共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 93 毫秒
1.
土壤强还原处理对三七连作障碍因子及再植三七生长的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
为研究土壤强还原处理(Reductive soil disinfestation,RSD)对连作三七土壤中障碍因子及再植三七生长的影响,以云南省文山州连作三七土壤为研究对象,设置4个处理:对照(CK);分别添加高碳氮比有机物料(C/N 94,15 t·hm~(-2),SB),低碳氮比有机物料(C/N 19,15t·hm~(-2),BD),高、低碳氮比有机物料等质量混合(15 t·hm~(-2),SB+BD)的RSD处理。利用高效液相色谱测定土壤中皂苷类物质的含量,通过定量PCR和变性梯度凝胶电泳测定土壤微生物数量和群落结构,并统计再植三七的存苗率和发病率。结果表明,与CK相比,RSD能够显著消减土壤中皂苷类物质的含量,其中BD和SB+BD对Rb_1和Rh_1的降解率分别高达82.1%和85.8%～88.1%。RSD还能有效杀灭尖孢镰刀菌,显著降低其在真菌类群中的比例,其中杀菌率高达99.7%。同时,移栽5个月后,RSD处理再植三七的存苗率提高7.3倍～8.5倍,发病率由89.0%降低至12.9%～16.1%。因此,土壤强还原处理能够显著消减连作三七土壤中积累的障碍因子,改善土壤微生物群落结构,提高存苗率,降低发病率,是一种具有快速缓解三七连作障碍潜力的农业措施。 相似文献
2.
3.
《农业环境与发展》2015,(3)
为了明确填闲作物对棚室蔬菜土壤NO3--N的消减潜力,揭示不同填闲作物消减土壤剖面累积NO3--N的特征,并为探索阻控棚室蔬菜土壤氮素淋溶损失机制及预防地下水污染提供理论依据,本研究以华北平原传统的棚室蔬菜轮作体系作为研究对象,在蔬菜休闲期采用种植深根型填闲作物甜玉米、甜玉米+牛膝间作和白菊花的田间原位修复技术。结果表明:甜玉米和甜玉米+牛膝处理的总含氮量和吸氮量较高,分别为20.11、19.62 t·hm-2和240.34、287.56 kg·hm-2,显著高于白菊花的5.81 t·hm-2和57.13kg·hm-2;根长密度和根干重均随土壤剖面深度的加深而降低,其中白菊花处理的根长密度与根干重在0~30 cm土层显著高于其他处理,30 cm土层以下的根干重在各处理间无差异,根长密度在数值上表现为间作甜玉米甜玉米白菊花间作牛膝;甜玉米对土壤剖面0~200 cm土层的消减量高达907.87 kg·hm-2,显著高于白菊花的891.16 kg·hm-2和甜玉米+牛膝间作的879.93 kg·hm-2。因此,在蔬菜作物轮作的间歇期,种植填闲作物能有效地降低硝态氮在土壤中的累积,控制土壤剖面硝态氮向下淋溶。 相似文献
4.
采用田间试验方法研究了控释尿素不同施用条件对冬小麦产量、氮素利用和经济效益的影响。试验共设7个处理,即CK(空白处理,不施氮肥)、100%PU10/0(普通尿素全量基施,N 240 kg·hm-2)、100%PU6/4(60%的普通尿素基施、40%的普通尿素于拔节期追施,N 240 kg·hm-2)、80%PU6/4(60%的普通尿素基施、40%的普通尿素于拔节期追施,N 192 kg·hm-2)、100%CRU(全量树脂包膜控释尿素基施,N 240 kg·hm-2)、80%CRU(80%树脂包膜控释尿素基施,N 192 kg·hm-2)和40%CRU+40%PU(40%树脂包膜控释尿素+40%的普通尿素基施,N 192 kg·hm-2)。结果表明,无论是产量效应还是氮素利用效应,树脂包膜控释尿素(CRU)处理总体优于普通尿素(PU)处理,尤其树脂包膜控释尿素和普通尿素配施(40%CRU+40%PU)效果最佳,以7 709 kg·hm-2的产量、36.44%的氮肥吸收利用率、15 946元·hm-2的相对净收入达到处理间最高水平。该处理在减少氮素投入量的情况下,不仅促进了冬小麦增产,而且显著提高了肥料的利用率,拥有较高的产投比。因此,树脂包膜控释尿素和普通尿素的配施处理(40%CRU+40%PU)是本试验条件下最优的氮肥处理。 相似文献
5.
