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1.
The scarcity of non-renewable resources such as soils and fertilizers and the consequences of climate change can dramatically influence the food security of future generations. Mutualistic root microorganisms such as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can improve plant fitness. We tested the growth response of wheat (Triticum aestivum [L.]), rice (Oriza sativa [L.]) and black gram (Vigna mungo [L.], Hepper) to an inoculation of AMF and PGPR alone or in combination over two years at seven locations in a region extending from the Himalayan foothills to the Indo-Gangetic plain. The AMF applied consisted of a consortium of different strains, the PGPR of two fluorescent Pseudomonas strains (Pseudomonas jessenii, R62; Pseudomonas synxantha, R81), derived from wheat rhizosphere from one test region. We found that dual inoculation of wheat with PGPR and AMF increased grain yield by 41% as compared to un-inoculated controls. Yield responses to the inoculants were highest at locations with previously low yields. AMF or PGPR alone augmented wheat grain yield by 29% and 31%, respectively. The bio-inoculants were effective both at Zero and at farmers’ practice fertilization level (70 kg N ha−1, 11 kg P ha−1 in mineral form to wheat crop). Also raw protein (nitrogen × 5.7) and mineral nutrient concentration of wheat grains (phosphorus, potassium, copper, iron, zinc, manganese) were higher after inoculation (+6% to +53%). Phosphorus use efficiency of wheat grains [kg P grain kg−1 P fertilizer] was increased by 95%. AMF and PGPR application also improved soil quality as indicated by increased soil enzyme activities of alkaline and acid phosphatase, urease and dehydrogenase. Effects on rice and black gram yields were far less pronounced over two cropping seasons, suggesting that AMF and PGPR isolated from the target crop were more efficient. We conclude that mutualistic root microorganisms have a high potential for contributing to food security and for improving nutrition status in southern countries, while safeguarding natural resources such as P stocks.  相似文献   

2.
Nitrogen losses from agricultural grasslands cause eutrophication of ground- and surface water and contribute to global warming and atmospheric pollution. It is widely assumed that soils with a higher fungal biomass have lower N losses, but this relationship has never been experimentally confirmed. With the increased interest in soil-based ecosystem services and sustainable management of soils, such a relationship would be relevant for agricultural management. Here we present a first attempt to test this relationship experimentally. We used intact soil columns from two plots from a field experiment that had consistent differences in fungal biomass (68 ± 8 vs. 111 ± 9 μg C g−1) as a result of different fertilizer history (80 vs. 40 kg N ha−1 y−1 as farm yard manure), while other soil properties were very similar. We performed two greenhouse experiments: in the main experiment the columns received either mineral fertilizer N or no N (control). We measured N leaching, N2O emission and denitrification from the columns during 4 weeks, after which we analyzed fungal and bacterial biomass and soil N pools. In the additional 15N experiment we traced added N in leachates, soil, plants and microbial biomass. We found that in the main experiment, N2O emission and denitrification were lower in the high fungal biomass soil, irrespective of the addition of fertilizer N. Higher 15N recovery in the high fungal biomass soil also indicated lower N losses through dentrification. In the main experiment, N leaching after fertilizer addition showed a 3-fold increase compared to the control in low fungal biomass soil (11.9 ± 1.0 and 3.9 ± 1.0 kg N ha−1, respectively), but did not increase in high fungal biomass soil (6.4 ± 0.9 after N addition vs. 4.5 ± 0.8 kg N ha−1 in the control). Thus, in the high fungal biomass soil more N was immobilized. However, the 15N experiment did not confirm these results; N leaching was higher in high fungal biomass soil, even though this soil showed higher immobilization of 15N into microbial biomass. However, only 3% of total 15N was found in the microbial biomass 2 weeks after the mineral fertilization. Most of the recovered 15N was found in plants (approximately 25%) and soil organic matter (approximately 15%), and these amounts did not differ between the high and the low fungal biomass soil. Our main experiment confirmed the assumption of lower N losses in a soil with higher fungal biomass. The additional 15N experiment showed that higher fungal biomass is probably not the direct cause of higher N retention, but rather the result of low nitrogen availability. Both experiments confirmed that higher fungal biomass can be considered as an indicator of higher nitrogen retention in soils.  相似文献   

