were significant interaction effects of the stocking density and Trp levels on plasma Trp, globulin, lysozyme, catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), and bactericidal activity and blood leucocyte count. However, there was no difference in plasma complement (ACH50), total immunoglobulin (Ig), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and blood differential leucocyte count. Trp at 5 g per kg diet significantly increased lysozyme and bactericidal activity, and decreased MDA under both the LD and HD conditions. Moreover, it significantly increased plasma CAT and blood leucocyte under the LD and HD conditions respectively. Trp at 10 g per kg diet significantly increased blood leucocyte and plasma bactericidal activity under the LD condition, but significantly decreased plasma globulin and bactericidal activity under the HD condition. In conclusion, the present results showed that the effects of Trp on immune and antioxidant systems depend on Trp levels and stressful conditions. As 5 g Trp per kg diet is beneficial for rainbow trout well‐being under both the LD and HD conditions, higher level of Trp (10 g/kg) is not beneficial and even causes some negative effects under the HD condition.  相似文献   

3.
This study aimed to assess the effects of stocking density on the growth, antioxidant status, and physiological response of juvenile turbot. Turbot (average initial weight 70.0 ± 5 g) were reared at three different initial densities (low density [LD], 5.13 ± 0.03 kg/m2; medium density [MD], 7.71 ± 0.11 kg/m2; and high density [HD], 10.8 ± 0.12 kg/m2) for 80 d. At the end of this trial, the final densities were 13.2 ± 0.10, 19.9 ± 0.15, and 25.7 ± 0.12 kg/m2 in the LD, MD, and HD groups, respectively. The growth performances were adversely influenced by a high stocking density. Levels of cortisol, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, and glutamate oxalate transaminase in the plasma significantly increased in HD treatment. Results of oxidative stress analyses showed that there was a clear decrease in superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, glutathione, and total antioxidant capacity, and an obvious increase in malondialdehyde in plasma and/or liver of turbot reared in HD group (P < 0.05). Overall, the results indicated that increasing stocking density reduced the growth performance, modulated the physiological response, and induced oxidative stress in turbot.  相似文献   

4.
This study investigated the effects of different stocking densities on growth and serum concentrations of thyroid hormones and cortisol in Amur sturgeon, Acipenser schrenckii. Fish were reared at low, medium, and high stocking densities (initial experimental densities were 0.30, 0.75, and 1.78 kg m−2, respectively) for 70 days. The results showed that high stocking density had negative effects on growth and feeding efficiency, and altered serum levels of thyroid hormones and cortisol in Amur sturgeon. A significant decrease in specific growth rate was observed as stocking density was increased. The feeding rate decreased significantly in the medium and high density groups, indicating that high stocking density reduced the food consumption of sturgeon. Food conversion ratio increased with increasing stocking density, suggesting that high stocking density might inhibit fish growth through decreasing food conversion efficiency. Serum concentrations of total triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, and free triiodothyronine were inversely related to stocking densities, whereas serum total thyroxine level of sturgeon stocked at different densities remained stable. Also, higher stocking density resulted in an elevation of serum cortisol level, indicating that the sturgeon stocked at the higher density experienced density-dependent physiological stress. These results suggest growth suppression caused by high stocking density might be related to both crowding stress and the declines in peripheral circulating levels of thyroid hormones, as well as associated with the reductions in both food consumption and food conversion efficiency.  相似文献   

5.