6.
在滴灌条件下,采用连续3年定位增施有机肥小区试验,研究了不同有机无机肥配比对滴灌棉田土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、微生物量氮、全氮以及土壤矿化和硝化特性的影响,旨在明确滴灌棉田增施有机肥条件下土壤氮素转化与各形态氮素特征。结果表明,增施有机肥各处理均可显著增加土壤NH+4-N和NO-3-N含量(P0.05),且明显增加NH+4-N占总氮(TN)比例。在各施肥处理中,以配施6 000 kg·hm-2生物有机肥处理(60%CF+BF2)的矿质氮含量最高;3年连续增施有机肥3 000~6 000 kg·hm-2可明显增加滴灌棉田全氮和微生物量氮含量(P0.05),其中生物有机肥(CF+BF)对提高微生物量氮(MBN)/TN的效果显著,其土壤全氮分别比对照(CK)和单施化肥处理(CF)提高了24.7%~37.1%和13.3%~24.5%,微生物量氮分别增加53.8%~98.5%和32.2%~70.5%。有机无机肥配施可明显提高土壤硝化势和矿化能力。土壤增施3 000~6 000 kg·hm-2有机肥对促进滴灌棉田氮素转化,调节不同形态氮素比例及提高氮素肥力有显著效应。 相似文献
7.
控释/普通尿素配施对春玉米籽粒灌浆特性及产量的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为探究旱地春玉米籽粒灌浆特性及产量对控释尿素输入的响应,以‘先玉698’为供试材料,在相同氮肥条件下(施氮区纯N均为225 kg·hm-2),设置4种控释/普通尿素不同配比,以不施氮肥为对照(CK),比较普通尿素基施N 150 kg·hm-2+小口期追施N 75 kg·hm-2(T1)、控释尿素基施N 75kg·hm-2+普通尿素基施N 75 kg·hm-2+小口期追施N 75 kg·hm-2(T2)、控释尿素基施N 150 kg·hm-2+普通尿素基施N 75 kg·hm-2(T3)、控释尿素基施N 225 kg·hm-2(T4)对玉米生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明,控释尿素在玉米生育后期可以维持相对较高的叶面积指数(LAI)和SPAD值,延缓植株衰老。与单施普通尿素相比,控释尿素与普通尿素不同配比混施处理下,玉米籽粒灌浆过程中最大灌浆速率(Gmax)、籽粒灌浆速率最大时的生长量(Wmax)和灌浆持续期(T)均有明显提高。与CK相比,施氮区玉米籽粒的Gmax分别提高0.67%(T1)、7.39%(T2)、5.06%(T3)、7.38%(T4)。控释尿素和普通尿素配比施用,可以显著增加玉米穗粒数,降低秃尖率,进而增加玉米产量。不同配施条件下,T2的产量最高,为12.11 t·hm-2。施氮处理较CK分别增产12.43%、25.75%、19.03%、17.22%。综上,合理的氮肥配施(T2)有利于延缓植株衰老,优化籽粒灌浆进程。本研究对宁南山区氮素高效利用及玉米轻简化栽培具有重要意义。 相似文献
8.
9.