3.
In boreal forests ericaceous shrubs often dominate the forest floor vegetation. Nitrogen enrichment has been shown to decrease shrub abundance and in this study we explored whether it also affects the root associated fungal communities. Fine roots of Vaccinium myrtillus were collected in a Norway spruce dominated forest and of Vaccinium vitis-idaea in a Scots pine dominated forest. In both forests, nitrogen enrichment was experimentally induced by adding 12.5 and 50 kg N ha−1 yr−1 for 12 (spruce forest) and four (pine forest) years. Based on terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms, subcloning and sequencing analyses, the root associated fungal communities were examined. We found 93 fungal species including Asco-, Basidio- and Zygo-mycota. In general, the Rhizoscyphus ericae aggregate was the most dominant and this was followed by Herpotrichiellaceae and Sebacina. Ordination analysis revealed that nitrogen enrichment did not change species composition of the fungal communities in neither the spruce nor the pine forest, while fungal community structures were clearly discriminated between the dominant shrub species in each forest. Similarly, no fungal species showed a significant response to nitrogen enrichment. Therefore, nitrogen enrichment appears to have no effect on root associated fungi of understorey dwarf shrubs in boreal forests, while it is clear that spruce and pine forests harbor distinctive communities of these fungi.  相似文献   

4.
The interplay between the carbon and other nutrient cycles is the key to understand the responses of soil ecosystems to climatic change. Using the free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) techniques, we carried out a multifactorial experiment in a Chinese rice-wheat rotation system, to investigate the response of soil nematodes to elevated CO2 under different application rates of N fertilizer (225.0 kg N ha−1 (HN) and 112.5 kg N ha−1(LN), respectively) and residue incorporation (0 kg C ha−1 (ZR), 1000 kg C ha−1 (MR) and 2000 kg C ha−1 (HR), respectively). This study was conducted during the wheat growing season of 2007 after expose to the elevated CO2 for three years. The results in our study indicated that seasonality is an important factor in determining changes in the nematode abundance and diversity. The residue addition effects were more obvious than the elevated CO2, which significantly influenced the abundance of total nematodes and plant-parasites, and some ecological indices. The interactions between residue addition and CO2 significantly influenced nematode dominance and structure indices. High level of N fertilization was found to decrease the nematode diversity, generic richness and maturity indices at wheat jointing stage. There are significant interactions between N fertilization and elevated CO2 for abundance of total nematodes and different trophic groups.  相似文献   

5.
Many soils in sub-Saharan Africa, which are farmed by smallholders, are P deficient and highly P fixing. Furthermore, P inputs supplied as farmyard manure (FYM) or inorganic P fertilizer are normally too small to replace P offtakes by crops. Consequently most soils are in a negative P balance, which is reflected in small, and often declining, crop yields. The obvious solution of simply applying adequate P is seldom an option due to shortages of manure, which is usually low in nutrients in any case, and the high cost of inorganic P fertilizer relative to the likely cash value of the harvest. Our aim was to see if we could devise practical methods to increase soil P availability in this situation and to investigate the mechanisms involved. Two approaches were adopted. Firstly, to attempt to saturate the P-fixing sites in the soils by applying a large annual application of P (75 kg P ha−1), which should serve for several seasons. Secondly, to attempt to keep the fertilizer P in biological forms by supplying fertilizer P and cattle manure (FYM) in combination. Here, the aim was to promote the cycling of P through the soil microbial biomass and associated metabolite pools, with the expected result of decreasing P fixation and increased plant availability of this P. These treatments were investigated using two field sites on smallholder farms in Kenya: one, considered a ‘high P fixing’ soil at Malava (Kakamega District) and one considered a ‘low P fixing’ soil at Mau Summit (Nakuru District). The following treatments were applied in 1997 and 1998: nil; 75 kg P ha−1 as super phosphate (P); 25 kg P ha−1; FYM at 1.9 t ha−1 dry matter; FYM+25 kg P ha−1. All treatments also received 100 kg inorganic N ha−1. Maize was the test crop. There was no significant correlation in either year at either site between soil P, measured as NaHCO3-extractable P, resin P or NaOH-extractable P and maize yield. However, the different soil P fractions were closely correlated with each other. Yields at the high P rate (75 kg ha−1y−1) were often little better than the control. There was, however, a significant positive relationship (P<0.05) between soil microbial biomass P and crop yield, again at both sites and in both years. The treatment giving the best yield and the largest biomass P was always FYM+P. Our results indicate that the combined use of organic and inorganic fertilizers in these low input systems may promote increased biological cycling, enhanced availability and consequently improved plant uptake of soil and fertiliser P, to the advantage of the small scale farmer. The results also indicate that biomass P measurements may provide a better indicator of soil P availability in these soils than some more conventional chemical extractants. However, both findings require further evaluation.  相似文献   

