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1.
干切牛肉冷冻干燥中解析干燥过程的动态模拟及优化 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
该文通过对干切牛肉冷冻干燥中解析阶段含水率、物料温度的动态模拟及干燥速率与耗能分析,确立干切牛肉冷冻干燥中解析干燥的优化操作条件。通过建立解析阶段中脱除水分所需干燥时间以及相应的物料表面温度、物料中心温度的数学模型,并假设解析干燥过程中物料含水率由升华结束时的10.0%下降到干燥结束的0,以含水率变化为自变量,模拟了物料厚度为6、8、12、15 mm的干切牛肉在干燥室压强10 Pa,加热板温度80℃的操作条件下含水率、物料温度随时间的动态变化。以所建模型预测厚度7、9、10、11、12、13、14 mm的干切牛肉在该操作条件下含水率、物料温度的动态值及解析干燥周期。验证试验表明：预测与实测含水率相对误差小于10%,物料中心温度计算值与实测值的绝对误差小于5℃,说明所建模型可用于模拟、预测6～15 mm干切牛肉冷冻干燥中解析干燥阶段的参数变化。比较不同厚度干切牛肉冷冻干燥中解析干燥阶段的干燥比耗时、干燥效率,结果是采用6 mm厚度切片进行干燥,生产单位产品耗能最低,且生产率最大。 相似文献
2.
红枣片冷冻-红外分段组合干燥工艺优化 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0
为开发一种提质增效的红枣片干燥工艺,比较了单一干燥（冷冻干燥、红外干燥、热风干燥和微波真空干燥）对红枣片干燥特性及品质的影响,选用冷冻与红外干燥分段组合的方法干制红枣片,以干燥时间和维生素C保留率为评价指标,采用三元二次通用旋转组合设计优化红枣片冷冻-红外组合干燥工艺参数,并与红外干燥（64℃,6.75 W/g）、冷冻干燥（-40℃,12 Pa,64℃）产品的干燥时间和品质进行对比分析。结果表明：1）冷冻与热风干燥的干燥时间最长,微波真空干燥最短,红外干燥次之;2）冷冻干燥产品品质较好,但酥脆性一般,红外干燥产品在色泽、质构（硬/脆度）、微观结构方面均好于热风和微波真空干燥产品,且酥脆性较好;3）转换含水率、红外温度和切片厚度对红枣片冷冻-红外组合干燥过程有显著影响（P<0.05）,对干燥时间影响主次顺序依次为转换含水率、红外温度、切片厚度,对维生素C保留率影响主次顺序依次为红外温度、转换含水率、切片厚度;4）采用响应曲面法优化与试验验证确定出较佳工艺参数为：转换含水率34 %、红外温度64℃、切片厚度5 mm,此时,干燥时间3.62 h,维生素C保留率68.92%;5）冷冻-红外组合干燥产品品质优于红外干燥,干燥时间比冷冻干燥缩短57.6%,维生素C保留率比红外干燥提高了34.6%。结果表明冷冻-红外组合干燥缩短了干燥时间同时保证了干燥品质,可为红枣片干制加工提供一种新的组合干燥技术和理论依据。 相似文献
3.
基于能耗分析的真空冷冻干燥食用菌汤块制备中试 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
为了降低冷冻干燥过程中能耗、推动冻干技术在食品中的应用,该研究应用在线调控预冻-冷冻干燥一体化设备进行食用菌汤块制备中试研究。对实际生产中冻结阶段(预冻温度、装盘物料厚度)、升华阶段(干燥仓压强、加热板温度)、解析阶段(水分转换点、升温工艺)等工艺进行了试验分析及优化,得出了适宜食用菌汤块冻干的节能工艺条件。提出了解析阶段的分步阶段升温法,并对解析阶段冻干曲线进行了拟合分析。结果表明,预冻温度设定为-35℃,装盘物料厚度为15mm,干燥仓压强为25Pa,汤块含水率为83.1%;升华阶段加热板温度为-10℃,解析阶段起始点为1 148 min,汤块含水率为9.2%,解析阶段采用分步阶段升温工艺(-10℃→2.5℃(70 min)→15℃(70 min)→27.5℃(70 min)→40℃(144 min))为较优选择,在此条件下,制备的汤块成品率为99.2%,感官品质指标综合分值为8.37,能耗为1.75 k W·h/kg,汤块含水率为4.3%。Boltzmann模型能较好表征解析阶段的冻干过程。该研究为冻干过程参数优化和能耗分析提供参考,为冻干技术应用于方便食品开发提供了技术依据。 相似文献
4.
