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1.
ABSTRACT

The effectiveness of different mulch types on fruit yield, leaf-nutrient composition, and normal plant growth parameters was investigated in order to maximize water use efficiency (WUE) in cucumber grown under water stress. Treatments were (1) bare soil + water stress (WS), (2) bare soil + unstressed (control, C), (3) black polyethylene mulch + water stress (BPM + WS), (4) wheat straw mulch + water stress (WSM + WS), and (5) wheat straw mulch plus black polyethylene mulch + water stress (WSM + BPM + WS). Seasonal crop evapotranspiration was between 492 and 960 mm. Seasonal irrigation water amounts were 965 and 485 mm for the C and WS treatments, respectively. The WUE ranged from 3.40 to 5.78 kg m?3, while irrigation water-use efficiency (IWUE) was between 3.39 and 6.08 kg m?3. IWUE and WUE were increased under WS treatments with mulching compared with the control treatment, as mulching significantly reduced the amount of irrigation water required. Both BPM and WSM improved the fruit yield, fruit size, plant dry matter, total leaf area, and chlorophyll and nutrient concentrations in leaves under the stressed treatments, while these two mulches in combination (BPM + WSM) caused further increases in these parameters. This study confirms that limiting soil evaporation with mulches is a key action to take to save irrigation water and to improve WUE and IWUE. Because use of drip irrigation with mulching can increase WUE, this strategy might be used for vegetable production in semi-arid regions where irrigation water is limited.  相似文献   

2.
Abstract

Maize (Zea mays L.) plays an important role in the global food security, but its production is threatened by climate change, especially drought stress. Potassium (K) and zinc (Zn) are considered useful to mitigate the negative consequences of drought stress in plants. Therefore, the objective of this two-year study was to identify the best combination of K and Zn application to improve the water relations, photosynthetic pigments, yield, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) and grain quality of maize sown under mild and severe drought stress conditions. The consisted of three drought stress levels viz. 1) well-watered as control (WW), 2) mild drought (MD) with 25?mm of potential soil moisture deficit (PSMD), 3) severe drought (SD) with 50?mm of PSMD and six K-Zn treatments: i.e. 125, 100 and 150?kg ha?1 K with 0 and 12?kg ha?1 Zn. The results indicated that K-Zn application improved the water relations and chlorophyll contents, biological yield and grain quality, irrespective of water stress treatment. The combined application of K-Zn under mild drought stress produced statistically same biological yield and grain quality as under well-irrigated without K-Zn fertilization and also produced compratively higher IWUE, biological yield and grain quality under sverer drought stress. Hence, the application of K at 150?kg ha?1 in combination with Zn at 12?kg ha?1 might be useful to improve the maize production and grain quality under drought stress. As IWUE was low in WW conditions, therefore, irrigation scheduling must be re-evaluated for optimum water use efficiency.  相似文献   

3.
A two-year field experiment was conducted during the growing seasons 2016 and 2017 to investigate the response of drip fertigated watermelon to different rates of nitrogen (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40?g/m3 N) applied in the form of ammonium sulfate (AS). The combined effect of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) was investigated. Irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) under the different N levels was, also, evaluated. N levels in the irrigation water induced a significant effect on yield parameters (total and commercial yields, dry matter yield, plant yield, and fruit number). Increasing the level of N also induced significant increases in fruit length and fruit fresh weight. IWUE was also significantly improved at high levels of N. Fertigation using modern techniques can be considered an efficient method in the delivery of N to the crop at N levels of 30–40?g/m3, as ammonium sulfate.  相似文献   

4.
Field water stress is a common problem in crop production, especially in arid and semi-arid zones and it is widely hypothesized that silicon (Si) could reduce water stress in plants. We set up a greenhouse study to evaluate some silicon sources—potassium silicate (K2SiO3), calcium silicate (CaSiO3) and silica gel for growth and nutrient uptake by four grass species under adequate and deficit irrigation. The four species studied were Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana), Timothy grass (Phleum pratense), Sudan grass (Sorghum sudanense) and Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). For all species, the biomass yield response to applied silicon under deficit irrigation was significantly better than under adequate irrigation. The yield response of Rhodes grass across silicon sources was 205% under deficit irrigation compared with only 59% under adequate irrigation; for Sudan grass it was 49% compared with 26% and for Timothy, it was 48% compared with a mere 1%. The higher responses under deficit irrigation suggest that the plants relied more on silicon to endure drought stress. Biomass yield of individual plants also differed according to soil water levels with Timothy grass being the most sensitive to water stress as it exhibited the highest yield response (209%) to adequate irrigation. This was followed by tall fescue (122%) and Rhodes grass (97%). Sudan grass was the least affected by deficit irrigation, possibly on account of improved root mass and its natural drought tolerance. Strong associations were noted between the uptake of silicon and those of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) irrespective of soil water condition, but the uptake of potassium (K) was more strongly correlated with that of Si under deficit than adequate irrigation. Improvements in plant growth following Si application could therefore be linked to enhanced uptake of major essential nutrients.  相似文献   

