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1.
The ratio of caeruloplasmin activity to copper concentration (CP:Cu) has been suggested as a more accurate determinant of the requirement for additional copper than plasma or liver copper concentrations. Although this test has no peer-reviewed evidence of efficacy, it has been used by a large number of UK veterinarians. However, the available test uses a serum caeruloplasmin (sCP) activity to plasma copper (pCu) concentration ratio which, because of the preferential loss of caeruloplasmin during clotting, is likely to underestimate the true CP:Cu, although it has been suggested that the marginal range accounts for this. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of using serum copper (sCu) rather than pCu concentrations in calculating CP:Cu. Using sCu rather than pCu increased CP:Cu by more than was accounted for by the marginal range. Of 48 cattle which were reported as 'low' using sCP:pCu, 22 were 'normal' when sCu was used instead of pCu. All herds with 'marginal' or 'low' mean CP:Cu when the sCP:pCu concentration ratio was used had 'normal' ratios when sCu was used instead of pCu.  相似文献   

2.
Neutrophils from cattle with copper deficiency induced by molybdenum (0.052 mmol molybdenum kg-1 diet) or iron (8.95 mmol iron kg-1 diet) had an impaired ability to kill ingested Candida albicans and were less viable than those from copper-supplemented cattle in in vitro tests of function. Restricted intake (80 per cent of ad libitum) of a copper-adequate diet by cattle also decreased neutrophil candidacidal activity and viability. Additionally, the ingestion of C albicans by neutrophils was impaired by the molybdenum or iron treatments but not by restricted food intake. The changes in neutrophil function and the severity of copper deficiency, in biochemical terms, induced by the molybdenum or iron treatments were greater than those induced by diets of low copper content.  相似文献   

3.
Methods were developed for the measurement of superoxide dismutase (SOD), diamine oxidase (DAO) and caeruloplasmin oxidase in the blood of thoroughbred horses. These enzymes were measured in 178 normal thoroughbreds stabled throughout the United Kingdom. The relationships between the activities of SOD, DAO and caeruloplasmin oxidase and the blood concentrations of their associated trace metals (copper, zinc and manganese) were studied in 52 of the thoroughbreds. Trace metals were measured by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry. No relationships were found between the activities of erythrocyte SOD and serum/whole blood copper, zinc and manganese, or serum DAO and serum copper or zinc concentrations. Caeruloplasmin oxidase in equine blood was found to be correlated to serum copper concentration, r = 0.695 (P less than 0.001) over the normal range. Samples from thoroughbreds with trace metal deficiency or toxicity were not available for study. The observed normal ranges for the activity of these enzymes are as follows: SOD: 50 to 200 units per ml whole blood between 5 and 95 percentiles; DAO: 0.1 to 28.5 units per litre (means = 14.8, SD 7.1) and caeruloplasmin oxidase; 11.6 to 35.8 units per ml (means = 23.7, SD 6.0). For numerical simplicity, the activity of DAO is given in units per litre, compared to units per ml for caeruloplasmin oxidase and SOD.  相似文献   

4.
Sheep were rendered hypocupraemic using parenteral ammonium tetrathiomolybdate (ATM). Fifteen thousand third stage larvae of Trichostrongylus axei and T. colubriformis in the ratio 1:1 were administered three times per week for six weeks, starting four weeks after cessation of ATM treatment. The changes in liver and plasma copper (Cu), caeruloplasmin activity, serum proteins, faecal nematode egg counts and total nematode counts were measured in the sheep for 10 weeks after infection. Decreases in liver Cu, plasma Cu and caeruloplasmin activities were detected soon after infection. There was a significant (P less than 0.05) interaction of the effects of Cu deficiency and nematode infection on these changes. Hypoproteinaemia, attributed to serum albumin loss, was demonstrated seven weeks after infection, but this was not associated with the interaction of Cu deficiency and nematode infection. No changes in serum globulins were detected. Although the results support the contention that gastro-intestinal nematodiasis can significantly exacerbate an existing Cu deficiency in sheep, there was no evidence that hypocuprosis would predispose sheep to higher nematode burdens.  相似文献   