6.
The study reports diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) species in the rhizosphere of an endangered anticancerous herb – Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. in its natural habitat. A total of 18 species of AMF, belonging to three genera (Acaulospora, Glomus and Gigaspora) were recorded, with Glomus microcarpum being the most abundant species type. The AMF species composition across the study sites appeared to be influenced by soil pH rather than soil P and vegetation. Acaulospora laevis spores were restricted to sites where the soil pH was acidic. The effectiveness of these native AMF species on growth performance of C. orchioides plants was compared under experimental conditions. In general, the mycorrhizal plants were superior in most of the evaluated parameters, but the extent to which the growth of mycorrhizal plants was influenced varied with the inocula used. The plants inoculated with mixed consortia containing maximum AMF species richness exhibited improved growth in comparison to consortia containing lower AMF diversity and monospecies cultures. The variable plant responses observed with any two consortia having same species richness in the present study could be due to variable component AMF species and their relative abundance. These results emphasize the need to protect the below-ground diversity of AMF and recommend their usage for restoration practices.  相似文献   

7.
《Applied soil ecology》2011,47(3):450-456
Biochar holds promise as an amendment for soil quality improvement and sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. However, knowledge of how biochar influences soil properties, especially soil microorganisms, is limited. Three separate studies were conducted, with two studies using Plantago lanceolata as the AMF hosting plant, and a third being conducted in the field. Each of the three studies employed a different soil type. Furthermore, a total of five different biochars, and ten different biochar application rates, were used across the three experiments. All experiments had the goal to examine biochar influences on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) abundance in roots and AMF abundance (hyphal lengths) in soils. AMF abundance was either decreased or remained unchanged across all biochar treatments. When AMF abundances decreased, significant changes in soil properties, primarily in soil P availability, were observed. Application of large quantities (2.0% and 4.0%, w/w) of a lodgepole pine biochar, led to significant declines in AMF abundance in roots of 58% and 73% respectively, but not in soils. These declines in AMF abundance were accompanied by significant declines (28% and 34%) in soil P availability. After addition of a peanut shell biochar produced at 360 °C, P increased by 101% while AMF root colonization and extraradical hyphal lengths deceased by 74% and 95% respectively. Field application of mango wood biochar at rates of 23.2 and 116.1 t C ha−1 increased P availabilities by 163% and 208% respectively and decreased AMF abundances in soils by 43% and 77%. These findings may have implications for soil management where the goal is to increase the services provided by AMF.  相似文献   

8.
This study was carried out to quantify the priming effect of biuret on native soil nitrogen (N) mineralisation during a 112-day incubation. Addition of biuret (100 mg 15N-labelled biuret kg−1 soil) increased the turnover rate constant of soil organic matter and had a positive priming effect on native soil N mineralisation in two soils. The additional mineralisation was 0.65% of the total soil N (equivalent to 47.1 kg N ha−1) in a sandy loam soil and 0.62% of the soil N (equivalent to 46.5 kg N ha−1) in a silt loam soil.  相似文献   