为探究枸杞真空冷冻干燥过程中的热质迁移,克服应力应变现象不能直观获取的问题,该研究通过对鲜枸杞切片试验图像二值化处理,建立了鲜枸杞真空冷冻干燥的热-质-结构耦合的物理模型,对真空冷冻干燥过程中枸杞温度变化、水分变化以及其内部的应力应变进行了热-质-力耦合分析,并对分析结果进行试验验证。模拟分析结果表明,预冻结过程中,细胞始终在膨胀,当细胞完全冻结时细胞所受应力达到最大,而干燥阶段热质传递对应力影响较小。提高真空冷冻干燥过程中的升温速率,在一定程度上能够缩短冻干所需时间,并且真空冷冻干燥过程中的枸杞样本的含水率下降速率随干燥时间的增大而减小,该变化趋势与Wang and Singh模型更加贴合(R2为0.983)。试验验证结果表明,该研究建立的模型能够较好反映并预测真空冷冻干燥过程枸杞样本的温度及应力应变的变化趋势(R2为0.857)。研究结果可为真空冷冻干燥系统优化和工艺参数的科学制定提供参考。 相似文献
5.
芦荟冷冻干燥的最佳工艺参数的试验研究 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8
芦荟冷冻干燥工艺参数试验研究旨在确定最优的冻干工艺参数，以提高芦荟的干燥效率和改进干燥品质。通过单因素试验以及四因素五水平的二次回归正交试验，研究了冻干室压力、加热板温度、预冻降温速度和物料厚度对冻干时间的影响；建立了各因子与冻干时间关系的回归数学模型；最后利用非线性优化理论与方法，在保证芦荟干燥品质的前提下，得到了芦荟(厚度6～9 mm)冷冻干燥的最佳工艺参数为：干燥室压力108 Pa，加热板温度38～39℃，降温速率-0.47～-0.35℃/min，干燥时间为6～7 h。 相似文献
6.
采用60Co γ射线对甘薯进行辐照预处理,考察辐照、热风温度和切片厚度对其干燥特性和表面温度的影响,同时对不同剂量辐照的甘薯样品进行了显微观察和水分活度测定。结果表明,甘薯的干燥速率和表面温度随着辐照剂量的升高而升高。当干基含水率为150%时,辐照剂量为0、2、5、8和10kGy的样品干燥速率分别为1.92、1.97、2.05、2.28和3.12%/min,表面温度分别为48.5℃、46.3℃、44.5℃、42.2℃和41.5℃;热风温度越高,切片越薄,辐照后甘薯失水速率越大。热风温度为85℃的样品比热风温度为65℃的样品干燥时间缩短170min,切片厚度为3mm的样品比切片厚度为7mm的样品干燥时间缩短了228min;辐照后的甘薯细胞壁变薄出现断裂,液泡破裂,水分活度也随辐照剂量的升高而增大。辐照剂量为0、2、5、8、10kGy的样品水分活度分别为0.92、0.945、0.958、0.969、0.979。辐照对甘薯热风干燥速率表面温度和水分活度等有显著影响,为进一步研究甘薯辐照与热风干燥结合加工工艺提供理论基础。 相似文献
7.
