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南京市不同园林植物根际土壤养分和重金属富集特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
通过对南京市6种园林植物(金银木、紫荆、腊梅、丁香、木槿和海棠)根际与非根际土壤养分和重金属分布特征进行研究,探讨不同植物根际养分和重金属的富集的相关性和差异性。(1)不同园林植物根际和非根际土壤养分和重金属呈一致的变化规律,它们的主导控制因子也基本相同,其中不同园林植物根际土壤养分和重金属均高于非根际养分含量,而不同园林植物根际土壤pH均低于非根际。(2)不同园林植物根际土壤养分、重金属含量和有效态重金属含量均显著高于非根际,表现出显著的富集作用,而根际土壤pH则显著低于非根际,表现出显著的亏损作用,全磷在根际与非根际土壤中差异不显著(p0.05)。(3)不同园林植物根际和非根际土壤重金属含量与有效态含量均存在极显著的正线性相关关系,二者能够用线性方程式体现,表明了不同园林植物根际和非根际土壤有效态重金属含量主要来自土壤重金属总含量。(4)相关性分析表明:对于根际土壤,土壤有机碳和全氮对土壤重金属全量影响较大;而对于非根际土壤,土壤有机碳和全氮土壤有效态重金属影响较大;而pH与土壤重金属含量基本呈显著或极显著的负相关关系;全磷对于土壤重金属含量基本没有影响。通过以上研究说明不同园林植物土壤养分和重金属含量在根际存在一定的富集,它们通过降低根际pH值可以提高根际养分,而有效态重金属较全量对植物根际微小的变化响应更为灵敏。 相似文献
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在论述植物根系作为养分的主动吸收槽，对根示养分生物有铲性产生重要作用的前提下，本文扼要讨论了根际ＰＨ值变化，根分泌螯合物与 性物及根际微生物在根际土壤养分活化中的作用过程，并重点评述了有关养分活化与吸收模拟模型的进展与发展趋势。 相似文献
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根际动态过程与植物营养 总被引：128，自引：4，他引：128
养分的有效性是由土壤物理、化学和生物学特性,特别是根系主导的根际动态过程所决定的。根系引起根际pH值和氧化还原电位、根分泌物以及由此引起微生物种群、数量和活性的改变,从根本上决定着根际养分的动态。而根系主导的根际动态又具有明显的基因型差异,并受植物营养状况的诱导和调控。因此,根际动态变化的方向和强度对植物适应土壤化学和物理逆境具有重要意义。本文从根际的一般概念入手,综述了近十余年来国内外根际动态研究的新成果,重点讨论了根际动态与植物营养的关系,并运用根际微生态系统的概念,把根际动态与植物对养分胁迫的适应性及其调控机理紧密联系起来,使根际动态和植物矿质营养基因型差异机理两个基础性研究热点融为一体,为解决重大的全球性环境、生态以及农业持续发展问题提供新的途径和理论依据。 相似文献
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荒漠盐生植物根际土壤酶活性的变化 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
利用根袋法研究了荒漠盐土和灌耕灰漠土中6种不同荒漠盐生植物根际养分和酶活性特征.结果表明:两种土壤中,根际土全氮含量比非根际土高,但全磷却比非根际土低.根际土有效态养分的变化则与全态相反,6种植物的根际土有效氮含量均显著低于非根际土,除芦苇外,根际土有效磷含量均高于非根际土.6种植物中,钠猪毛菜根际土有效氮亏缺最高,有效磷富集也最少.分析测定了根际土和非根际土转化酶、蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶、中性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活性及其与土壤养分的关系.结果表明:过氧化氢酶、脲酶和蛋白酶在两种土壤的植物根际表现出相反的变化,荒漠盐土中,根际土3种酶的活性均高于非根际土;而灌耕灰漠土的根际土3种酶活性均低于非根际土.荒漠盐土碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和转化酶与几种主要养分含量有很强的相关性,较好地体现了荒漠盐土根际的养分状况,也说明盐生植物对荒漠盐土酶活性有较大的影响. 相似文献
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对木麻黄湿地松混交林的根际土壤养分及酶活性进行测定,结果表明:混交林根际与非根际土壤pH值均呈下降,加剧了土壤酸化。速效钾除外,混交林中木麻黄根际各种矿质养分含量都小于对应的纯林;土壤阳离子交换总量减小,土壤营养贮量和养分供应能力有所下降。多酚氧化酶除外,根际土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化物酶活性混交林中小于纯林。混交后木麻黄在促进湿地松生长的同时可能对自身的生长不利,在沿海沙地营造木麻黄湿地松混交林,两树种均对土壤养分的过量索取可能会加剧地力的退化。 相似文献
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延边地区三种类型植烟土壤酶活力、速效养分根际效应研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
在大田环境条件下,采用随机区组设计,研究延边地区3种类型土壤烤烟全生育期根际和非根际土过氧化氢酶、脲酶和转化酶活性,pH值,碱解氮、速效钾和速效磷含量动态变化.结果表明:延边地区植烟土壤根际土过氧化氢酶、脲酶和转化酶活性平均为0.60U,0.48U和22.09U,根际效应在不同土壤酶间存在差异:过氧化氢酶(R/S=1.08)＜脲酶(R/S=1.14)＜转化酶(R/S=1.51).暗棕壤烟株根际土3种酶活性和酶活根际效应均高于其他两种类型土壤.烟株根际土pH值、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别为5.42、72.52 mg/kg、33.36 mg/kg和402.04 mg/kg,根际效应表现为:pH(R/S=0.91)＜碱解氮(R/S=0.98)＜速效磷(R/S=1.99)＜速效钾(R/S=2.46).烟株根际土pH值、碱解氮和速效钾含量均表现为:暗棕壤＞黑砂土＞白浆土,根际土速效磷含量与此相反.结论:暗棕壤烟株根际效应较大,酶活性较高、养分富集较多,为烟株生长提供了良好的养分供应环境,是暗棕壤烟叶质量优于黑砂土和白浆土的原因之一. 相似文献
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选取西鄂尔多斯荒漠的沙冬青、四合木、半日花和长叶红砂这4种珍稀超旱生灌木,研究了其根际与非根际土壤有机质、全氮、全磷的含量特征及土壤pH值的变化。结果表明,相对于非根际土壤,根际土壤有机质、全氮、全磷平均提高了26.8%,19.2%和13.9%,土壤pH值平均降低了0.23个单位。除半日花外,其它3种灌木根际与非根际的土壤养分均呈现出显著差异,并表现出明显的正根际效应(根际土壤/非根际土壤>1)。4种荒漠灌木的根际对土壤养分均具有富集效应,根际土壤养分的富集有利于荒漠土壤环境的改善和恢复。 相似文献
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用对比试验的方法,研究农林复合中杨树+留兰香、杨树+小麦、杨树+红薯和杨树纯林4种林地的杨树生长量、林地土壤物理性状和土壤养分以及杨树和间作物养分的根际效应。结果表明:1)杨树+留兰香林地的杨树生长量明显小于对照,显著小于杨树+小麦和红薯林地;2)间作林地的土壤物理性状、土壤pH值、非根际土壤养分不是影响杨树生长的关键因素,而根际土壤养分及根际效应的变化对杨树生长有直接影响;3)在杨树根际土壤中,杨树+小麦和红薯林地杨树根际土壤养分质量分数均高于对照;杨树+留兰香林地的杨树根际土壤有机质和速效磷质量分数高于对照,速效钾和速效氮质量分数则低于对照,而留兰香的根际养分质量分数除速效氮外均高于小麦和红薯;4)从养分的根际效应来看,杨树+留兰香林地杨树的养分根际效应值除有机质外小于对照并小于留兰香,杨树+小麦林地杨树的养分根际效应值除速效磷外均大于对照并大于小麦,杨树+红薯林地杨树的养分根际效应值除速效磷外均小于对照,除速效氮外均大于红薯。 相似文献