5.
In cattle, sequestration of copper (Cu) occurs during the clotting process so that serum Cu concentrations are markedly lower than plasma Cu. It has been suggested that all of the Cu lost during clotting is caeruloplasmin (CP). This study used paired samples from 125 cattle to assess whether this assumption was correct. The regression equations for plasma CP activity against plasma Cu concentration and serum CP against serum Cu had significantly different intercepts suggesting that at zero CP activity the amount of Cu remaining was dependent on sample type. Furthermore, the difference between serum and plasma Cu was unrelated to Cu status, whereas the difference between serum and plasma CP was related to Cu status. The regression equation for the loss of CP activity against change in Cu concentration had an intercept that was different from zero, indicating that a reduction in Cu concentration could occur even if CP activity was unaffected by clotting.  相似文献   

6.
AIM: To evaluate the effect of test, either copper (Cu) concentration or caeruloplasmin (CP) activity, and sample type, either serum or plasma, on the diagnosis of blood Cu status in cattle. METHODS: Paired serum and heparinised plasma samples taken from 125 cattle in 13 herds were tested for Cu concentration and CP activity. The individual results for serum Cu concentration and serum and plasma CP activities were compared with the plasma Cu concentration results, as were their diagnostic values as determined by reference ranges, i.e. 'marginal', 'adequate', 'excess'. RESULTS: The overall mean serum Cu concentration was 2.92 micromol/L lower than the mean plasma Cu concentration; however, there was significant variability between individual samples, and the 95% limits of agreement ranged from 0.44 micromol/L more to 6.28 micromol/L less. The relationship between CP activity and plasma Cu concentration was less variable; the 95% prediction interval for plasma Cu concentration from CP activity was +/- 2.8 micromol/L, and was unaffected by whether CP activity was measured in plasma or serum. Using the threshold currently recommended for 'marginal' status of <8.0 micromol/L for serum Cu concentration identified a significantly different population of cattle than a threshold of <9.0 micromol/L for plasma samples. Altering the threshold to <7.0 micromol/L for serum Cu concentration produced better agreement. For CP activity, a threshold of 15 IU/L for both serum and plasma identified the same population as a threshold of <9 micromol/L for plasma Cu concentration. CONCLUSIONS: Serum Cu concentration is not a suitable substitute for plasma Cu concentration for the detection of 'marginal' blood Cu status in cattle as the individual variability in the apparent loss of Cu during clotting is too great. In this study, CP activity, in both serum and plasma, was found to be a suitable substitute for the detection of 'marginal' blood Cu status. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The use of serum Cu concentration rather than plasma Cu concentration in the diagnosis of Cu responsive disease in cattle needs to be re-evaluated as does the way in which individual sample results are used in such tests.  相似文献   

7.
Copper is required by cattle for synthesis of numerous proteins and enzymes. Copper deficiency in cattle results in a variety of signs ranging from weight loss to diarrhea. In the fall of 1984 and 1985, blood samples were collected from 22 cattle herds near Gunnison, Colo. Approximately one third of the herds were classified as copper deficient (ie, mean serum copper concentration less than 0.6 mg/L). The inherent variability of serum copper concentrations within a herd mandates the determination of the minimal number of cattle to be tested to properly assess the blood copper status of a herd. Coefficients of variation for serum copper concentration were used to calculate a minimal sample size, with a 95% confidence interval for each herd. Minimal sample size ranged from 3 to 55 cattle/herd (ie, 1 to 22% of the herd); this finding suggested that the usual procedure of testing 10% of the herd may be inappropriate.  相似文献   