The Catarina scallop Argopecten ventricosus is a highly valued resource. Although its hatchery spat production has already been reported, the effects of initial larval stocking density have never been reported for production purposes. This study evaluates A. ventricosus growth and survival in triplicate using three stocking densities: low (LD; 2 larvae mL?1), medium (MD; 4 larvae mL?1), and high (HD; 6 larvae mL?1). Three-day old larvae were reared in 18-L plastic carboy at 25.6?±?0.5 °C and fed with a microalgal blend of Isochrysis galbana and Chaetoceros calcitrans (1:1 cell number ratio) for 7 days, equivalent to 10 post-fertilization days (PFD). Higher specific growth rate was recorded at LD (15.8?±?0.2%) after 8 PFD of culture compared to MD (1.6?±?0.5%) and HD (4.1?±?1.8%) densities. The least time required for 60% of the larvae to reach the pediveliger stage was recorded at LD condition (10 PFD). Higher survival was recorded at HD (58.8?±?3.1%) at 8 PFD compared to MD (53.5?±?3.1%) and LD (43.9?±?3.0%). After 8 PFD, stocking density was highly related to larval growth and survival. To increase production and growth, and reduce the time required to reach pediveliger stage, stocking density should start with 6 larvae mL?1 and be reduced to 2 larvae mL?1 at 7 PFD.

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6.
The main aim of the present study was to assess the effects of chronic high stocking density on liver proteome of rainbow trout. Rainbow trout juveniles (42.6 ± 2.3 g average body weight) were randomly distributed into six tanks at two stocking densities (low stocking density (LD) = 20 kg m?3 and high stocking density (HD) = 80 kg m?3). Both treatments were performed in triplicate tanks for a period of 60 days. High stocking density caused a reduction in the growth performance compared with LD fish. Lysozyme activity increased with stocking density, while serum complement activity presented the opposite pattern. Serum cortisol and total protein levels did not show significant differences (P > 0.05) between experimental groups. The fish reared at high stocking density showed significantly lower osmolality and globulin values but higher albumin level. The HD group had significantly higher activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde content in the liver when compared to the LD group. Comparative proteomics was used to determine the proteomic responses in livers of rainbow trout reared at high stocking density for 60 days. Out of nine protein spots showing altered abundance (>1.5-folds, P < 0.05), eight spots were successfully identified. Two proteins including apolipoprotein A-I-2 precursor and mitochondrial stress-70 protein were found to increase in HD group. The spots found to decrease in the HD group were identified as follows: 2-peptidylprolyl isomerase A, two isoforms of glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, an unnamed protein product similar to fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein, and serum albumin 1 protein.  相似文献   

7.
The feeding trial was conducted in 80 days to assess the effects of stoking densities on growth, digestive enzymes activities, serum biochemical parameters and antioxidant status of juvenile genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT, Oreochromis niloticus) reared in in‐pond raceway recirculating culture system (IPRS). Fish (initial body weight: 6.25 ± 0.32g ) were randomly allotted to six in‐pond raceways (22 × 5 × 2.5 m) stocked at three different stocking densities: low stocking density (LSD, 0.28 kg/m3), medium stocking density (MSD, 0.57kg /m3) and high stocking density (HSD, 0.85 kg /m3). The results indicated that no significant differences were observed in final body weight, weight gain and specific growth rate of GIFT reared at different stocking densities on day 20 (p > 0.05). Fish reared in the HSD group showed poor growth than those reared in the LSD and MSD groups on day 50, but fish reared in the MSD and HSD groups showed poor growth than those reared in the LSD group on day 80. There were no significant differences found in digestive enzyme activities, serum cortisol, lysozyme and superoxide dismutase (SOD) content, hepatic catalase (CAT), total SOD, total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) content among fish reared at different densities treatments (p > 0.05). Fish reared in the HSD group exhibited significant higher red blood cell number, haematocrit and glucose (GLU) contents on day 80 (p < 0.05). In brief, under this trial conditions, high stocking densities (0.57 kg/m3) resulted in decrease in growth, and GIFT might have an adaptation capability to crowding stress without a change in antioxidant activity, some physiological and immune parameters.  相似文献   