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Appropriate compost standards are being considered in Canada. Five aspects of compost safety and quality are being evaluated; probably the most controversial aspect is the standards for metals in compost. In order to assist in the development of appropriate standards, the authors began an extensive research project in October, 1993 to determine the bioavailability of metals from compost and compost-metal mixtures. Swiss chard was grown in compost-amended soils or compost in a growth room using five treatments of increasing percentages of compost in the media (0, 25 percent, 50 percent, 75 percent, 100 percent compost (v/v)). A Truro loamy sand and a race-track manure-biosolids compost (RTM-biosolids) supplemented with a high metal biosolids were used in a completely randomized design with five replicates. Dry matter yield, metal content in plant tissue, and total metal uptake were evaluated as well as the total and DTPA-extractable metal content in the compost-soil mixes. The results of this and five other experiments conducted by the authors will help determine whether the suggested limits for As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn in composts are appropriate. 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(4):291-301
Abstract The seasonal patterns of foliage nutrient concentrations and contents were monitored for two growing seasons in an 11‐year—old Pinus el1iottii stand. In the first growing season after needle initiation, N, P, K, Mg, and Zn concentrations decreased, but this was followed by an increase in the fall and winter months. Another drop in concentration of all elements, except P, occurred in the second growing season. Decreases in total contents indicated that this drop was a result of translocation to other tissues. In contrast to the mobile elements, the concentration and fascicle contents of Ca, Mn, and Al increased with aging of the needles. Between‐tree variability was least for N, P, and Zn and the N, K, Mg, Mn, and Zn in the current foliage had consistently lower variation than that in the 1‐year‐old foliage. Between‐tree variation for K was lower in the winter than the spring. For pine foliage, recommended sampling period for N, P, Mg, and Zn is mid to late summer and for the other elements it is late fall to late winter. There are several sources of variation that influence the level of nutrients in tree foliage. The most important of these, apart from the tree nutrient status, are seasonal fluctuations, variation between trees, and age of needles . Smaller sources of variation are associated with position of the needles within the crown, diurnal changes, year to year variation, and analytical errors1,2. These variables must be studied in order to develop suitable sampling techniques and in Pinus this has been undertaken for P. banksiana 1, P. taeda 3, P. strobus 4, P. resinosa 4, P. sylvestris 5, and P. radiata 6,7. However, foliage sampling has not been studied in detail for slash pine (Pinus elliottii Englem var. elliottii) and earlier studies with other pines have been largely confined to temperate or cool climates. This study reports the variation in elemental concentrations with season, age of foliage, and between slash pine trees growing in a subtropical climate in Florida. 相似文献
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A Gimeno 《Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists》1979,62(3):579-585
