共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Evidence is presented to show that modern mollusk shells from rivers can have anomalous radiocarbon ages, owing mainly to incorporation of inactive (carbon-14-deficient) carbon from humus, probably through the food web, as well as by the pathway of carbon dioxide from humus decay. The resultant effect, in addition to the variable contributions of atmospheric carbon dioxide, fermentative carbon dioxide from bottom muds, and, locally, of carbonate carbon from dissolving limestones, makes the initial carbon-14-activity of ancient fresh-water shell indeterminate, but within limits. Consequent errors of shell radiocarbon dates may be as large as several thousand years for river shells. 相似文献
2.
Anikovich MV Sinitsyn AA Hoffecker JF Holliday VT Popov VV Lisitsyn SN Forman SL Levkovskaya GM Pospelova GA Kuz'mina IE Burova ND Goldberg P Macphail RI Giaccio B Praslov ND 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,315(5809):223-226
Radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence dating and magnetic stratigraphy indicate Upper Paleolithic occupation-probably representing modern humans-at archaeological sites on the Don River in Russia 45,000 to 42,000 years ago. The oldest levels at Kostenki underlie a volcanic ash horizon identified as the Campanian Ignimbrite Y5 tephra that is dated elsewhere to about 40,000 years ago. The occupation layers contain bone and ivory artifacts, including possible figurative art, and fossil shells imported more than 500 kilometers. Thus, modern humans appeared on the central plain of Eastern Europe as early as anywhere else in northern Eurasia. 相似文献
3.
吴德垠 《西南大学学报(自然科学版)》2018,40(8):89-94
首先分析了模糊拟阵的模糊独立集的特点,从模糊独立集的共同上界观点出发,定义了独立模糊壳的概念;然后,深入分析了模糊拟阵的导出拟阵、导出拟阵列和基本序列与独立模糊壳的关系,根据这些分析,构造了一般模糊拟阵的独立模糊壳的计算办法,并证明了这个计算方法的正确性,这个方法的核心就是独立模糊壳可以由模糊拟阵的导出拟阵列和基本序列唯一确定;接着,研究了在独立模糊壳隶属度集是基本序列集和单点集的两种特殊情况下,模糊拟阵所具有的性质;最后,探讨了闭模糊拟阵、准模糊图拟阵、模糊截短列拟阵和部分特殊闭正规模糊拟阵的独立模糊壳所拥有的特殊性质,得到一个模糊拟阵的独立模糊壳是模糊独立集的充要条件. 相似文献
4.
Wadley L Sievers C Bamford M Goldberg P Berna F Miller C 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,334(6061):1388-1391
The Middle Stone Age (MSA) is associated with early behavioral innovations, expansions of modern humans within and out of Africa, and occasional population bottlenecks. Several innovations in the MSA are seen in an archaeological sequence in the rock shelter Sibudu (South Africa). At ~77,000 years ago, people constructed plant bedding from sedges and other monocotyledons topped with aromatic leaves containing insecticidal and larvicidal chemicals. Beginning at ~73,000 years ago, bedding was burned, presumably for site maintenance. By ~58,000 years ago, bedding construction, burning, and other forms of site use and maintenance intensified, suggesting that settlement strategies changed. Behavioral differences between ~77,000 and 58,000 years ago may coincide with population fluctuations in Africa. 相似文献
5.
Mesce KA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1982,215(4535):993-995
Hermit crabs explore empty gastropod shells by touching, rolling, and probing them before choosing one for a home. This component of shell selection behavior was examined in Pagurus hirsutiusculus hirsutiusculus (Dana) with binary choice tests between natural shells and accurate replicas of the shells with different chemical compositions. The results show that calcium emanating from the surface of shells is responsible for the behavior. Sensitivity to calcium may be a factor that enables the hermit crab to locate partially buried shells and discriminate empty shells from ones housing living gastropods or from small pebbles. 相似文献
6.