秸秆还田配施化肥对土壤温度、根际微生物及酶活性的影响 总被引：44，自引：0，他引：44
以单施秸秆为对照,研究秸秆还田配施不同比例化肥对土壤温度、土壤根际微生物和酶活性的影响。结果表明:(1)在水稻不同生育期,与对照相比秸秆还田配施化肥各处理在8:00和20:00均提高了土壤温度,而在14:00降低了土壤温度。从地温日较差分析可知,秸秆还田配施化肥处理的整日地温变化幅度低于对照,且差异显著。此外随着土层深度的增加,秸秆还田配施化肥处理与对照间的差距逐渐减少,调温作用逐渐减弱。(2)秸秆还田配施化肥各处理能够增加根际土壤总细菌、放线菌、真菌、氨氧化细菌、好气性自生固氮菌、亚硝酸细菌、磷细菌和好气性纤维素分解菌的数量,但普遍区组间差异不显著。除了秸秆还田配施低量NP处理(SNP1,秸秆3 000 kg hm-2+N 150 kg hm-2+P2O575 kg hm-2)以外,秸秆还田配施化肥各处理的过氧化氢酶、脲酶、转化酶活性均高于对照,但区组间均未达到显著差异。因此,秸秆还田配施化肥能合理调节土壤温度,显著提高土壤微生物的数量与活性,有利于土壤生态环境的改善,其中秸秆还田配施NPK处理(SNPK1,秸秆3 000 kg hm-2+N 150 kg hm-2+P2O575 kg hm-2+K2O 37.5 kg hm-2;SNPK2,秸秆3 000 kg hm-2+N 225 kg hm-2+P2O5112.5 kg hm-2+K2O 56.3 kg hm-2)效果最为显著。 相似文献
10.
添加脲酶抑制剂NBPT对麦秆还田稻田氨挥发的影响 总被引：13，自引：2，他引：11
氨挥发是稻田氮素损失的重要途径,为探明脲酶抑制剂NBPT对小麦秸秆还田稻田中氨挥发的影响,采用密闭室通气法,在太湖地区乌珊土上,研究了脲酶抑制剂n-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)对小麦秸秆还田稻田中施肥后尿素水解和氨挥发动态变化的影响。结果表明:稻田氨挥发损失主要集中在基肥和分蘖肥时期。添加NBPT可明显延缓尿素水解,推迟田面水NH4+-N峰值出现的时间,并降低NH4+-N峰值,降低了田面水氨挥发速率和挥发量。NBPT的效果在基肥和分蘖肥施用后尤为明显,不加NBPT时施入的尿素在2~3 d内基本水解彻底,NH4+-N和氨挥发速率在第2 d即达到峰值,两次施肥后NH4+-N峰值分别为132.3 mg·L-1和66.3mg·L-1,氨挥发峰值为15.6 kg·hm-2·d-1和10.4 kg·hm-2·d-1;而添加NBPT后,NH4+-N峰值推迟至施肥后第4 d出现,NH4+-N峰值降至70.7 mg·L-1和51.6 mg·L-1,氨挥发峰值降至4.7 kg·hm-2·d-1和2.6 kg·hm-2·d-1。添加NBPT使稻田氨挥发损失总量从73.3 kg(N)·hm-2(占施氮量的24.4%)降低至34.5 kg(N)·hm-2(占施氮量的11.5%),降低53%。在添加小麦秸秆稻田中添加NBPT通过延缓尿素水解而显著降低了氨挥发损失。 相似文献
11.
This paper describes a method that allowed counting of both the total culturable and antagonistic microorganisms in a given source such as compost. Fusarium solani, used as the test fungus, was spread-plated on quarter-strength (1/4) potato dextrose agar (PDA), its surface was exposed in a laminar flow for 4 h and then another layer (2–3 mm thick) of 1/4 PDA was poured over it, on which an appropriate dilution of a compost sample was spread-plated. Microorganisms in the compost samples appeared first, and were counted as total culturable organisms. Plates were further incubated until F. solani grew through the upper layer of PDA (generally in 4–8 days) and covered the whole plate including most of the microbial colonies, except for a few which had a halo around them. These were counted as antagonistic, and they were isolated and purified for further studies. The population of bacteria in the six specific compost samples (called Biodynamic or BD preparations by organic farmers) ranged from 3.45 log10 (in BD502) to 8.59 log10 (in BD504) per gram of materials. The population of antagonistic bacteria was counted for three of the six compost samples, and ranged from 3.24 log10 (in BD502) to 6.90 log10 (in BD500). Of the 67 bacterial isolates showing a halo that were assembled from different sources, 17 suppressed at least 1 of the 4 plant pathogenic fungi against which these were evaluated using the dual culture method. 相似文献
12.