8.
Growth of common sole Solea solea is negatively correlated to density, which affects productivity in culture and hence commercial success. Studies of individual feed intake were performed to examine growth and population dynamics at different densities. Three initial stocking densities: 1.0, 2.1 and 3.9 kg m?2 of individually tagged sole, referred to as low density (LD), medium density and high density HD), were examined during 145 days. Despite that tank productivity (g m?2 day?1), was highest for the HD group, the specific growth rate (SGR) decreased significantly with increase in stocking density. Individual size variation was similar between densities, indicating that growth was not associated with hierarchy and dominant behaviour. Individual data indicated that increased density reduced the growth potential of all individuals in a population. Individual feed intake was positively correlated to both fish size and individual SGR. Feed conversion ratio was likewise positively correlated to feed intake. The relative feed intake (g feed g fish?1) was not correlated to fish size at any density tested, but was significantly highest for the LD population. This explains a substantial part of the better growth in the LD group supported by indications of better utilization of the ingested feed.  相似文献   

9.
Understanding how gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata L., an important Mediterranean Sea species for aquaculture, respond physiologically to stressors commonly encountered in intensive rearing is important for effective production, as managing for stress is a major factor in maintaining healthy fish stocks. Our objective was to determine whether holding juvenile gilthead sea bream at a high density (HD), as a chronic stressor, would affect their physiological responses to a subsequent acute handling stressor. After acclimation at a low density (LD) of 6 kg m?3 in 200‐L circular tanks containing 33–36 g L?1 recirculating seawater at 19°C under a normal photoperiod, juvenile 37‐g gilthead sea bream were confined for 14 days at a HD of 26 kg m?3 and then subjected to 30‐s aerial emersion in a dipnet. Plasma levels of cortisol, glucose, lactate, osmolality and chloride were determined in fish held in separate lots during LD (control) and HD confinement at 0, 1, 2, 7 and 14 days, and then after handling at 0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 h. Although plasma cortisol levels were similar in LD and HD fish groups after 14 d of confinement (15 and 23 ng mL?1, respectively), the cortisol response in fish from the HD treatment at 1 and 2 h following acute handling (70 and 37 ng mL?1, respectively) was only about half of that measured in the control group (139 and 102 ng mL?1); plasma cortisol was similar in both groups by 4 and 8 h. In contrast, plasma glucose elevations in response to handling were higher at 4 and 8 h in the HD‐held fish (94 and 72 mg dL?1, respectively) than in those from the LD treatment (59 and 51 mg dL?1); glucose responses were similar in both groups at 1 and 2 h after handling and throughout confinement. Plasma lactate levels were higher in LD fish than in the HD group at the beginning of the experiment but were similar after 14 d confinement and responses to handling were similar (e.g. 33 and 35 mg dL?1 at 1 h). Plasma osmolality showed increases during the first 2 h after acute handling but no differences were evident between the two density treatments at any time during confinement or posthandling. Plasma chloride levels did not change throughout the experiment. The reduced plasma cortisol response to acute handling likely resulted from negative feedback of mildly but chronically elevated circulating cortisol caused by the confinement stressor on the hypothalamic–pituitary–interrenal axis. While other post‐handling physiological changes also showed differences between treatment groups, the suppressed cortisol response in the HD‐held fish suggests a reduction in the gilthead sea bream's normal capacity to respond to an acute stressor.  相似文献   

10.
Anaesthetic substances are necessary to reduce fish stress during aquaculture activities. The objectives of this study were: (i) to determine the efficacy of essential oils (EOs) of Myrcia sylvatica (EOMS) and Curcuma longa (EOCL) as anaesthetics for Colossoma macropomum and (ii) to evaluate the effects of rapid anaesthesia and long‐term sedation (6 h) with these oils. Therefore, the main primary stress indicator (cortisol) and secondary factors (biochemical indices, hepatic metabolism, oxidative biomarkers) were measured. Sedation with the EOCL resulted in lower cortisol levels compared to control group. Total cholesterol levels were lower in fish sedated with EOMS than in control. Lactate levels were higher in fish anaesthetized with both EOs and sedated with EOCL compared to control. Both EOs increased hepatic glycogen levels after anaesthesia and EOMS increased this parameter after sedation compared to control. Anaesthesia and sedation with EOs resulted in lower levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) compared to control. In turn, the activity of some antioxidant enzymes evaluated (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione‐S‐transferase), the content of non‐protein thiols and total reactive antioxidant potential were higher in tissues of fish anaesthetized and sedated with EOs compared to control. This induction of antioxidant capacity in the tissues could be due to the antioxidant property exerted by these EOs. Thus, EOMS and EOCL are recommended for anaesthesia and sedation of fish because in spite of inducing anaerobic metabolism, these EOs did not alter most biochemical parameters, reduced the LPO and increased the antioxidant capacity in vital tissues.  相似文献   