9.
Shifts in oxic and anoxic conditions in soil are most frequently caused by water table fluctuations, heavy rain, snowmelt or flooding, with potentially significant impacts on microbial processes and the ability of soils to convert mineral nitrogen to nitrogen gases efficiently. The impact of oxic/anoxic cycles on nitrogen transformation rates was therefore explored in the upper layer (0-30 cm) of partially degraded peat soil. We hypothesized that high denitrification potential would be conserved due to the high organic matter content of this soil. Mineral nitrogen was applied to approximately 1-cm deep layers of homogenized soil in microcosms, with no external source of readily degradable carbon. Microcosms were subjected to three cycles, each consisting of an oxic phase of 8-11 days and an anoxic phase of 21-28 days. Approximately 2% of the ammonium load was lost through ammonia volatilization during oxic phases and the remainder was nitrified. The accumulated nitrate decreased soil pH from 8.0 to 6.8 before its transformation through denitrification. Nitrification and denitrification rates during the three oxic/anoxic cycles (approximately three months) were 2.9-3.2 kg N ha−1 d−1 and 1.0-2.3 kg N ha−1 d−1, respectively. Extrapolation of these values to 30-cm deep soil layers gave rates that were sufficient for complete transformation of at least 1700 kg N ha−1 of ammonium to nitrogen gases, which is ten-fold greater than the annual nitrogen application of 170 kg N ha−1 permitted by the European directive. Denitrification rates decreased linearly during the three cycles (from 36 ± 2 to 16 ± 1 μg N g−1 d−1 dry soil), projecting cessation of denitrification activity and CO2 production during the fifth cycle. Storage of peat soil at 4 °C most probably allowed slow degradation of organic matter that was completely oxidized to CO2 after the soil was exposed to higher temperature (28 °C). Storage of soil for one year did not affect nitrification rate, but reduced denitrification rate, unless soil was amended with a readily degradable carbon source. The data suggest that, despite the high carbon content of this soil, it cannot sustain transformations of high N loads to nitrogen gases for prolonged periods without amendment with readily available carbon.  相似文献   

10.
To understand the implications of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on carbon turnover in peatlands, we conducted a 13C pulse labeling experiment on Calluna vulgaris and Eriophorum vaginatum already receiving long-term (5 years) amendments of 56 kg N ha−1 y−1 as ammonium or nitrate. We examined shoot tissue retention, net ecosystem respiration returns of the 13C pulse, and soil porewater DOC content under the two species. 13C fixation in Eriophorum leaves was enhanced with nitrogen addition and doubled with nitrate supply. This newly fixed C appeared to be relocated below-ground faster with nitrogen fertilization as respiration returns were unaffected by N inputs. By contrast, increases in 13C fixation were not observed in Calluna. Instead, net ecosystem respiration rates over Calluna increased with N fertilization. There was no significant label incorporation into DOC, suggesting a conservative strategy of peatland vegetation regarding allocation of C through root exudation. Greater concentrations of total DOC were identified with nitrate addition in Calluna. Given the long-term nature of the experiment and the high N inputs, the overall impacts of nitrogen amendments on the fate of recently synthesized C in Eriophorum and Calluna in this ombrotrophic peatland were surprisingly more moderate than originally hypothesized. This may be due to N being effectively retained within the bryophyte layer, thus limiting, and delaying the onset of, below-ground effects.  相似文献   

11.
The abundance and composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are generally low under managed agroecosystems in comparison to natural ecosystems. The objective of the study was to determine the composition and species richness of AMF associated with sesame under traditional low-input cropping system in Kerala, India. Wide variability in root colonization by AMF as well as spore density in the rhizosphere existed in sesame. Correlation between frequency of colonization (F%) and spore density as well as between these variables and soil characteristics showed a negative relationship. The fungal variables were influenced by soil factors such as pH, soil organic carbon (OC) and available nutrients. Frequency of colonization was positively correlated (P < 0.01) with soil pH and potassium (K) and negatively correlated with OC, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). AM spore density was positively correlated with OC, N and P and negatively correlated with pH and K. Ten taxa of AMF belonging to the genera Acaulospora, Diversispora, Funneliformis, Gigaspora, Glomus and Scutellospora were associated with sesame, with the predominance of Funneliformis and Acaulospora in both frequency and relative abundance over a wider soil nutrient range. Soil characteristics appear to have a profound influence on the composition and species richness of AMF under traditional low-input cropping systems.  相似文献   

12.
Lime and phosphorus (P) applications are common agricultural management practices. Our aim was to quantify the effects of long-term application practices on root growth and abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) under field conditions. We assessed the effects of lime and P fertilizer applications on barley yield, root growth and AMF abundance in 2016. Treatments were no, low, medium and high liming rate corresponding to application of 0, 4, 8 and 12 Mg lime ha−1 every 5–9 years since 1942 combined with no or yearly application of 15.6 kg P ha−1 since 1944. At harvest, grain yield, root intensity (core-break) and AMF abundance at different soil depths were estimated. Root development was monitored during early growth with minirhizotrons in treatments receiving low, medium and high liming rates and P fertilization. A quadratic model relating grain yield to liming rate estimated yields to peak at 6.4 Mg lime ha−1 with yields of 4.2 and 3.2 Mg grain ha−1 with and without P fertilization, respectively. Low and medium liming rates resulted in greater AMF abundance, especially in the no P treatments. During early growth in P-fertilized treatments, 77% and 65% more roots developed in the soil profile when treated with medium and high liming rate, respectively, compared to low liming rate. We conclude that long-term application of lime in soils receiving yearly P fertilization improved conditions for root growth in soil layers below 30 cm, but at the high liming rate, this did not translate into higher yield.  相似文献   