市政污泥直接施用对玉米生长和品质的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
[目的]研究市政污泥施用后对土壤和作物生长与品质的影响,为市政污泥的直接土地利用提供科学依据。[方法]以玉米为试验材料,利用田间试验研究了污泥不同的施用方式(沟施、撒施、表土下20 cm施用)和施用量(30,90,200 t/hm~2)对玉米生长和品质以及土壤重金属含量的影响。[结果]适量的污泥对玉米个体的生长有促进作用,施用量为30 t/hm~2时株高、单株生物量、叶片叶绿素含量、籽粒蛋白质含量均显著高于对照。表土下20 cm施用污泥在整体上较其他两种施用方式有更高的出苗率和籽粒产量,在施用量为30 t/hm~2时籽粒产量最高,为656.70 kg/667m~2,高出对照29.64%。3种施用方式下,土壤中的Cu,Zn,Pb含量及玉米籽粒中的Cu,Zn含量均随污泥施用量的增加而增加,而玉米籽粒中Pb含量与对照相比差异不显著,土壤和籽粒中重金属含量均未超过国家相关标准。以重金属浓度满足土壤环境质量标准为限制条件,推算出当地的市政污泥施用量为30 t/hm~2可以连续施用5 a。[结论]施用30 t/hm~2的污泥具有良好的效果和环境效应;为了降低污泥在土壤中的局部累积而导致的胁迫效应,表土下20 cm施用和地表撒施是相对较好的方式。 相似文献
13.
西红柿对聚烯烃控释肥这种新的施肥方法的反应 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The response of tomato （Lycopersicon esculentum） plants basically fertilized with 0.3 g N per plant of compound fertilizer with a N：P2O5：K2O ratio of 20：10：20 to sticks of polyolefin-coated fertilizer （POCF） （LongT0 with a N：P2Os：K2O ratio of 14：12：14） applied 23 d after transplanting was investigated using rooting boxes in the greenhouse. The results at 26 and 40 d after stick fertilizer treatment showed that the use of the stick fertilizer greatly increased the production of many new fine roots from the tomato plants. Compared to the unfertilized control, root length and root length density in the stick fertilizer treatment increased by 3.6-6.7 fold. In the soil zones near the stick fertilizer, root weight and root mass density were also significantly higher for the stick fertilizer treatment. Additionally, the use of the stick fertilizer increased the N, P and K concentrations in the leaves and stems of the tomato plants. The new fine roots growing near the stick fertilizer not only absorbed more nutrients and translocated them to the shoots, but also contained more nutrients within themselves. The soil ammonium and nitrate N data showed that N released from the stick fertilizer played a major role in inducing the production of new fine roots. These results indicated that stick fertilizer could be used as an alternative to the co-situs application technique to change and control the root distribution of crops as well as to increase the potential capacity of roots for water and nutrient absorption. 相似文献
14.
土壤微生物对紫茎泽兰生长与竞争的反馈: 不同灭菌方法的比较 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
土壤微生物去除是验证土壤微生物反馈调节入侵植物竞争排斥本地植物群落的重要手段。为了确定土壤微生物反馈效应的最佳土壤微生物去除方法,以及土壤微生物对紫茎泽兰与本地植物竞争中的反馈作用,本试验比较了添加蛭石和未添加蛭石下,3种常见土壤微生物灭菌方式(干热灭菌、湿热灭菌、辐照灭菌)处理的紫茎泽兰单优群落根际土壤对紫茎泽兰与本地植物香茶菜生长的影响。结果表明:与未灭菌处理土壤相比,3种灭菌处理土壤均显著抑制了紫茎泽兰和香茶菜的生长;添加蛭石灭菌的土壤相对于未添加蛭石的灭菌土壤显著促进了2种植物的生长;灭菌土壤添加蛭石的情况下辐照灭菌土壤的两种植物的生物量显著地高于干热灭菌和湿热灭菌土壤两种植物的生物量,其中辐照灭菌下紫茎泽兰的生物量分别比干热灭菌和湿热灭菌条件下增加30.8%和66.5%,香茶菜生物量分别显著增加109.5%和63.4%。辐照灭菌土壤添加蛭石的处理方式最接近真实地反映土壤微生物对植物生长的反馈效应。进一步进行辐照灭菌土壤添加蛭石处理与未灭菌土壤添加蛭石处理的紫茎泽兰与香茶菜混种的盆栽试验,结果显示,土壤微生物显著增强了紫茎泽兰对香茶菜的竞争优势,相对竞争优势度增加16.0%,说明土壤微生物在紫茎泽兰竞争排斥本地植物的入侵过程中具有正反馈偏利调节作用 相似文献
15.
