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1.
防治韭菜的主要地下害虫韭蛆（迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga）是造成韭菜农药残留超标主要原因。室内实验表明,生物天敌昆虫病原线虫Steinernema feltiae处理60h后,韭蛆杀死率显著高于使用农药的对照组。2010年4月18日在山东省寿光市丰城地区韭菜地施用昆虫病原线虫以防治韭菜的主要害虫韭蛆,同时以施用化学农药辛硫磷作为对照,处理后第35d和第175d调查结果表明,昆虫病原线虫处理组的昆虫病原线虫多度显著高于化学对照组,其中第175d调查结果表明,经昆虫病原线虫处理后的韭菜鲜重比化学农药处理的对照组增加了10.4%,但差异未达到显著效果。上述结果表明,昆虫病原线虫能够有效控制韭蛆危害。第35d取样结果表明,昆虫病原线虫处理组的土壤线虫群落Shannon多样性指数高于化学农药处理组;第175d调查结果表明,两种处理之间土壤线虫群落各指标相近。试验结果表明昆虫病原线虫能够有效防治韭蛆。 相似文献
2.
为了研究黄瓜叶片表面物理性状在抗蚜性方面的作用,以黄瓜蚜虫(瓜蚜)为研究对象,在室内和田间研究了蚜虫在13个黄瓜品种上的存活率、繁殖率,以及种群趋势指数,探讨了黄瓜叶片茸毛密度、叶片维管束埋深和表面蜡质含量等物理性状与蚜虫种群趋势指数的相关关系。结果表明:取食不同品种黄瓜的若蚜存活率及单头蚜虫的产仔量存在显著差异(P0.05)。其中,蚜虫在抗虫黄瓜品种‘阿信’上的存活率最低(40.16%),在感虫品种‘pepino’上的存活率最高(55.86%);在不同的黄瓜品种上蚜虫的产仔量存在明显差异,其中在感虫黄瓜品种上蚜虫的单头产仔量均在60头以上,而在抗性品种‘EP6392’上单头产仔量仅为48.25头。不同抗性黄瓜品种叶片的茸毛密度、维管束埋深和表面蜡质含量等物理性状存在明显差异,其中感虫品种‘四川寸金’的茸毛密度(372.63根·cm 2)是高抗品种‘阿信’(190.50根·cm 2)的1.96倍,高抗品种‘阿信’叶片维管束埋深最深(0.5 mm),明显大于高感品种‘秀燕’(0.38 mm)和‘pepino’(0.40 mm),高抗品种‘阿信’叶片表面蜡质含量(4.56 mg·g 1)是感虫品种‘仪黄’(1.19 mg·g 1)的3.8倍。叶片茸毛密度、维管束埋深和表面蜡质含量等物理性状与黄瓜上蚜虫种群趋势指数的相关性分析发现,叶片茸毛密度与瓜蚜种群趋势指数存在显著正相关关系,其回归方程为:Y=8.312 1x+10.700 0(r=0.819 8,P=0.000 6);而叶片维管束埋深和表面蜡质含量分别与瓜蚜种群趋势指数呈显著负相关,其回归方程分别为:Y=0.004 2x+0.557 1(r=0.682 9,P=0.010 1)、Y=0.181 0x+8.286 8(r=0.752 7,P=0.003 0)。种群趋势指数(Y)和叶片茸毛密度(X1)、维管束埋深(X2)及表面蜡质含量(X3)3个因素的多元逐步回归方程为:Y=38.624 6+0.043 1X139.165 3X21.044 3X3(r2=0.830 7),通径系数分别为P茸毛密度→Y=0.414 2,P维管束埋深→Y=0.166 0,P蜡质含量→Y=0.206 7,表明在叶片的这些物理性状中,维管束埋深对黄瓜抗蚜性的影响最大,是黄瓜品种抗蚜性的重要因素之一。 相似文献
3.