11.
In this study, effects of stocking density on the growth performance and physiological responses of blunt snout bream, Megalobrama amblycephala juveniles were evaluated. The fish (average body weight, 25.76 ± 2.25 g) were randomly stocked at densities of 30F (30 fish/m3), 60F, 90F and 120F in 12 cages (1 m × 1 m × 1 m) in a concrete pond, with three cages for each density, for a period of 6 weeks. The higher stocking densities had a negative effect on individual growth performance. The results indicated that serum cortisol, triglyceride, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and malondialdehyde activities; and Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Pseudomonas and Vibrio numbers in the intestinal microflora increased significantly as the stocking density increased. In contrast, the viscerosomatic index, hepatosomatic index survival rate; serum glucose, total cholesterol, lipase, protease, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities; and Clostridium, Bacteroides, Lactococcus, Lactobacillus and Bacillus numbers in the intestinal microflora decreased significantly. The 90F and 120F groups showed obvious enlargement of the lamina propria and goblet cell damage, indicating that the gut showed inflammatory responses. The specific growth rate and weight gain rate increased significantly as the stocking density increased from 30 to 60 fish/m3, but decreased significantly when the stocking density was over 60 fish/m3.  相似文献   

12.
Two consecutive experiments were conducted to investigate the physiological responses of Jade perch (Scortom barcoo) to different stocking densities over a 30‐day period and to stress resulting from food deprivation over a 10‐day period. Groups of Jade perch were reared in recirculating tanks at three stocking densities (120, 180 and 270 fish m?3). Fish were weighed and blood samples were taken at the beginning of the experiment (P1) and after 30 days (P2). Feeding was then stopped and fish were sampled again 10 days later (P3). Blood samples were analysed for serum level of cortisol (COR), glucose (GLU), total protein (TP), triglycerides (TG), lysozyme (LYS) activity and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Significant changes were observed in average body weight and serum COR, TG, LYS and ALP activity in response to stocking density. No significant difference was found between stocking density treatments concerning the serum TP and GLU. The results showed that fish performed better at a stocking density of 180 fish m?3. Food deprivation for 10 days resulted in significant changes in ALP activity and LYS activity, TP and GLU concentrations and final average body weight but not in COR and TG levels.  相似文献   

13.
The effects of two different environmental salinities [brackish water (BW), 12‰; sea water (SW), 39‰] and initial stock densities [low (LD), 1.0 g L?1; high (HD), 2.0 g L?1] on growth, osmoregulation, stress and energy metabolism of the fry Pagrus pagrus were investigated over a period of 45 days. Pagrus pagrus (n=80, 5.51 ± 0.25 g mean initial body weight) were randomly divided in eight groups. Growth, weight gain and specific growth rate increased in BW‐acclimated fish compared with SW‐acclimated fish. No differences were observed between the two stock densities tested at either environmental salinity. Plasma osmolality was lowest in BW‐acclimated specimens, but the stock density had no effect on this parameter. Branchial Na+,K+‐ATPase activity was positively correlated with environmental salinity, but unaltered at the renal level. Plasmatic parameters were enhanced by salinity and stocking conditions. At the hepatic level, triglyceride values were enhanced in BW‐acclimated fish maintained at LD. Muscle metabolites (glycogen, glucose and lactate) increased in BW‐ compared with SW‐acclimated fish; stock density had no influence. Our data suggest that changes in metabolic parameters could be correlated with the higher growth rates observed in P. pagrus acclimated to BW, while no significant effects due to the stocking density used were observed.  相似文献   