生物防治微生物的应用方式对生防效果具有显著影响。本研究利用分离到的生防菌株T12孢子粉、有机肥吸附菌丝(菌丝吸附)和固体发酵产品(固体发酵)3种水稻纹枯病生防菌的应用方式,研究了3种应用方式对水稻纹枯病发病率、微生物数量以及水稻抗病性酶活性的影响,分析了不同应用方式的生防效果。结果表明,生防菌株T12鉴定为棘孢木霉(Trichoderma asperellum)。孢子粉、菌丝吸附和固体发酵的应用方式都能够防控水稻纹枯病,其中固体发酵应用方式的防效最好,防治率为89.5%。相较于孢子粉处理,应用菌丝吸附和固体发酵的方式能够显著(P0.05)增加水田中立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)菌核表面附着的木霉菌数量。水稻移栽20 d测定水稻茎秆上木霉菌数量显示,固体发酵和菌丝吸附应用方式有利于木霉菌在水稻茎秆定殖;水稻移栽60 d、100 d和130 d测定木霉菌数量表明,孢子粉处理木霉菌数量高于固体发酵处理,固体发酵处理高于菌丝吸附处理(P0.05)。水稻生育期内,对照处理立枯丝核菌数量从41 cfu-g-1增加到272 cfu-g-1,孢子粉处理和菌丝吸附处理水稻茎秆上立枯丝核菌数量低于对照处理,但均高于固体发酵处理(P0.05)。测定水稻几丁质酶和β-1,3葡聚糖酶活性的结果显示,3种应用方式都能够诱导水稻产生抗性,相较于孢子粉处理,菌丝吸附和固体发酵处理能够在水稻生育期内持续诱导水稻产生抗性。棘孢木霉T12菌株固体发酵产品的应用方式更有利于对水稻纹枯病的生物防控。 相似文献
16.
玫烟色拟青霉对小菜蛾幼虫的侵染过程及接菌方法对其致病力的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用扫描电镜观察玫烟色拟青霉(Paecilomyces fumosoroseus)分生孢子在小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)幼虫体表的萌发和侵染过程及玫烟色拟青霉孢子粉、孢子悬浮液和孢子培养液对小菜蛾幼虫的致病力.结果表明:小菜蛾幼虫体表嵴状突起结构区附着的孢子较多, 刺状突起结构区附着的孢子较少;刺状突起结构区附着的孢子萌发较早, 多数孢子在接菌后16 h开始萌发, 而嵴状突起结构区附着的孢子多数在20 h开始萌发, 在平缓结构区孢子萌发最迟.在嵴状突起结构区和刺状突起结构区, 多数孢子萌发后产生芽管, 直接以芽管侵入幼虫体壁, 少数形成附着胞侵染寄主.此外玫烟色拟青霉3种不同接菌方法对小菜蛾幼虫的侵染速率和致病力大小明显不同, 其中孢子培养液比孢子悬浮液和孢子粉对小菜蛾幼虫的侵染速率快, 接菌44 h虫体表现出明显的感病症状, 致死中时为3.18 d;孢子悬浮液和孢子粉处理的小菜蛾幼虫, 60 h虫体出现感病症状, 致死中时分别为4.20 d和4.34 d;而且致病力大小也存在明显差异, 接孢子粉的处理明显高于孢子悬浮液和孢子培养液, 小菜蛾幼虫6 d的死亡率达76.2%, 而其他两种处理小菜蛾幼虫6 d的死亡率仅为59.8%和58.5%.本研究结果表明, 小菜蛾幼虫的体表结构影响玫烟色拟青霉孢子在寄主体表的附着、萌发和侵入, 玫烟色拟青霉孢子粉对小菜蛾幼虫的致病力最强, 明显高于孢子悬浮液和孢子培养液. 相似文献
17.