豌豆品种对绿色型豌豆蚜种群参数的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
在(23±1)℃、光照时间16 h、相对湿度70%~80%人工气候箱条件下,研究了"草豌豆"、"定豌1号"、"定豌2号"、"G1997"4个豌豆品种对绿色型豌豆蚜种群变化的影响,旨在为种植豌豆时品种的选择提供理论依据。结果表明,在不同豌豆品种上绿色型豌豆蚜的各虫态发育历期和单雌一生最高产仔量均有显著差异,其在"G1997"上完成一生所需时间最长(17.92 d),在"草豌豆"上最短(12.69 d);其最高产仔量在"G1997"上最多,为117头.头1,在"草豌豆"上最少,为60头.头1。存活曲线均为Ⅰ型,存活率高低依次为"G1997"、"定豌2号"、"定豌1号"和"草豌豆";净增值率"定豌2号"、"定豌1号"、"G1997"、"草豌豆"相应分别为40.569 2、37.952 4、31.607 8、25.000 0;内禀增长率在"定豌1号"上最大,为0.275 8,而在"G1997"上最小,为0.188 6;种群加倍时间依次为"G1997"(3.675 0 d)、"定豌2号"(2.867 6 d)、"草豌豆"(2.729 8 d)和"定豌1号"(2.513 1 d);"定豌1号"是其最喜食的品种,其次为"定豌2号"、"草豌豆",最后是"G1997"。 相似文献
4.
稻蟹生态种养模式优质食味粳稻的稻米营养品质分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本研究选用优质食味粳稻品种‘辽粳433’和‘五优稻4号’(稻花香2号)为材料,设置了稻蟹生态种养(ecological rice-crab, ERC)和水稻单植(rice monoculture, RM)2个模式,测定与稻米品质相关的蛋白质含量、直链淀粉含量和矿物质元素含量,采用非靶向代谢组学方法分析两个模式之间与营养相关的差异代谢产物,从多个方面分析稻蟹生态种养的稻米营养品质,为稻蟹生态种养模式的应用推广提供理论依据。结果表明,与RM相比, ERC的‘辽粳433’和‘五优稻4号’糙米蛋白质含量显著降低6.75%和10.11%, Fe含量显著增加,为RM的2.03倍和4.99倍, Se含量显著增加,为RM的3.11倍和5.74倍, Pb含量显著降低35.11%和44.35%。采用GC-MS检测到233种代谢产物,利用偏最小二乘法(PLS-DA)分析发现, ERC和RM糙米的代谢产物差异显著,ERC诱导‘辽粳433’和‘五优稻4号’的4-氨基丁酸显著上调为RM的2.11倍和11.99倍,抗氧化性物质α-生育酚、β-羟肉豆蔻酸以及奎宁酸分别显著上调为RM的1.62倍和2.22倍、12.64倍和20.48倍以及14.25倍和4.67倍,己糖醇显著上调为RM的14.36倍和15.14倍,半乳糖醇显著上调为RM的3.13倍和2.87倍。此外, ERC的‘辽粳433’产量降低286.0 kg·km~(-2),‘五优稻4号’产量增加344.5 kg·km~(-2),均与RM差异不显著。综上所述,稻蟹生态种养模式在稳产的基础上可以增加优质食味粳稻稻米的营养价值。 相似文献
5.
不同水分条件下磷肥运筹对小麦旗叶和穗部叶绿素及核酸含量的影响 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
6.
《南方农业》2016,(16)
为探索粳型糯稻新品种‘安糯2号’的丰产栽培技术模式,采用二次回归通用旋转组合设计,研究该品种产量与主要农艺措施(插秧密度,N、P、K施用量)间的关系。建立产量与各因素间的数学模型:Y=513.31-12.83X1-20.03X2+4.12X3+8.85X4+3.69X12-13.68X22-6.25X32-0.55X42-0.24X1X2+3.55X1X3+1.33X1X4+1.61X2X3-4.11X2X4-0.70X3X4。进一步分析得到影响该品种产量的4个因素作用大小依次为施氮量栽插密度施钾量施磷量。通过频数分析得出‘安糯2号’获得500.32 kg/667 m~2产量以上的优化方案为:栽插密度(1.145~1.230)×10~4穴/667 m2,667 m~2施纯N4.144~4.893 kg、P_2O_5 8.249~9.752 kg、K_2O 11.575~13.15 kg。 相似文献
7.