13.
The effects of soil disturbance and residue retention on the functionality of the symbiosis between medic (Medicago truncatula L.) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) were assessed in a two-stage experiment simulating a crop rotation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) followed by medic. Plants were inoculated or not with the AMF, Glomus intraradices and Gigaspora margarita, separately or together. The contribution of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) pathway for P uptake was determined using 32P-labeled soil in a small hyphal compartment accessible only to hyphae of AMF. In general AM colonization was not affected by soil disturbance or residue application and disturbance did not affect hyphal length densities (HLDs) in soil. At 4 weeks disturbance had a negative effect on growth and phosphorus (P) uptake of plants inoculated with G. margarita, but not G. intraradices. By 7 weeks disturbance reduced growth of plants inoculated with G. margarita or AMF mix and total P uptake in all inoculated plants. With the exception of plants inoculated with G. margarita in disturbed soil at 4 weeks, the AM pathway made a significant contribution to P uptake in all AM plants at both harvests. Inoculation with both AMF together eliminated the negative effects of disturbance on AM P uptake and growth, showing that a fungus insensitive to disturbance can compensate for loss of contribution of a sensitive one. Application of residue increased growth and total P uptake of plants but decreased 32P in plants inoculated with the AMF mix in disturbed soil, compared with plants receiving no residue. The AMF responded differently to disturbance and G. intraradices, which was insensitive to disturbance, compensated for lack of contribution by the sensitive G. margarita when they were inoculated together. Colonization of roots and HLDs in soil were not good predictors of the outcomes of AM symbioses on plant growth, P uptake or P delivery via the AM pathway.  相似文献   

14.
Impacts of 22-year organic and inorganic N managements on total organic carbon (TOC), water-soluble organic C (WSOC), microbial biomass C (MBC), particulate organic C (POC) and KMnO4 oxidized organic C (KMnO4-C) concentrations, C management index (CMI), and C storage in surface soil (0–20 cm) were investigated in a maize (Zea may L.) field experiment, Northeast China. The treatments included, CK: unfertilized control, M: organic manure (135 kg N ha− 1 year− 1), N: inorganic N fertilizer (135 kg N ha− 1 year− 1) and MN: combination of organic manure (67.5 kg N ha− 1 year− 1) and inorganic N fertilizer (67.5 kg N ha− 1 year− 1). TOC concentration and C storage were significantly increased under the M and MN treatments, but not under the inorganic N treatment. The organic treatments of M and MN were more effective in increasing WSOC, MBC, POC and KMnO4-C concentrations and CMI than the N treatment. The M treatment was most effective for sequestrating SOC (10.6 Mg ha− 1) and showed similar increase in degree of grain yield to the N and MN treatments, therefore it could be the best option for improving soil productivity and C storage in the maize cropping system.  相似文献   

15.
A field trial was conducted during the kharif (rainy) seasons of 2002 and 2003 at the Research Farm, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. The trial was carried out to study the effect of planting methods, sources and levels of nitrogen on soil properties, yield and NPK uptake by rice (Oryza sativa L.) under direct seeded condition. Planting methods significantly influenced the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil. Bulk density (1.385 g cm−3), organic carbon (0.43%) and soil moisture content (15.46%) were higher in zero till seeding plots than rotavator and conventional seeding. However, infiltration rate, soil temperature, pH and electrical conductivity showed a declining trend under this treatment and were found maximum (11.54 mm h−1, 36.21 °C at 55 DAS, 30.65 °C at harvest, 7.59 and 0.47 ds m−1) with conventional seeding. The maximum population of bacteria (25.60 × 105), fungi (14.26 × 104) and azotobactor (10.19 × 103) were found in the plot with zero till seeding while in case of actinomycetes the highest population (25.61 × 105) was found in conventional seeding. Nitrogen sources as well as levels failed to bring about any significant change in the soil properties. The highest grain (3825 kg ha−1) and straw yields (5446 kg ha−1) and N, P, K uptake were recorded in conventional seeding and were found significantly superior to zero till seeding (3144 kg ha−1) but it remained at par with rotavator seeding (3585 kg ha−1). Among the nitrogen sources, neem (Azadirachta indica) coated urea produced significantly higher grain (3761 kg ha−1) and straw yields (5396 kg ha−1) with greater NPK uptake than prilled urea and prilled urea + spent mentha. (The distillation waste of mint (Mentha arvensis) herbage is known as spent mentha.) Application of 150 kg N ha−1 produced maximum grain (3828 kg ha−1) and straw yields (5460 kg ha−1) although it remained at par with 100 kg N ha−1 (3738 and 5393 kg ha−1).  相似文献   