确定了最优的香菇冷冻干燥工艺参数,以提高冻干效率和冻干香菇品质.通过单因素试验以及4因素5水平的二次回归正交试验,研究了冻干室压力、加热板温度、预冻降温速度和物料厚度等因素对冻干时间、干燥前后物料体积收缩率及复水比等几个指标的影响;建立了各指标与试验因子之间的回归数学模型;最后利用多目标非线性优化理论与方法,在保证香菇干燥品质的情况下,得到了香菇(厚度6～10 mm)冷冻干燥的最优工艺参数,干燥室压力111 Pa,加热板温度 42.5℃,降温速率-0.29℃/min. 相似文献
8.
南瓜片真空脉动干燥特性及含水率预测 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
为探索南瓜片真空脉动干燥特性,并实现干燥过程中南瓜的含水率预测,该文研究了不同常压保持时间、真空保持时间、干燥温度和切片厚度对南瓜干燥时间和速率的影响;利用温度传感器实时采集南瓜在干燥过程中的中心温度,阐述压力脉动过程对物料传热传质的影响;建立了输入层个数为5,隐藏层个数为11,输出层为南瓜含水率,结构为"5-11-1"的BP神经网络模型,实现对南瓜含水率实时预测.结果表明:真空保持时间和常压保持时间均对南瓜干燥时间有显著影响,干燥温度60℃,切片厚度7mm条件下,常压保持时间10min和真空保持时间9min所用干燥时间最短,约为352min;干燥温度和切片厚度均对干燥时间有显著影响,提高干燥温度、减少切片厚度能够有效缩短干燥时间.采用Levenberg-Marquardt算法为训练函数,经过有限次训练得到的BP神经网络模型,其预测值与实测值之间的决定系数R2为0.9968,均方根误差RMSE为0.0173,能够很好预测南瓜在真空脉动干燥过程中的含水率.研究结果为南瓜真空脉动应用以及含水率在线预测提供理论依据. 相似文献
9.
奶牛粪固形物热风干燥特性及工艺参数优化 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
为了研究奶牛粪固形物在不同干燥条件下的热风干燥特性,该研究选取干燥温度、粪层厚度和搅拌频率作为研究因素,研究了牛粪干基含水率和干燥速率随时间变化的规律,利用6种经典的薄层干燥模型对牛粪的水分比MR与时间t曲线进行拟合获取了最优干燥模型,计算得出有效扩散系数和干燥活化能,并通过正交试验获取了干燥效率最高的快速干燥工艺参数。结果表明：干燥温度越高,粪层厚度越小,搅拌频率间隔时间越短,干基含水率下降越快;干燥过程由加速干燥阶段、近似恒速干燥阶段和降速干燥阶段组成,加速干燥阶段时间较短,符合高湿多孔类型物料的干燥特性;模型Wang and Singh能够较好地反映牛粪干燥过程水分变化规律,且有效扩散系数最小为7.31×10-5 m2/h,最小活化能为14.596 kJ/mol;通过正交试验得出干燥温度为105 ℃、粪层厚度为6 cm、搅拌频率间隔为4 min时,干燥效率最高,为0.017 h/g。该研究结果可为后续牛粪快速干燥工艺优化及干燥设备设计提供理论依据和数据支撑。 相似文献
10.
A干燥条件对栗蘑脆片品质的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为探讨在不同干燥条件下栗蘑脆片的品质,该研究采用模糊数学评判法对真空冷冻干燥和热风干燥栗蘑片质构及与品质变化有关的指标进行检验。结果表明,真空冷冻干燥栗蘑脆片的最佳工艺条件为：真空度20?Pa,隔板温度为50℃,物料厚度5?mm,干燥时间12?h,制得的栗蘑脆片复水性好,脆度适中。热风干燥栗蘑的最优工艺条件为：干燥温度100℃,干燥时间11?h,物料厚度16?mm。真空冷冻干燥与热风干燥相比,栗蘑脆片外观和色泽好,模糊评定级别值分别为0.50和0.34,两者的感官品质等级分别为优和一般。 相似文献
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
15.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
16.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
19.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
20.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献