向日葵列当(Orobanche cumana Wallr.)是一种根寄生草本植物,对向日葵等经济作物造成严重危害。为了减少向日葵列当对向日葵的寄生,降低土壤中向日葵列当种子库,本试验以新疆地区广泛种植的玉米品种‘京糯一号’和‘新玉57号’为研究材料,通过穴盘试验研究在不同时期(出苗后10 d和15 d)施加两种不同浓度赤霉素(10~(-4 )mol·L~(-1)和10~(-5 )mol·L~(-1))对上述两个品种玉米生长发育和分泌列当萌发刺激物质的影响;24 d后收集并提取玉米根系分泌物,用其进行刺激向日葵列当种子的萌发试验,从而筛选出刺激向日葵列当种子萌发能力较强的玉米品种进行盆栽试验。通过盆栽试验,在玉米种植后的不同时期(20 d和40 d)喷施10~(-4 )mol·L~(-1)赤霉素以探究玉米与赤霉素共同防除向日葵列当种子的效果,收获时(105 d后)采集玉米地上部、根和根际土样品,用其甲醇浸提液刺激向日葵列当种子萌发;次年在种植过玉米的盆中种植后茬作物向日葵,收获时测定向日葵的农艺指标并统计向日葵列当的出土数。结果表明:穴盘试验中施加赤霉素对玉米的株高有显著增高作用,对玉米根系分泌萌发刺激物质没有抑制作用,即在玉米生长时期可以施加10~(-4 )mol·L~(-1)和10~(-5 )mol·L~(-1)赤霉素。此外,‘新玉57号’根系分泌物的100倍稀释液刺激向日葵列当种子的萌发率显著高于‘京糯一号’,因此选取‘新玉57号’作为盆栽试验的玉米品种。盆栽试验中不同时期施加10~(-4 )mol·L~(-1)赤霉素,玉米株高同样显著高于对照,增长率分别为22.5%、19.1%。次年种植后茬作物向日葵,在第20 d向玉米施加赤霉素处理的盆中种植的向日葵的花盘直径比对照(种植玉米时不施加赤霉素)显著增加57.1%。与对照相比,在种植玉米后的20 d和40 d施加赤霉素的处理种植向日葵,向日葵列当的出土数分别是1.3个·盆~(-1)、1.8个·盆~(-1),分别降低76.4%和67.3%。因此,可以在玉米种植的后20 d和40 d施加10~(-4 )mol·L~(-1)赤霉素,与玉米共同诱导向日葵列当种子"自杀发芽",以减少向日葵列当对向日葵植株的危害。 相似文献
8.
南方稻区优质晚粳稻产量和品质调优的播期效应 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
为探究在南方稻区通过播期调控来同步实现晚粳稻高产和优质的可行性,以籼稻品种‘黄华占’(对照)和粳稻品种‘常优5号’、‘甬优1538’和‘金农香粳1267’为试验材料,通过分期播种试验,研究优质粳稻在南方稻区不同播期条件下产量和米质的变异特征。结果表明,随着播期推迟,籼稻产量下降(降幅达4.5%~19.2%),粳稻均呈先上升后下降的趋势(降幅达2.1%~15.9%)。相关分析表明,籼稻产量与每穗粒数和结实率相关系数分别为0.91和0.97,粳稻产量与每穗粒数的相关系数为0.88~0.99,这也是粳稻产量下降的主要原因之一。不同播期下籼、粳稻的主要品质性状存在差异,随着播期推迟,籼、粳稻的加工品质、外观品质、稻米蒸煮及食味品质均产生相同效应,但变化趋势不同,外观品质均变优,蒸煮与食味品质变劣,加工品质呈先变优后变劣的趋势;籼、粳稻的营养品质产生效应存在差异,其中籼稻营养品质先变劣后变优,而粳稻营养品质则变优。随着播期推迟,籼、粳稻的峰值黏度、热浆黏度、冷胶粘度和崩解值均呈降低趋势,但消减值、回复值均呈增加趋势。综上,籼稻适时早播有利于优质增产,而粳稻早播或晚播均不利于优质粳稻生产,适宜播期因粳稻品种特性而异。本研究结果为南方双季稻区优质晚粳稻增产提质的合理播期提供了理论依据。 相似文献
9.