8.
Ceruloplasmin as an indicator of copper status in cattle and sheep.   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文
The relationship between ceruloplasmin, a metalloenzyme with oxidase activity, and copper was investigated in cattle and sheep. The oxidase activity of ceruloplasmin correlated closely with the serum or plasma copper concentrations in cattle. The respective correlation coefficients were 0.83 and 0.60. In sheep serum, a correlation coefficient of 0.92 was obtained. In each instance, the relationship remained linear from the deficient to the high normal ranges of copper. Comparison of the linear regression relationships indicated the ceruloplasmin activity in bovine serum was statistically lower than the activity in bovine plasma (P less than 0.0001), through the intercepts from the regression lines of the two relationships were similar (P = 0.412). Comparisons of ovine and bovine serum-ceruloplasmin relationships indicated that a significant species difference was present. Ovine ceruloplasmin activity increased more rapidly as compared to the corresponding bovine activity over the range of copper concentrations investigated (P less than 0.0001). The intercept from the ovine regression relationship was also lower (P less than 0.0001). A correlation coefficient of 0.35 was observed between the serum ceruloplasmin activity and hepatic copper concentrations in cattle indicating that the mathematical relationship was not as well defined. Ceruloplasmin activity appears to correlate more closely with serum or plasma copper concentrations as compared to corresponding liver copper concentrations.  相似文献   

9.
The concentrations of trichloroacetic acid (tca)-soluble copper and caeruloplasmin were determined in 345 serum samples taken from cattle in March 1998 by eight Scottish Agricultural College veterinary disease surveillance centres serving areas with soils ranging from being 'high' in molybdenum (Thurso) to 'low' (Perth and St Boswells). The mean concentrations varied significantly between the centres, with Thurso having the lowest values for both variables. There were strong linear regressions (r>0.8) between caeruloplasmin and tca-soluble copper for each centre but no significant differences in slope or intercept between the areas with the highest and lowest soil molybdenum, and the pooled regression accounted for 88 per cent of the variation. The distribution of the ratios of caeruloplasmin to tca-soluble copper, unlike those of the individual variables, was not normal, and 70 per cent of the values fell within 10 per cent of the mean ratio of 20.3 mg/micromol and close to the 22 mg/micromol copper expected in pure caeruloplasmin. Low ratios were generally associated with low tca-soluble copper. Ratios above 24 were found in 8 per cent of the samples and were probably attributable to acute-phase reactions and the non-specificity of the assay for caeruloplasmin.  相似文献   

10.
Haptoglobin and ceruloplasmin as determinants of inflammation in dogs.   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Assay procedures for determining serum haptoglobin concentration and ceruloplasmin oxidase activity in dogs were validated, and reference values were established. Serum haptoglobin concentration is reported as milligrams per deciliter of cyanmethemoglobin binding capacity, whereas serum ceruloplasmin oxidase activity was determined by use of p-phenylenediamine as substrate. Both assays were used to analyze serum samples from 288 dogs. In each dog's case record, clinical history and final diagnosis were evaluated to determine whether the dog had an inflammatory condition. Complete blood cell counts were performed in 265 dogs, using simultaneously collected blood samples. Plasma fibrinogen concentration was determined for 161 dogs. A positive correlation (P less than 0.01) for serum haptoglobin concentration and for ceruloplasmin oxidase activity, compared with WBC counts, segmented neutrophil and band neutrophil counts, and plasma fibrinogen concentration. Ceruloplasmin oxidase activity and haptoglobin concentration were up to 6 times more sensitive than fibrinogen concentration or leukocyte counts in detecting inflammation. Specificity of ceruloplasmin oxidase activity was comparable to fibrinogen concentration and leukocyte counts, whereas haptoglobin concentration was found to be slightly less specific. Specificity of haptoglobin concentration improved slightly (from 0.82 to 0.88) when dogs with a history of glucocorticoid administration were excluded from analysis. Predictive value of a negative test result (haptoglobin concentration less than 125 mg/dl; ceruloplasmin oxidase activity less than 20 IU/L) and predictive value of a positive test result for haptoglobin concentration and ceruloplasmin activity were comparable to or better than fibrinogen concentration or various oxidase leukocyte counts in detection of inflammation in a variety of disease conditions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