Pesticide toxicity using protozoans as test organisms 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Summary A toxicity test using protozoa as test organisms was devised for pesticides. Two different methods were used, the most probable number method and the absorbance method (based on measurement of protozoa growth through absorbance). The ciliates Colpoda cucullus and Blepharisma undulans and the flagellate Oikomonas termo were isolated from different biological starter cultures and tested with the herbicides Chlorex, MCPA, dichlorprop and Matrigon, the fungicide Benlate, and the insecticide Sumicidin. The protozoans showed quite different sensitivities to the pesticides, using 9-h lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC10) as criteria. The 9-h LC50 (concentration at which 50% of the protozeon population has died after 9 h of incubation) ranged from 0.7 ppm for Benlate to 40000 ppm for Chlorex. The usual soil application rates of Chlorex, MCPA, and Benlate were toxic to some of the organisms. 相似文献
18.
Ian C. Simpson Pierre A. Roger Roberto Oficial Ian F. Grant 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1993,16(1):27-33
Summary The impacts of N fertilizer, pesticides and green manure on aquatic oligochaetes in irrigated ricefields were investigated in experimental plots. Populations, determined by the wet sieving of soil cores, were dominated by the Tubificidae Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri. Total densities ranged from 0 to 40 000 m-2. Oligochaete numbers increased in response to additions of urea N. An inhibitory effect of carbofuran on oligochaete populations was observed during the first season of experimental pesticide treatments, but not during the following year. The green manure Sesbania rostrata stimulated population development more than Azolla microphylla. Populations in plots maintained as wet fallow remained low throughout the crop cycle. Population dynamics were associated with the crop cycle. Peak densities were achieved 30–50 days after transplanting. 相似文献
19.
A. S. M. G. Masum Akond N. Watanabe Y. Furuta 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2008,55(1):133-141
Genetic diversity of a set of introgression lines of Triticum aestivum L./T. polonicum L. with long glume and T. petropavlovskyi Udacz. et Migusch. were analyzed by Amplified Fragments Length Polymorphism (AFLP). Small-scale bulk breeding method was
applied throughout until F6 generation to develop the introgression lines. Thirty-eight hexapolid F7 plants with long glume phenotype and their parents were subjected to AFLP analysis by four primer combinations. A total of
47 polymorphic loci were detected between the parents, 15 of them were introgressed across the 38 lines. It was hypothesized
that approximately 50% of A or B genomes associated polymorphic loci were introgressed. The variation of introgression lines
was limited within the diversity between their parents, T. aestivum L. cv. Novosibirskaya 67 (N67) and T. polonicum L. cv. IC12196. N67 was closer to 38 introgression lines than that of IC12196. The UPGMA cluster and principal coordinate
analysis (PCO) grouping showed 0.84 to 0.98 similarity values between N67 and the introgression lines. Eleven T. petropavlovskyi accessions were distinguished from introgression lines with UPGMA clusters and PCO groupings, and T. petropavlovskyi was located between the introgressions lines and IC12196. Several introgression lines resembled with T. petropavlovskyi for awning and glume length. The genetic variation among 38 introgression lines was much wider than that of T. petropavlovskyi. We concluded that T. petropavlovskyi was established by intensive selection of hybrid between T. aestivum/T. polonicum. 相似文献
20.
Summary A field study carried out in a sandy, relatively acid Senegalese soil with a low soluble P content (7 ppm) and low vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) populations showed that soybean responded toGlomus mosseae inoculation when the soluble P level in the soil had been raised by the addition of 22 kg P ha–1. In P-fertilized plots, N2 fixation of soybean, assessed by the A value method, was 109 kg N2 fixed hat when plants were inoculated withRhizobium alone and it reached 139 kg N2 fixed ha–1 when plants were dually inoculated withRhizobium andGlomus mosseae using an alginate bead inoculum. In addition to this N2 fixation increase (+28%),Glomus mosseae inoculation significantly improved grain yield (+13%) and total N content of grains (+16%). This success was attributed mainly to the low infection potential of the native VAM populations in the experimental site. In treatments without solubleP or with rock phosphate, no effect of VAM inoculation was observed. 相似文献