白菜型冬油菜质外体抗冻蛋白研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为探明冬油菜抗寒机理,采用大田试验和盆栽试验,对低温胁迫的白菜型冬油菜品种‘陇油6号’叶片和根的质外体蛋白进行抗冻活性检测,通过SDS-PAGE分离质外体蛋白并结合MALDI-TOF/TOF质谱技术对部分高表达蛋白进行了鉴定。结果表明,‘陇油6号’经人工气候室冷驯化后,叶片质外体蛋白质含量显著增加(P0.05),在第5 d达92.31μg?g?1(FW),比对照增加246.12%。质外体蛋白含量在冷驯化第10 d和第15 d与第5 d相比虽有所降低,但仍显著高于对照(P0.05)。在冷驯化第20 d和第25 d质外体蛋白含量继续显著增加,第25 d达到最高值(P0.05)。室温恢复生长10 d后,质外体蛋白含量比之前显著下降(P0.05),但仍高于对照和冷驯化第10 d。在冷驯化过程中,‘陇油6号’叶片的质外体中出现明显的蛋白质积累,室温恢复生长10 d后,质外体中的蛋白质含量显著降低,可见冷驯化的‘陇油6号’质外体蛋白属低温诱导蛋白。抗冻活性检测发现其具有重结晶抑制活性。质谱鉴定发现多种功能尚不明确的蛋白质,其中β~(-1)-3-葡聚糖酶与冬黑麦中报道的抗冻蛋白一致。对质谱检测到的类葡聚糖酶回收及抗冻活性测试发现其有较弱的冰晶形态修饰作用,表明这个类葡聚糖酶是一种低活性抗冻蛋白。低温胁迫下冬油菜叶片和根质外体中合成分泌了抗冻蛋白,在抵御外界低温中起到积极作用,同时推测超强抗寒性冬油菜质外体中可能存在多种未被发现的抗冻蛋白。 相似文献
10.
在田间试验条件下,以‘青花7号’花生品种为材料,系统研究了分层减量施肥对花生根系生长的影响。结果表明,分层施肥和分层减量施肥均可增加根系总长度、根系表面积、根平均直径和根体积,促进根系干物质积累,对20～40 cm土层根系生长的促进效果明显优于0～20 cm土层,根系生长最大值时(8月1日)0～20和20～40 cm土层根系总长度、根系表面积和根体积较CK分别增加10.9%～16.6%、9.3%～13.5%、5.4%～15.1%和12.3%～19.6%、17.9%～30.1%、3.7%～20.0%,20～40 cm土层增幅较0～20 cm土层平均分别提高2.5、11.8和2.5个百分点;施肥量相同时,对20～40 cm土层根系生长的促进效果明显优于0～20 cm土层,且三层施肥效果优于二层施肥;施肥层次相同,随施肥量的减少根系各指标下降不明显。研究认为,分二层或三层施肥并减少化肥用量10%～20%可作为减肥增效、壮根健株的有效措施。 相似文献
11.
Shuichi Fukuoka Tran Danh Suu Kaworu Ebana Luu Ngoc Trinh Tsukasa Nagamine Kazutoshi Okuno 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2006,53(4):753-761
Phenotypic variation of agronomic characters in aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.) was analyzed in order to elucidate the genetic diversity of the populations of rice landraces. Thirteen populations in
Namdinh province, in the Red River Delta of Vietnam, were studied in both of farmers fields and an experimental field. Only
small differences were found in agronomic characters among the populations, including populations containing different varieties.
Variations among the populations in the frequency distributions of several characters suggested different degrees of diversity
among the populations even among populations with the same variety name. The phenotypic profiles of farmers fields were different
from those in an experimental field suggesting the environmental differences between them. One variety cultivated in the Myloc
district had different phenotypic characters from the other varieties in the Haihau district more clearly in the experimental
field. Since the small phenotypic variation in each of farm might be due to the genetic drift and selection by the farmers,
on farm conservation of the landraces of rice is considered to be under a force to decrease phenotypic diversity. The present
study suggests that the targeting several farms with different phenotypic profiles contribute to the conservation of regional
genetic diversity of the landraces of rice. 相似文献
12.