11.
Ninety-eight lactating Holstein cows from two genetic lines selected for high and average milk production were used in the study. Five peripheral blood samples were collected over a 60-day period from each cow for evaluation of neutrophil function, lymphocyte blastogenesis, leukocyte count, and serum complement and conglutinin levels. Blood samples were typed for antigens encoded by alleles at the bovine major histocompatibility complex (BoLA) A locus. Alleles w14(w8), w20A, and w19(w6) were the most frequent of 14 alleles present in this herd. Association of BoLA type with immune function results was examined by using gene substitution models including and ignoring sire effects. Alleles w15(w8) and w16 were associated with greater circulating mononuclear cell and total leukocyte numbers, while w27(w10), w11, and w20A were associated with lower numbers of these cell types. Alleles EU28D and w20A were positively and negatively associated with granulocyte percentage, respectively. Allele w16 was associated with greater antibody-independent neutrophil cytotoxicity, unstimulated lymphocyte proliferation, serum conglutinin activity, and with lower antibody-dependent neutrophil cytotoxicity. Allele w19(w6) was associated with decreased conglutinin activity and decreased neutrophil iodination. Increased antibody-dependent neutrophil cytotoxicity was observed for animals bearing allele w14(w8), and decreased neutrophil iodination, serum conglutinin, and nonstimulated lymphocyte blastogenesis were observed in individuals carrying w20A or EU28D. Significance of both sire and BoLA complex effects suggests that both major histocompatibility complex genes and background genes of the sire significantly affect immune function. This research suggests BoLA-A locus genes may be major genes or markers for closely linked major genes involved in regulation of nonspecific immune function.  相似文献   

12.
Fifteen cattle, with the typical copper deficiency symptoms of scouring and emaciation, gained .45 pound more daily after receiving copper injections than the control group in a three-month period. Copper injections did not prevent scouring on this ranch in the North Okanagan Valley. Copper deficiency symptoms have occurred in this area whenever cattle have been restricted to forage from ground-water soils though animals improve when moved to upland soils. Dairy calves and beef cattle are most frequently affected. Subclinical deficiencies may be more important economically than the easily recognized severe deficiencies.

The average copper level in pasture forage on this ranch was 10.2 ppm and copper content of forage was not related to scouring. The average molybdenum level was 8.8 ppm but the molybdenum content of 9.7 ppm in affected forage was high compared to 2.2 ppm in forage from a pasture where scouring did not occur and 4.2 ppm in pasture which caused less scouring. The average copper to molybdenum ratio was 1.0 in the affected forage which was low compared to the ratio of 4.3 in forage from the pasture where scouring did not occur and 2.3 in forage from the pasture where there was less scouring. Manganese tended to be higher in non-scouring forage. Sulphur contents were high but not related to the degree of scouring.

In a 1957 survey on farms not far from this ranch, no difference was found between the copper and molybdenum contents of scouring and non-scouring forage though copper was double and molybdenum comparable to levels found on this ranch. However, in the survey, scouring forage contained .65 per cent sulphur whereas non-scouring forage only contained .26 per cent.

  相似文献   

13.
Presumptive copper deficiency was diagnosed in hand-reared captive pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) at the Los Angeles Zoo. Clinical signs, which were manifested in growing fawns, included anemia, anorexia, diarrhea, progressive paresis/recumbency, and aortic rupture. The range of serum copper concentrations in fawns born during the 1989 season (0.08-0.67 ppm) was below levels considered normal for domestic sheep and goats (0.7-2.0 ppm) and below concentrations measured in adult pronghorn (0.4-1.43 ppm). Copper sulfate supplementation of the hand-rearing formula, which was initiated in 1989, resulted in a significant increase in mean (+/- SD) serum copper levels from 0.45 +/- 0.18 ppm before supplementation to 0.68 +/- 0.05 ppm after supplementation (P < 0.05). Fawns born in subsequent seasons (April 1990-August 1993) continued to be supplemented with copper in the hand-rearing formula. Mean serum copper concentration from these fawns (0.68 +/- 0.22 ppm) was similar to the mean values from supplemented 1989 fawns and adult pronghorn in this herd (0.85 +/- 0.34 ppm; P > 0.05). No clinical signs of copper deficiency were detected in any fawns after supplementation was started. Analyses of the herd's diet revealed marginal dietary copper levels. Suspected dietary deficiency was confirmed by marginal tissue and serum copper concentrations in some of the herd's adult animals. Dietary copper levels were corrected to prevent future cases of clinical copper deficiency.  相似文献   