16.
Phosphorus deficiency and aluminium toxicity in weathered soils can be amended by applying organic residues. Nitrogen mineralization, changes in P-availability and changes in salt-extractable Al following the incorporation of residues of various green manures (Flemingia congesta, Mucuna pruriens, Pueraria phaseoloides, Tithonia diversifolia) were quantified in a field core incubation experiment. Dried residues were added at an application rate of 45 kg P ha−1 to two soils representative for the main soil groups of the South Vietnamese uplands, set up in incubation cores in an experimental field near Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.Decomposition of the residues proceeded at high rates. Mineralized nitrogen from the residues was recovered mainly as ammonium during the first 2 weeks of incubation. Nitrogen release from Tithonia residues with the highest lignin content and lignin:N ratio occurred more gradually compared to the three legumes. Resin-extractable P was significantly increased by residue treatments. Largest and sustained increases in resin-extractable P (0.67 and 2.06 mg P kg−1 in the two soils) were observed in samples amended with Tithonia, which was related to the large P-content (0.37%) and small C:P ratio (110) of the residues. The P-concentration in the residues, rather than the total amount of P applied through the residues, affected the increase in P-availability. The increase in resin-extractable P was correlated to the P-content (R=0.64) and C:P ratio (R=−0.65) of the residues. Salt-extractable Al-concentrations were considerably reduced by the organic amendments, up to 70 and 50% in the two soils. At the rate of 45 kg P ha−1, no significant differences between the residue treatments to reduce soil acidity were observed.As such, the application of high quality residues that are rich in P, in particular T. diversifolia, may enhance crop production by creating favourable soil conditions during the initial stages of plant development of the main crop.  相似文献   

17.
Distinguishing between root and non-root derived CO2 efflux is important when determining rates of soil organic matter turnover, however, in practice they remain difficult to separate. Our aim was to evaluate two methods for determining the component of below-ground respiration not dependent on plant roots (i.e., basal soil respiration; Rb). The first approach estimated Rb indirectly from the y-intercept of linear regressions between below-ground respiration (BGR) and root biomass. The second approach involved direct measurements of soil respiration from bare plots. To compare the contrasting approaches, BGR and crop biomass measurements were collected throughout the year in a range of agricultural systems. We found that both methods were very closely correlated with each other. Values of Rb determined by the intercept approach, however, were slightly higher than those determined by measurement of bare plots. Both approaches showed a seasonal trend with estimates of Rb lowest in winter months at 0.02 t C ha−1 month−1 for the y-intercept approach and 0.11 t C ha−1 month−1 for the bare plots approach, even after the data had been corrected for the influence of soil temperature. Highest rates of Rb occurred from the height to the end of the crop growing season (0.8-1.5 t C ha−1 month−1). The annual CO2 efflux due to Rb was estimated to be 8.1 t C ha−1 y−1 from the y-intercept approach and 6.8 t C ha−1 y−1 from bare plots. Annual BGR was 12.1 t C ha−1 y−1. We conclude that both methods provide similar estimates of Rb, however, logistically the bare plots approach is much easier to undertake than the y-intercept approach.  相似文献   