酪氨酸酶是合成黑色素细胞的关键酶,为了探讨竹笋壳黄酮提取物对酪氨酸酶活性的影响,对竹笋壳中的黄酮类物质进行提取纯化,并采用酶动力学方法研究了笋壳黄酮提取物对酪氨酸酶单酚酶和二酚酶的抑制作用。结果表明:笋壳黄酮提取物导致单酚酶和二酚酶活力下降50%的抑制剂浓度(IC50)分别为5.6和4.6mg/mL;笋壳黄酮提取物对酪氨酸酶单酚酶的迟滞时间有明显的延长效应,8.0mg/mL的笋壳黄酮提取物可使单酚酶的迟滞时间从1.4min延长到4.2min;笋壳黄酮提取物对酪氨酸酶二酚酶的抑制作用表现为混合型可逆抑制,笋壳黄酮提取物对游离酶的抑制常数(Ki)为3.1mmol/L,对酶底物络合物的抑制常数(Kis)为5.7mmol/L;笋壳黄酮提取物对酪氨酸酶单酚酶和二酚酶均有抑制作用。 相似文献
7.
8.
Dynamics of water molecules in aqueous solvation shells 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
We report on the direct measurement of the dynamics of water molecules in the solvation shell of an ion in aqueous solution. The hydrogen-bond dynamics of water molecules solvating a Cl-, Br-, or I- anion is slow compared with neat liquid water, indicating that the aqueous solvation shells of these ions are rigid. This rigidity can play an important role in the overall dynamics of chemical reactions in aqueous solution. The experiments were performed with femtosecond midinfrared nonlinear spectroscopy, because this technique allows the spectral response of the water molecules in the solvation shell to be distinguished clearly from that of the other water molecules in the solution. 相似文献
9.
为有效提高虾壳废弃物中虾青素的提取率,以罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)、南极磷虾(Euphausia superba)及凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)为原料,利用有机溶剂浸提法,通过单因素试验比较3种虾壳中虾青素的提取效果,并对南极磷虾虾壳中虾青素提取工艺参数进行正交优化;利用红外光谱比较虾青素标准品与3种虾壳制得的样品,对样品中虾青素进行定性分析;以VC作为对照,探索3种虾壳中虾青素的抗氧化能力。结果表明:罗氏沼虾、南极磷虾及凡纳滨对虾在以二氯甲烷为提取液,提取温度为30℃,提取时间为2 h条件下可得到最大提取率,南极磷虾虾壳中的虾青素的提取率显著高于凡纳滨对虾及罗氏沼虾虾壳中的虾青素。而料液比对三者中虾青素的提取率的影响效果不同,南极磷虾和凡纳滨对虾在1∶30 g/mL料液比条件下的提取率达到最大值分别为234.72μg/g和172.21μg/g,而罗氏沼虾在料液比为1∶20 g/mL条件下最大提取率为88.69μg/g。南极磷虾虾壳中提取虾青素的最佳条件为料液比1∶30 (g∶mL),提取温度30℃,提取时间2.5 h,此条件下虾青素的提取率明显提高,达到245.01μg/g。红外光谱证明实验所得虾青素与虾青素标准品具有极为相似的官能团振动吸收峰。通过抗氧化实验研究发现,3种虾壳中的虾青素均具有较好的抗氧化活性,其中以罗氏沼虾虾壳中虾青素抗氧化活性为最佳。 相似文献
10.
Slimak L Svendsen JI Mangerud J Plisson H Heggen HP Brugère A Pavlov PY 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,332(6031):841-845
Palaeolithic sites in Russian high latitudes have been considered as Upper Palaeolithic and thus representing an Arctic expansion of modern humans. Here we show that at Byzovaya, in the western foothills of the Polar Urals, the technological structure of the lithic assemblage makes it directly comparable with Mousterian Middle Palaeolithic industries that so far have been exclusively attributed to the Neandertal populations in Europe. Radiocarbon and optical-stimulated luminescence dates on bones and sand grains indicate that the site was occupied during a short period around 28,500 carbon-14 years before the present (about 31,000 to 34,000 calendar years ago), at the time when only Upper Palaeolithic cultures occupied lower latitudes of Eurasia. Byzovaya may thus represent a late northern refuge for Neandertals, about 1000 km north of earlier known Mousterian sites. 相似文献
11.