14.
用2周龄健康法国鹌鹑324只,按体重随机分为9组,每组设3个重复,试验采用玉米-豆饼型基础日粮(含锌26.7ppm),在此基础上,添加9个梯度水平(ppm)的锌(0,25,50,75,100,500,1000,1500,2000),进行为期3周的饲养试验.试验期末,进行血液生化指标测定和组织器官微量元素含量分析.试验结果表明,法国鹌鹑日粮中以添加50ppm和75ppm锌为宜,对增重、采食量和饲料效率均有一定作用.1000ppm锌为最大耐受量,1500ppm锌为其中毒量;在一定锌水平范围内,血清总蛋白和球蛋白含量、碱性磷酸酶(SAP)活性均随日粮锌水平的提高而显著提高(P<0.05),当锌添加量为500ppm时,其达最大值,随后呈降低趋势.血清白蛋白含量不受日粮锌水平的影响.锌与其它微量元素之间的关系依不同组织器官而异,缺乏规律性.日粮补饲锌能显著降低肝脏中铁、铜、锰和肾脏中铁的含量,提高骨骼.血清中锰及肾脏中铜的含量.  相似文献   

15.
对密山地区7例瘤胃酸中毒奶牛的三项血液生理指标以及瘤胃液、尿液和血液中乳酸进行了分析,结果表明患牛红细胞（RBC）增加;白细胞（WBC）显著增加;白细胞分类（WBC—DC）也有不同程度的变化,尤以分叶核嗜中性白细胞显著增加;淋巴细胞、嗜酸性白细胞和嗜碱性白细胞都显著减少;乳酸含量显著升高。  相似文献   

16.
OBJECTIVE: To determine effects of parturition on glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression in neutrophils, serum cortisol concentration, and total blood leukocyte and neutrophil counts in periparturient dairy cows. ANIMALS: 23 Holstein cows. PROCEDURE: Blood samples were collected from 8 multiparous and 5 primiparous periparturient cows at various times from 28 days before parturition until 14 days after parturition. Glucocorticoid receptor expression in neutrophils, serum cortisol concentration, and total blood leukocyte and neutrophil counts were determined. Results were compared with results from control samples obtained from 5 multiparous and 5 primiparous Holstein cows in midpregnancy. RESULTS: Neutrophils from periparturient cows had 49% reduction in GR expression at calving, compared with GR expression 2 to 4 weeks before calving, and 39% reduction, compared with neutrophils from cows in midpregnancy. Reduction in neutrophil GR expression began 1 week before calving and was most severe at calving and 24 hours after calving; a significant difference in GR expression was detected between primiparous and multiparous cows. Serum cortisol concentrations and total leukocyte and neutrophil counts were significantly increased at calving and returned to baseline values by 24 hours after calving. Significant negative correlations were detected between neutrophil GR expression and serum cortisol concentration, total leukocyte count, and neutrophil count. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Reduced GR expression in blood neutrophils of periparturient dairy cows was associated with increased serum cortisol concentrations, leukocytosis, and neutrophilia. Thus, GR down-regulation in neutrophils may be involved in periparturient neutrophil dysregulation and may cause increased susceptibility to mastitis.  相似文献   