A general method is described for determining 16 mycotoxins in mixed feeds and other food products used in the manufacture of these feedstuffs. The mycotoxins are extracted and cleaned up by extracting with solvents of different pH. Thin layer chromatography is used to separate the toxins; toxins are then quantitated by the limit detection method. The minimum detectable concentration of mycotoxins in various products is: aflatoxin B1 or G1, 4--5 micrograms/kg; ochratoxin A or ethyl ester A 140--145 micrograms/kg; citrinin 600--750 micrograms/kg; zearalenone, 410--500 micrograms/kg; sterigmatocystin, 140--145 micrograms/kg; diacetoxyscirpenol, 2400--2600 micrograms/kg; T-2 toxin, 800--950 micrograms/kg; patulin, 750--800 micrograms/kg; penitrem A 14,000--14,500 micrograms/kg; penicillic acid 3400--3650 micrograms/kg. 相似文献
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B S Kaphalia R Takroo S Mehrotra U Nigam T D Seth 《Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists》1990,73(4):509-512
A total of 244 samples of cereals (wheat flour, rice, and maize), pulses (arhar, moong, gram, lentil, and black gram), spices (turmeric, chili, coriander, and black pepper), vegetables (potato, onion, spinach, cabbage, brinjal, and tomato), fruits (mango, guava, apple, and grape), milk, butter, Deshi ghee, and edible oils (vegetable, mustard, groundnut, and sesame) collected from different cities of Northern Province (Utter Pradesh) were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography for the presence of organochlorine pesticide residues. Residues of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT) were detected in about 85% of the total samples of cereals, spices, milk, butter, Deshi ghee, and edible oils analyzed in the present study. However, the residue levels were either very small (less than 0.06 ppm) or not detected at all in pulses, vegetables, and fruits as compared with very high concentrations in wheat flour (4.42 and 0.12 ppm), butter (1.19 and 4.85 ppm), mustard oil (1.26 and 2.42 ppm), Deshi ghee (1.10 and 3.84 ppm), vegetable oil (1.02 and 0.59 ppm), groundnut oil (0.51 and 1.49 ppm), and chili (0.48 and 1.92 ppm). The levels of HCH and DDT residues detected in rice, maize, turmeric, corlander, black pepper, and all the vegetables and fruits were also lower than those found in wheat flour, oil, and fat samples analyzed in the present study. These findings suggest that a restricted and controlled use of such persistent pesticides may be useful for decreasing their contamination levels in different food items. 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(9):751-756
Abstract The phytotoxicity of five nonessential elements (Co, V, Ti, Ag, Cr) to higher plants was studied in solution culture experiments with bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen). All, but in varying degrees, tended to concentrate in roots with a decreasing gradient to stems and leaves. Cobalt was one of the more mobile of the five trace metals. Its toxicity was expressed as severe chlorosis; 43 (with 10‐5 M) and 142 (with 10‐4 M) μg Co/g dry weight in leaves resulted in severe chlorosis. Vanadium as 10‐4 M vanadate resulted in smaller plants but not in chlorosis. Leaf, stem, and root V, respectively, were 13, 8, and 881 μg/g dry weight. Titanium was somewhat mobile with considerable yield decrease at 10‐4 M; leaf, stem, and root Ti concentrations, respectively, were 202, 48, and 2420 μg/g. Symptoms were chlorosis, necrotic spots on leaves, and stunting. Silver was very lethal at 10‐4 M AgNO3; at 10‐5 M yields were greatly decreased, but plants were grown without symptoms. Leaf, stem, and root concentrations of Ag for this treatment, respectively, were 5.8, 5.1, and 1760 μg/g dry weight. Plants grown with 10‐5 N Cr2O7 were decreased in yield by about 25% with or without EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) while the same level of Cr2(SO4)3 was essentially without effect. For the two salts, the leaf, stem, root concentrations for Cr, respectively were 2.2 and 1.3, 0.7 and 0. 