14.
To assess how initial size dispersion affects Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis, Kaup) growth, 128 fish were stocked either under homogeneous (HOM) or heterogeneous (HET) initial size dispersion (standard length, CV 11.8% and 29.7% respectively), and also under low (LD) and high (HD) stocking density (60% and 180% of bottom occupation). After 105 days, growth parameters, evaluated at an individual level using linear mixed‐effects models, were not significantly affected by initial size dispersion, LD fish growing significantly faster than HD fish. Variance of individual growth rate distributions of weight and standard length were lowest for LD‐HOM fish, indicating the most regular growth, and highest for LD‐HET. The diminution of the coefficient of variation along time in HET groups (between 13% and 15.4% for weight, and between 4.3% and 5.8% for standard length), and its slight decrease in the HOM groups (between 1% and 3% for both parameters), is consistent with the absence of strong competition between individuals.  相似文献   

15.
Fish held at high stocking densities are generally exposed to chronic stress situations that impose severe energy demands and may predispose the fish to infection. Senegalese sole Solea senegalensis (Kaup) juveniles (78.8±18.9 g body weight) were maintained at low (LSD; 4 kg m?2 at the end of the experiment), medium (MSD; 9 kg m?2) and high (HSD; 14 kg m?2) stocking densities during a period of 63 days. Although disease outbreaks were observed in fish reared at HSD, growth and food consumption did not vary among different treatments. Results from plasma cortisol and free amino acids (FAAs) showed significant differences among different rearing densities pointing to HSD as stressful rearing condition. However, higher plasma glucose and osmolality levels indicated that fish held at MSD may also be under stress. The higher usage of FAAs from the HSD group may be due to the higher demand for energy production in order to cope with stressful rearing conditions, higher rate of protein synthesis or due to synthesis of other important metabolites related to stress response. Therefore, results from the present study point out to HSD as a stressful rearing condition and suggest that crowding stress may affect amino acid requirements.  相似文献   

16.
The physiological response of common carp, Cyprinus carpio (L.) to increased stocking density and an additional acute net confinement stressor was investigated. Stocking densities were increased from 28.4 to 56.8 or 113.6 kg m?3 by the use of crowding screens and fish were sampled from the crowded groups after 15, 39 and 87 hours of crowding (hc). A transient elevation of plasma cortisol was found in the higher density group after 15 hc before values returned to control levels. Increased stocking density also increased plasma levels of glucose, free fatty acids (FFA) and lactate during the experimental period. No effect was found on oxygen radical production in the blood, haemoglobin or haematocrit levels, but leucocrit values were lower after 39 hc in both groups. Net confinement resulted in a significant increase in plasma cortisol levels in all groups. However, after 15 hc, cortisol and FFA levels in both crowded plus confinement groups were higher than in the control and confined groups. Confinement resulted in increased oxygen radical production in the crowded plus confined groups at all times. Results indicate that although carp responded with a mild stress response to increased stocking density and adaptation occurred by 87 hc, the crowded fish were more sensitive to an additional acute stressor.  相似文献   

17.
This study evaluated the effects of rearing density on muscle growth and development in Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) larvae. Three different stocking densities were tested: low (LD, 30 larvae/l), mid (MD, 80 larvae/l) and high (HD, 150 larvae/l) in a recirculating aquaculture system. Larvae were sampled at hatching (T0), schooling (T1) and complete yolk‐sac absorption (T2) stage and were weighed and processed for muscle tissue histometrical analyses and for qualitative morphological study analyses; fatty acid profile was also determined by Gas Chromatography—Flame Ionization Detector analysis. Low‐density larvae presented a higher weight than MD or HD at T2 (p < 0.05). Histometrical analysis revealed that total muscle area was similar at T1 and T2, but higher than T0, while it was lower at HD at schooling (p < 0.05). The fatty acid profile revealed no differences between densities while, during development, there was a selective consumption: sparing or increasing of essential fatty acids to the detriment of their precursors. Our study suggests that lower densities appear to be more suitable to rear Siberian sturgeon in this particular stage of development. Indeed, larvae reared at the lower density were heavier and longer while larvae reared at the higher density showed lower muscle proliferation rate. As a consequence, LD larvae may exert an increase of potential growth at a mid‐long term.  相似文献   