17.
The objective of this investigation was to study (1) the numbers of leukocytes, (2) the proportions of lymphocytes expressing CD4, CD8, WC1, B or IL2R and (3) neutrophil phagocytosis and oxidative burst activity in blood around parturition in three groups of dairy cows fed different levels of a total mixed ration during the last eight weeks before calving. All cows were fed ad libitum during the first eight weeks of lactation. Serum concentration of the acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA), the milk somatic cell count (SCC) and disease incidence were also recorded. Special emphasis was given to the weeks just before and just after calving as dairy cows are known to be immune suppressed during this period. Dry period diet had only minor effects on leukocyte numbers, and did not influence neutrophil phagocytosis and oxidative burst. In addition, no effect was observed on disease incidence or SAA concentrations. However, an increase in the proportion of B-lymphocytes and a decrease in the proportion of WC1+ T lymphocytes were observed after calving in cows fed high or low energy rations during the dry period, but not in cows fed a medium energy ration. The weeks just before and after parturition were characterised by neutrophilia, eosinopenia, lymphopenia and monocytosis, but time had no effect on neutrophil phagocytosis and oxidative burst. The proportions of CD4+, CD8+, B+ and IL-2R+ lymphocytes increased in early lactation relative to the mid dry period. In addition, the concentration of SAA increased dramatically at calving. The results emphasise the need for more studies to clarify the complex interactions between nutrition and immunity during the peripartum period in dairy cattle.  相似文献   

18.
Summary An examination of 519 cattle from 27 areas in the eastern and southern regions of Botswana was made to determine the haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, mean cell haemoglobin concentration, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and total and differential white cell count. The differences between the Tswana and Africander cattle in the country were not significant. Cattle in Botswana tend to have lower differential neutrophil counts and higher differential lymphocyte counts than values found by most other workers for cattle elsewhere.  相似文献   

19.
SUMMARY Calves clinically affected with experimentally induced Johne's disease exhibited elevation of caeruloplasmin oxidase activity, and marked depression of α-mannosidase activity during the period when clinical signs of the disease were most prominent. Changes in serum copper levels and alkaline phosphatase activity were closely correlated with the elevation of caeruloplasmin oxidase activity, and depression of α-mannosidase activity. The pattern of these changes was similar to nutritional and metabolic changes described previously in acute infectious conditions in man and animals.  相似文献   

20.
The objective of the present study was to examine the effects of parenteral administration of iron and copper on hematological parameters, weight gain, and health of neonatal dairy calves in the period when iron and copper deficiency could be existed. Twenty-four Holstein calves were used for the experiment and randomly assigned to four different treatments. Treatments consisted of (1) control (no injections of Fe and Cu), (2) test 1 (1000 mg Fe as fe-dextran was injected to each calf at day 2 of age), (3) test 2 (160 mg Cu as methionine-copper complex was injected to each calf at day 14 of age), and (4) test 3 (Fe and Cu were injected to each calf as mentioned previously). Blood samples were collected from all of the calves within 24-48 hours after birth and at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of age for measuring hematological parameters and within 24-48 hours after birth and at 14, 21 and 28 days of age for the determination of iron, copper, TIBC concentrations, and AST activity. Anti-coagulated blood was analyzed shortly after collection for: number of red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), heamatocrit (HCT), total leukocyte count (WBC), Platelet (Plt), MCH, MCV, MCHC, and differential leukocyte counts. The amounts of iron, copper, TIBC, and AST were measured in serum. Group had significant effects on the amounts of HCT, RBC, hemoglobin, MCV, neutrophil, weekly weight gain, and daily gain during each week (p < 0.05). Sampling time had significant effects on the amounts of RBC, MCV, MCH, MCHC, WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, platelet, fibrinogen, copper, TIBC, AST, weight, weekly gain and, daily gain during each week (p < 0.05). significant interactions between sampling time and group were seen for HCT, RBC, hemoglobin, MCV, platelet, total protein, fibrinogen, iron, and TIBC (p < 0.05). Improved RBC parameters and MCV were seen in calves of group 4 (test 3) in comparing with control group. Total and daily gains were also significantly improved in test groups in comparing with control group (p < 0.05). No significant difference was seen for the days of treatment between groups.  相似文献   

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