E L Simons 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1989,245(4924):1343-1350
New discoveries combine to indicate that all the major steps in human evolution took place in Africa. Skeletal analysis of oldest human forbears around 3 million years ago reveal many anatomical similarities to African Great Apes. These and biochemical resemblances indicate a common ancestry for humans and apes, perhaps only a few million years earlier. Enlarged knowledge through recent recovery of skeletons of several successive stages in the line leading to modern peoples shows that many attributes or skills by which we define humanity arose much more recently in time than heretofore believed. 相似文献
12.
Excavations at the Mesa site in arctic Alaska provide evidence for a Paleoindian occupation of Beringia, the region adjacent to the Bering Strait. Eleven carbon-14 dates on hearths associated with Paleoindian projectile points place humans at the site between 9,730 and 11,660 radiocarbon years before present (years B.P.). The presence of Paleoindians in Beringia at these times challenges the notion that Paleoindian cultures arose exclusively in mid-continental North America. The age span of Paleoindians at the Mesa site overlaps with dates from two other cultural complexes in interior Alaska. A hiatus in the record of human occupation occurs between 10,300 and 11,000 years B.P. Late Glacial climatic fluctuations may have made northern Alaska temporarily unfavorable for humans and spurred their southward dispersal. 相似文献
13.
饲粮钙磷水平与蛋壳质量关系的研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对147—300日龄白来航型星杂288产蛋母鸡用三年时间进行了钙磷水平对蛋壳质量影响的试验。1982年饲粮钙水平为3.78、3.29、3.02％时蛋壳质量都在正常范围之内,但其质量随钙水平的增加而提高。1983年钙水平为3.8、3.3％,磷水平为0.6、0.4％,1984年重复1983年试验,结果表明,蛋壳质量均在正常范围之内,但高钙水平(3.8％)与低磷水平(0.4％)组蛋壳质量较好。从产蛋率看,三年试验均为钙水平3.3％、磷水平0.6％组为好。 相似文献
14.
[目的]优化超声波辅助酶法提取油茶籽壳色素的最佳工艺。[方法]以油茶籽壳为原材料,采用超声波辅助酶法提取油茶籽壳色素,以响应面试验优化其提取条件。[结果]最佳提取条件:加酶量为0.8%,液固比20∶1(g∶mL),超声提取时间15 min,超声提取功率90 W,超声提取温度60℃。在此条件下测得的吸光度为2.765。酶辅助超声波法提取油茶籽壳色素较酶法和超声波提取法油茶籽壳色素吸光度提高了1.8、1.5倍。[结论]该研究优化了超声波辅助酶法提取油茶籽壳色素最佳工艺条件,为油茶籽壳色素的综合开发利用提供科学依据。 相似文献
15.
Riggs AC 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1984,224(4644):58-61
Carbon-14 contents as low as 3.3 +/- 0.2 percent modern (apparent age, 27,000 years) measured from the shells of snails Melanoides tuberculatus living in artesian springs in southern Nevada are attributed to fixation of dissolved HCO(3)(-) with which the shells are in carbon isotope equilibrium. Recognition of the existence of such extreme deficiencies is necessary so that erroneous ages are not attributed to freshwater biogenic carbonates. 相似文献
16.
Dinsmore AD Hsu MF Nikolaides MG Marquez M Bausch AR Weitz DA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,298(5595):1006-1009
We present an approach to fabricate solid capsules with precise control of size, permeability, mechanical strength, and compatibility. The capsules are fabricated by the self-assembly of colloidal particles onto the interface of emulsion droplets. After the particles are locked together to form elastic shells, the emulsion droplets are transferred to a fresh continuous-phase fluid that is the same as that inside the droplets. The resultant structures, which we call "colloidosomes," are hollow, elastic shells whose permeability and elasticity can be precisely controlled. The generality and robustness of these structures and their potential for cellular immunoisolation are demonstrated by the use of a variety of solvents, particles, and contents. 相似文献
17.