18.
Soil water and nutrients play an important role in increasing sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) yields in the Vertisols of semi-arid tropics during post-rainy season. The effects of tillage practices, organic materials and nitrogen fertilizer on soil properties, water conservation and yield of sorghum were evaluated during winter seasons of 1994–1995 and 1995–1996 on deep Vertisols at Bijapur in the semi-arid tropics of Karnataka State (Zone 3) of south India. Conservation and availability of water and nutrients during different stages of crop growth were increased by deeper tillage resulting in increased grain yield of winter sorghum. Medium and deep tillage increased the grain yield by 23% (1509 kg ha−1) and 57% (1919 kg ha−1) during 1994–1995 and 14% (1562 kg ha−1) and 34% (1835 kg ha−1) during 1995–1996, respectively, over shallow tillage. Water use efficiency increased from shallow (4.90 kg ha−1 mm−1) to deep tillage (7.30 kg ha−1 mm−1). Greater water use efficiency during 1994–1995 as compared to 1995–1996 was attributed to lower consumptive use of water during 1994–1995. Among organic materials, application of Leucaena loppings conserved larger amounts of water and increased winter sorghum yield and water use efficiency. Application of Leucaena loppings increased the winter sorghum grain yield by 9% (mean of 1994–1995 and 1995–1996) as compared to vermicompost. Significantly (P < 0.05) higher water use efficiency of 6.32 kg ha−1 mm−1 was observed in Leucaena loppings incorporated plots compared to 5.72 kg ha−1 mm−1 from vermicompost. Grain yield increased by 245 kg ha−1 with application of 25 kg N ha−1 in 1994–1995, and a further increase in N application to 50 kg ha−1 increased the grain yield by about 349 kg ha−1 in 1995–1996. Deep tillage with application of 25 kg N ha−1 resulted in significantly higher sorghum yield (2047 kg ha−1) than control during 1994–1995. Deep tillage with integrated nutrient management (organic and inorganic N sources) conserved higher amount of soil water and resulted in increased sorghum yields especially during drought years.  相似文献   

19.
Fertilizer costs are a major component of corn production. The use of biofertilizers may be one way of reducing production costs. In this study we present isolation and identification of three plant growth promoting bacteria that were identified as Enterobacter cloacae (CR1), Pseudomonas putida (CR7) and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (CR3). All bacterial strains produced IAA in the presence of 100 mg l−1 of tryptophan and antifungal metabolites to several soilborne pathogens. S. maltophilia and E. cloacae had broad spectrum activity against most Fusarium species. The only strain that was positive for nitrogen fixation was E. cloacae and it, and P. putida, were also positive for phosphate solubilization. These bacteria and the corn isolate Sphingobacterium canadense CR11, and known plant growth promoting bacterium Burkholderia phytofirmans E24 were used to inoculate corn seed to examine growth promotion of two lines of corn, varieties 39D82 and 39M27 under greenhouse conditions. When grown in sterilized sand varieties 39M27 and 39D82 showed significant increases in total dry weights of root and shoot of 10-20% and 13-28% and 17-32% and 21-31% respectively. Plants of the two varieties grown in soil collected from a corn field had respective increases in dry weights of root and shoot of 10-30% and 12-35% and 11-19% and 10-18%. In sand, a bacterial mixture was highly effective whereas in soil individual bacteria namely P. putida CR7 and E. cloacae CR1 gave the best results with 39M27 and 39D82 respectively. These isolates and another corn isolate, Azospirillum zeae N7, were tested in a sandy soil with a 55 and 110 kg ha−1 of nitrogen fertility at the Delhi research Station of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada over two years. Although out of seven bacterial treatments, no treatment provided a statistically significant yield increase over control plots but S. canadense CR11 and A. zeae N7 provided statistically significant yield increase as compared to other bacteria. The 110 kg rate of nitrogen provided significant yield increase compared to the 55 kg rate in both years.  相似文献   

20.
The main energy sources of soil microorganisms are litter fall, root litter and exudation. The amount on these carbon inputs vary according to basal area of the forest stand. We hypothesized that soil microbes utilizing these soil carbon sources relate to the basal area of trees. We measured the amount of soil microbial biomass, soil respiration and microbial community structure as determined by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles in the humus layer (FH) of an even-aged stand of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) with four different basal area levels ranging from 19.9 m2 ha−1 in the study plot Kasper 1 to 35.7 m2 ha−1 in Kasper 4. Increasing trend in basal respiration, total PLFAs and fungal-to-bacterial ratio was observed from Kasper 1 to Kasper 3 (basal area 29.2 m2 ha−1). The soil microbial community structure in Kasper 3 differed from that of the other study plots.  相似文献   

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