18.
Juvenile Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (average wet weight = 4.0 g) were held at three initial stocking densities (15, 30 and 60 animals per tray, which equates to 0.25, 0.5 and 1 kg sea urchins/m2 surface area, respectively) under constant light and temperature conditions (LD 24:0 and 8.8°C) for 380 days. The somatic growth and survival of the urchins were monitored during this period, and the gonad index (GI) was measured at the conclusion of the experiment. The sea urchins in the two lowest stocking density groups had 100% survival after 380 days in contrast to the highest stocking density group, which only had 67% survival at the conclusion of the experiment. Somatic growth was significantly higher in the lowest density group than in the medium density group, and this in turn was significantly higher than in the high-density group. The injury occurrence was highest in the high-density group (20%), lower in the medium group (7%), and there were no injuries observed (0%) in the low density groups. There were no significant differences in GI between the groups at the end of the experiment. In conclusion, the present study showed that stocking density has significant effects on somatic growth and survival of juvenile green sea urchin, S. droebachiensis and should be taken into consideration when designing sea urchin holding systems.  相似文献   

19.
To determine the optimal stocking density, three densities of 5 (SD5), 10 (SD10), and 15 kg/m3 (SD15) were used to culture striped knifejaw, Oplegnathus fasciatus, for 10 wk. A total of 10, 20, or 30 juveniles with mean weights of approximately 96 g were stocked into one of nine 300‐L tanks (with an initial water volume of 200 L) and fed with commercial feed via self‐feeders. The fish were sampled at 4 and 8 wk, and the stocking density was maintained by adjusting the water volume of the tanks. The final body weights in SD10 and SD15 were 183.8 and 178.9 g, respectively, which were significantly higher than 161.7 g in SD5 (P< 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the SD10 and SD15 (P > 0.05). A similar trend was observed in the specific growth rate among the treatments. Feed efficiency and the lipid retention efficiency were both significantly higher in SD10 than that in SD5. The plasma levels of cortisol, glucose, and total protein were similar among the treatments. These results clearly suggest that densities of 10 and 15 kg/m3 can be used to improve the growth performance of striped knifejaw, O. fasciatus, when fed with a self‐feeder.  相似文献   

20.
The study evaluated the effects of intramuscular injection of butaphosphan and cyanocobalamin combination (BPC) on the plasma levels of cortisol, cytokines, and the activities of selected enzymes in Oliveflounder exposed to crowding stress. Three groups of fish (n = 12 per group) were kept in different glass tanks with stocking densities of 46 kg/m3(group BP and SCH) and 15 kg/m3 (group SCL). Group BP was treated with 0.5 ml of BPC. While groupSCH and SCL were treated with 0.5 ml of saline. Blood was collected a day after injection (T1), and weekly for two consecutive weeks (T2 and T3). The plasma levels of interleukin (IL) ‐1β, IL‐6, cortisol, lysozyme, and the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT)were determined using an ELISA kit. The statistical significance of differences was assessed using ANOVAfollowed by Tukey‐HSD test (P < 0.05 considered significant).A significantbody weight gain was measured in the BP and SCL groupscompared with SCH at T3. The activities of AST (at T1, T2, and T3) and ALT (at T1 and T2) were declined significantly (P < 0.05) following treatment of overcrowded fish with BPC than saline. Similarly, BPCcaused a significant reduction in the levels of cortisol and IL‐1β at T2 and T3.This is the first report of the effect of the combination of butaphosphan and cyanocobalamin on plasma immune and biochemical parametersin fish. Therefore, the combination could be beneficial in preventing overcrowding‐induced immune suppression and tissue damage in Olive flounder.  相似文献   

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