[目的]从钙调蛋白(CaM)基因克隆和序列分析入手,对长牡蛎CaM基因的功能进行深入研究,为生产实践提供参考依据.[方法]利用SMART RACE和EPIC-PCR技术克隆长牡蛎CaM基因,然后采用PCR-SSCP技术和DNA测序方法分析长牡蛎CaM基因编码区多态性.[结果]扩增获得长牡蛎CaM基因cDNA全长序列为917 bp,包括开放阅读框(ORF)全长450 bp,编码149个氨基酸;5′非编码区含222 bp,3′非编码区含245 bp; ORF内有3段内含子序列,分别为Intron-1:110 bp、Intron-2:137 bp和Intron-3:143 bp.PCR-SSCP分析获得C5引物野生型TT型、突变型GG型和杂合型GT型3种基因型.基因型和等位基因频率统计结果表明,GG型和G等位基因频率明显高于TT型和T等位基因;而最小二乘分析结果表明,CaM基因位于ORF内第158位T→G的SNPs位点,对长牡蛎的壳重有显著性影响(P<0.05),但对壳长、壳高、壳宽、体总重及肉重无显著影响.[结论]CaM基因对长牡蛎贝壳形成具有一定的影响作用. 相似文献
18.
常见坚果壳的元素组成·纤维素含量和结晶度分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
[目的]对5种常见坚果壳的元素组成、纤维素含量和结晶度进行分析。[方法]采用X射线衍射技术按照高度法、切线法、分峰面积法3种方法对坚果壳中的纤维素的结晶度进行了分析,采用X射线光电子能谱技术对坚果壳的成分和原子比进行了分析。[结果]X射线衍射测试结果表明,板栗、花生、瓜子、夏威夷果和核桃皮层纤维素的结晶度不同,结晶度变化趋势相同;X射线光电子能谱测试结果表明,这5种坚果壳主要是由C、O、N、Si元素组成,成分含量有差异。夏威夷果壳的结晶度最大,板栗壳原料纤维素结晶度最小;花生中的氮元素含量最高,原子百分比达到3.78%,花生中的O/C和N/C比值最大,分别达到0.29和0.05,Si/C原子比最高的是花生壳。[结论]该研究结果可为硬果壳的综合开发利用提供依据。 相似文献
19.
沙棘籽仁壳分离加工工艺研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
针对传统沙棘籽油加工工艺存在的问题、提出了沙棘籽仁壳分离加工工艺。沙棘籽仁壳分离加工籽壳加工等工序。表明：剪切力脱壳是沙棘籽脱壳的主要形式;一级筛上的籽壳纯度大于９８％,可直接用于天色色素生产;剪切脱壳后籽仁的主要破碎形式是两子叶沿交界面分离;较好的籽仁籽壳分离状态是二级筛上,悬浮速度４．１ｍ／ｓ时,籽仁损失率７．５％,籽仁含壳率１２％。 相似文献
20.
Summerhayes GR Leavesley M Fairbairn A Mandui H Field J Ford A Fullagar R 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2010,330(6000):78-81
After their emergence by 200,000 years before the present in Africa, modern humans colonized the globe, reaching Australia and New Guinea by 40,000 to 50,000 years ago. Understanding how humans lived and adapted to the range of environments in these areas has been difficult because well-preserved settlements are scarce. Data from the New Guinea Highlands (at an elevation of ~2000 meters) demonstrate the exploitation of the endemic nut Pandanus and yams in archaeological sites dated to 49,000 to 36,000 years ago, which are among the oldest human sites in this region. The sites also contain stone tools thought to be used to remove trees, which suggests that the early inhabitants cleared forest patches to promote the growth of useful plants. 相似文献