7, and 140 and 104 μg/g. Most of the trace metals studied here had interactions in the uptake and/or distribution of other elements. 相似文献
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Nigel J.H. Smith 《Biological conservation》1981,19(3):177-187
Amazonia, the world's largest tropical rain forest, is often assumed to be a virtually untouched wilderness. The region is often referred to as a demographic void; there is on average only about one person per sq. km. Yet in response to international market forces, the hand of man has penetrated deep into the imposing forests. Since colonial times, wildlife, particularly along rivers, has been exploited on a large-scale basis for commercial purposes. This paper focuses on the effects of the trade on some aquatic animals. 相似文献
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Rababah TM Hettiarachchy NS Horax R 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(16):5183-5186
The total phenolics and antioxidant activities of fenugreek, green tea, black tea, grape seed, ginger, rosemary, gotu kola, and ginkgo extracts, vitamin E, and tert-butylhydroquinone, were determined. Grape seed and green tea were analyzed for their phenolic constituents using high-performance liquid chromatography. The total phenolics of the plant extracts, determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, ranged from 24.8 to 92.5 mg of chlorogenic acid equivalent/g dry material. The antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts determined by conjugated diene measurement of methyl linoleate were 3.4-86.3%. The antioxidant activity of the extracts using chicken fat by an oxidative stability instrument (4.6-10.2 h of induction time) followed a similar trend in antioxidant activity as determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Seven phenolics in grape seed and green tea extracts were identified that ranged from 15.38 to 1158.49 and 18.3 to 1087.02 mg/100 g of extract, respectively. Plant extracts such as green tea and grape seed extracts can be used to retard lipid oxidation in a variety of food products. 相似文献
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Fixation of Si, Mg, Fe, Al, Mn, Cr, Ni and Co in saprolite and laterite above serpentinite - Gebe Island, Indonesia The fixation of various major and trace elements has been studied in a saprolite/laterite profile above serpentinized peridotite. Sequential extraction of < 63 μm fraction shows different types of element fixation in soil: adsorption on mineral surfaces (1), fixation to Mn-oxides (2), bonding to poorly and better crystallized Fe-oxides (3). In the laterite, most of the extractable Si-, Al-, Cr- and Ni-contents are bound to goethitic Fe-hydroxide. The saprolite has considerable amounts of secondary quartz which has been formed during ageing of amorphous silica modifications. Their precipitation is favoured by high Si adsorption capacity of poorly crystallized Fe-hydroxide. In saprolite and laterite Co is bound to Mn-oxides. It can readily be extracted from pure Mn-oxides. In contrast, the intimate association of Mn-oxides to goethite reduces the rate of easily extractable Mn and Co in middle and upper zones of the laterite. 相似文献