P. PIROMYOU R. NOISANGIAM H. UCHIYAMA P. TITTABUTR N. BOONKERD N. TEAUMROONG 《土壤圈》2013,23(5):577-592
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have been widely recognized as an important agent,especially as a biofertilizer,in agricultural systems.The objectives of this study were to select efective PGPR for Chinese kale (Brassica oleracea var.alboglabra) cultivation and to investigate the efect of their inoculation on indigenous microbial community structure.The Bacillus sp.SUT1 and Pseudomonas sp.SUT19 were selected for determining the efficiency in promoting Chinese kale growth in both pot and field experiments.In the field experiment,PGPR amended with compost gave the highest yields among all treatments.The Chinese kale growth promotion may be directly afected by PGPR inoculation.The changes of microbial community structure in the rhizosphere of Chinese kale following PGPR inoculation were examined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and principal coordinate analysis.The DGGE fingerprints of 16S rDNA amplified from total community DNA in the rhizosphere confirmed that our isolates were established in the rhizosphere throughout this study.The microbial community structures were slightly diferent among all the treatments,and the major changes depended on stages of plant growth.DNA sequencing of excised DGGE bands showed that the dominant species in microbial community structure in the rhizosphere were not mainly interfered by PGPR,but strongly influenced by plant development.The microbial diversity as revealed by diversity indices was not diferent between the PGPR-inoculated and uninoculated treatments.In addition,the rhizosphere soil had more influence on eubacterial diversity,whereas it did not afect archaebacterial and fungal diversities. 相似文献
13.
Summary Microbial populations were estimated in four different forest stands at different regenerational stages, two each at higher and lower altitudes. The fungal and bacterial populations showed marked seasonal variations at both altitudes. Quantitatively, the bacterial population was higher than the fungal population. Although 25 fungal species were isolated at the lower altitude, only 15 were obtained at the higher altitude. Penicillium chrysogenum and Trichoderma viride were dominant at the lower and higher altitudes, respectively. In the more degraded forest stand at the lower altitude both the fungal and the bacterial population showed a significant positive correlation with organic C (r=0.658 and 0.735, respectively), whereas in the less degraded forest stand there was a significant correlation only between the fungal population and organic C (r=0.835). At the higher altitude, however, a highly significant correlation (P<0.05) was observed between the fungal population, soil moisture and organic C in both the forest stands. Disturbance to the soil and vegetation adversely affected the microbial population, and also affected endogonaceous spores. At the lower altitude, plants in the more degraded forest stand were more mycotrophic compared to those in the less degraded stand. The level of mycorrhizal infection showed a highly positive correlation with soil moisture, organic C, total N, and available P. The spore population, however, was correlated negatively with these parameters. Three different endogonaceous genera, Glomus, Gigaspora, and Acaulospora, were identified during the course of investigation. Glomus, however, was dominant. 相似文献
14.
Selective enrichment of a pyrene degrader population and enhanced pyrene degradation in Bermuda grass rhizosphere 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
L. J. Krutz C. A. Beyrouty T. J. Gentry D. C. Wolf C. M. Reynolds 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2005,41(5):359-364
Rhizosphere soil has a more diverse and active microbial community compared to nonvegetated soil. Consequently, the rhizosphere pyrene degrader population (PDP) and pyrene degradation may be enhanced compared to nonvegetated bulk soil (NVB). The objectives of this growth chamber study were to compare (1) Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon cv. Guymon) growth in pyrene-contaminated and noncontaminated soils and (2) pyrene degradation and PDP among NVB, Bermuda grass bulk (BB), and Bermuda grass rhizosphere soil (BR). Soils were amended with pyrene at 0 and 500 mg kg–1, seeded with Bermuda grass, and thinned to two plants per pot 14 days after planting (DAP). Pyrene degradation was evaluated over 63 days. The PDP was enumerated via a most probable number (MPN) procedure at 63 DAP. Bermuda grass root growth was more sensitive to pyrene contamination than shoot growth. Pyrene degradation followed first-order kinetics. Pyrene degradation was significantly greater in BR compared to BB and NVB with rate constants of 0.082, 0.050, and 0.052 day–1, respectively. The PDPs were 8.01, 7.30, and 6.83 log10 MPN g–1 dry soil for BR, BB, and NVB, respectively. The largest PDP was in soil with the most rapid pyrene degradation. These results indicate that Bermuda grass can grow in pyrene-contaminated soil and enhance pyrene degradation through a rhizosphere effect. 相似文献
15.
The earthworm population in a winter cereal field in Ireland was studied over a 3-year-period and its effects on soil and N turnover were assessed. The mean annual population density was 346–471 individuals m-2 and the mean biomass was 56.9–61.2 g m-2. Twelve species were recorded, the most abundant being Allolobophora chlorotica followed by Aporrectodea caliginosa, and 242 mg at 5°C to 713 mg at 10°C in the case of juvenile Lumbricus terrestris. Gut contents (dry mass of soil) comprised 6.7–15.5% of the A. caliginosa live mass, and 9.7–14.7% of the Lumbricus terrestris mass. Annual soil egestion by the field population was estimated as 18–22 kg m-2. Tissue production ranged from 81.7 to 218.5 g m-2, while N turnover resulting from mortality was calculated as 1.5–3.9 g m-2 depending on the year and the method of calculation. Earthworms were estimated to contribute an additional 3.4–4.1 g mineral N to the soil through excretion, mucus production, and soil ingestion. Independent estimates of N output via mucus and excretion derived from 15N laboratory studies with Lumbricus terrestris were 2.9–3.6 g m-2 year-1. 相似文献
16.
2000—2020年环渤海地区植被NDVI时空演变及其与人口密度的相关性 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
[目的]分析2000—2020年环渤海地区植被NDVI时空演变特征和人口密度变化的冷热点变迁格局,探究环渤海地区植被NDVI对人口密度变化的响应特征,揭示环渤海地区植被NDVI和人口密度重心的迁移轨迹,为该地区植被监测和管理,以及生态环境保护提供理论依据。[方法]以2000—2020年MODIS NDVI和Population Density时间序列为数据源,采用Theil-Sen Median趋势分析、Mann-Kendall显著性检验、格兰杰因果关系检验、Getis-Ord G~*i分析和重心转移模型等方法。[结果](1)2000—2020年环渤海地区植被NDVI整体呈上升趋势,上升斜率为0.022/10 a,且植被NDVI上升区域面积远大于下降区域面积。2000—2010年植被NDVI上升速率明显高于2010—2020年植被NDVI上升速率。(2)2000—2020年环渤海地区人口密度变化热点区和冷点区所占比例分别为11.26%和46.84%,人口密度变化以冷点区为主,冷点区主要呈条带状从环渤海地区东北部延伸至西北部,以及山东省东南部部分地区。(3)环渤海地... 相似文献
17.
Gilles Charmet François Balfourier Catherine Ravel 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1993,40(2):77-89
Summary A sample of 60 natural populations of perennial ryegrass from France has been studied for allelic variation at 7 polymorphic enzyme loci. Population genetic statistics are of the same magnitude than those previously reported for other outbreeding, short-lived perennial species (P = 64%, A = 2.75, H = 0.270).Genotype frequencies at most collection sites do not deviate significantly from Hardy-Weinberg expectations, with however a slight deficit of heterozygotes which may be accounted for by a Wahlund effect. Gene diversity is mainly explained by the within population component. The between population differentiation Fst averaged on 4 loci is only 0.054, which accounts for only 6% of the whole diversity.When mapped, most allele frequencies do not show any special structure. Only five alleles present a clinal trend from North to South. These 5 alleles are probably related to some climatic factors such as average temperature or potential evapotranspiration. The causal hypotheses about the low level of between-population differentiation and spatial structure are discussed with reference to the literature.The consequences of the found population structure for sampling and conservation strategies of natural populations for genetic resources are presented and discussed. 相似文献
18.
Summary Microgeographic differentiation was investigated at the phenotypic level for 10 agronomic traits between 24 pairs of adjacent populations of perennial ryegrass from Ireland. None of the univariate or multivariate statistical tests succeeded in finding any relationship between ecological characteristics of the contrasting sites and agronomic traits, which could have been interpreted as a result of directional selection.Complementary studies of isozyme loci on 12 populations indicated some genetic divergence for neutral genes in 3 out of 6 pairs. These genetically differentiated populations also differ for agronomic traits, and notably for heading date, which could lead to reproductive isolation.The possible influence of random drift, selection and reproductive isolation are discussed, as well as the consequences for collecting natural populations as genetic resources for breeding use. 相似文献
19.
In order to identify key adaptive traits which affect productivity in Mediterranean grain and forage legumes and simultaneously determine the agricultural potential of a wide range of Vicia species, germplasm collected from the wild throughout the eastern Mediterranean was grown under semi-arid conditions in Tel Hadya, Syria (313 mm growing season rainfall). These included species currently in use in Mediterranean agriculture, such as V. sativa L., as well as those more widely used in the past-such as V. ervilia L., but also a broad selection from Section Narbonensis (B. Fedtsch. ex Radzhi) Maxted, including V. narbonensis L, V. johannis Tamamsch., V. hyaeniscyamus Mout., V. serratifolia Jacq., and V. kalakhensis Khattab et al. V. faba, a near relative of the taxa in Section Narbonensis, was included as a domesticated control. Where applicable, a representative range of subspecies was used. Accessions were chosen from a wide range of habitats in terms of latitude (31.02–40.72 decimalo), longitude (27.1–43.17 decimalo), altitude (20–1510 m), rainfall (180–1700 mm/yr) and soil depth (5–50 cm) in order to maximise diversity within species. Agricultural potential was determined by measuring seed, hay and biological yield, as well as agronomic traits such as harvest index, standing crop height, and seed size. The comparative influence of phenology and key agronomic traits such as plant habit and seed size on productivity varied tremendously between species, depending on their reproductive strategies. In V. sativa and V. ervilia, the smaller seed species which rely on long vegetative phases and growing seasons to accumulate sufficient biomass to set seed, and in which there was comparatively little agronomic variation, phenology had a large impact on yield. In early emerging taxa such as V. ervilia and V. s. subsp. sativa, with built-in long vegetative phases and growing seasons, seed yield was negatively correlated with flower ing (r = –0.86 to –0.88), whereas the opposite was the case for later emerging taxa such as V. s. subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. (r = 0.95). Within V. narbonensis and relatives, the larger seeded Vicia species which rely on more conservative reproductive strategies where high seedling vigour associated with large seeds enables the species to enter reproductive phases relatively early, phenology had a much smaller impact on yield than did variation of key traits such as seed weight, plant habit and pod shattering. Among the undomesticated germplasm harvest indices ranged from 0.09–0.31, hay yields from 0.1–3.4 t/ha, seed yield from 0–2.0 t/ha, and dry matter at maturity from 1.6–6.5 t/ha. Sub-specific taxonomy was crucial in determining agronomic potential. V. narbonensis var. aegyptiaca Kornhuber ex Asch. et Schweinf. showed the most potential, combining an upright habit, large seeds (212 mg) and tendency to retain intact pods after maturity, with the highest yield, harvest index and crop height of all the wild Vicia species. V. sativa subsp. sativa, V. ervilia and V. narbonensis var. narbonensis were less productive, but still showed agricultural potential. The smaller seeded V. narbonensis, var. affinis, var. jordanica H. Schäf. and var. salmonea (Mout.) H. Schäf., and their close relatives V. johannis, V. hyaeniscyamus, V. serratifolia and V. kalakhensis have little to offer Mediterranean agriculture on the basis of poor agronomy. 相似文献
20.
Jacqueline M. Bishop Alison J. Leslie Sven L. Bourquin Colleen O&#x;Ryan 《Biological conservation》2009,142(10):2335-2341
Unchecked exploitation of wildlife resources is one of the major factors influencing species persistence throughout the world today. A significant consequence of exploitation is the increasing rate at which genetic diversity is lost as populations decline. Recent studies suggest that life history traits affecting population growth, particularly in long-lived species, may act to moderate the impact of population decline on genetic variation and lead to remnant populations that appear genetically diverse despite having passed through substantial demographic bottlenecks. In this study we show that the retention of genetic variation in a partially recovered population of Nile crocodile is deceptive, as it masks the reality of a significant decline in the population’s effective size (Ne). Repeated episodes of unchecked hunting in the mid to late 20th century have today led to a five-fold decrease in the population’s Ne. Using current census data we estimate the contemporary Ne/N ratio as 0.05 and, in light of quotas that permit the ongoing removal of adults, simulated the likely effects of genetic drift on extant levels of variation. Results indicate that even if the current effective size is maintained, both allelic diversity and heterozygosity will decline. Our findings have complex implications for long-lived species; an emphasis on the retention of genetic variation alone, whilst disregarding the effects of population decline on effective size, may ultimately obscure the continued decline and extinction of exploited populations. 相似文献