5.
[目的]确定核桃主产区塔里木盆地西北缘区滴灌条件下核桃水肥适宜用量,实现核桃园水肥高效利用,为当地密植核桃滴灌水肥投入量提供指导。[方法]以9 a生密植新温"185"核桃树为研究对象,设置3个灌水量(W_1:375 mm; W_2:435 mm; W_3:495 mm)和3个施肥量(F_1:2 250 kg/hm~2; F_2:4 500 kg/hm~2; F_3:9 000 kg/hm~2。其中尿素:磷酸一铵1∶1.25),在新疆阿克苏红旗坡农场新疆农业大学林果实验基地开展滴灌核桃大田试验,研究滴灌条件下水肥耦合对核桃产量、品质及水肥利用效率的影响,建立了水肥投入量与产量及灌溉水利用效率的二元回归模型。[结果]灌水和施肥对核桃硬核期、油脂转化期和成熟期土壤硝态氮、核桃产量、品质和水肥利用率的影响均达显著水平(p0.05);水肥耦合效应对核桃产量和水肥利用率有显著性影响(p0.05);硬核期和油脂转化期为核桃的需肥关键期;F_3处理施肥量造成了土壤硝态氮的累积;W_2和W_3处理对滴灌核桃品质、产量和肥料偏生产力的影响无显著性差异,均与W_1差异显著;施肥处理对核桃出仁率、产量和水肥利用效率的影响均达显著水平。[结论]新疆环塔盆地滴灌密植核桃全生育期适宜的水肥投入范围分别为438～469 mm(包含冬春灌)和7 074～7 168 kg/hm~2,其中尿素3 144～3 186 kg/hm~2,磷酸一铵3 930～3 982 kg/hm~2。  相似文献   

6.
ABSTRACT

To select and introduce the best rapeseed genotypes under withholding irrigation, two field experiments were carried out in seasons 2015–2016 and 2016–2017 in Iran. Factorial arrangement of treatments was set up as RCBD with three replications. The experiment factors were two irrigation treatments (normal irrigation during the growing season and withholding irrigation from silique setting stage until the end of the growing season) and 17 genotypes of rapeseed. Grain yield, oil content and fatty acid contents were measured. The results revealed that oleic acid (62.15%) was the highest followed by linoleic (19.28%), linolenic (5.65%), palmitic (5.24%) and stearic acids (2.44%). ODR (oleic desaturation ratio) and LDR (linoleic desaturation ratio) were significantly affected by genotypes and irrigation treatments. The biosynthetic pathway of fatty acids affected by drought stress. This means that linoleic acid increases under withholding irrigation condition, while linolenic acid decreases in such a water deficit stress condition. The highest performance of qualitative and quantitative was detected in HL3721 genotype due to high values of grain yield (3892.45 kg ha?1), oil content (437.05 g kg?1), unsaturated fatty acids (87.63%) and low values of saturated fatty acids (7.98%), and it could be used under withholding irrigation in arid and semi-arid climates.  相似文献   

7.
Drought is currently one of the most severe abiotic factors limiting agricultural production. The high rates of population growth and global warming are expected to further exacerbate the threat of drought, especially in areas with a semi-arid climate as in the Middle East region. Selecting genotypes for improved drought tolerance has long been of interest for those involved in horticulture. The present research investigated the reaction of seven 10-year-old olive genotypes to drought stress in Dallaho Olive Research Station, Iran. To determine the reaction of genotypes to drought stress, physiological and biochemical characteristics, fruit and oil yield, and water use efficiency were measured. The results showed that different genotypes react differently to drought stress while drought decreased vegetative and reproductive traits such as shoot length and diameter, relative water content of the leaves, Ca and K percentage, and fruit yield. Finally, Dd1 and Bn6 showed the highest oil and fruit yield per hectare and the highest water use efficiency. In addition, Bn3 had a favorable status in most of the measured parameters. So, they can be suggested as the genotypes that are tolerant of drought stress. The results also showed that olive yield and irrigation management can be improved by applying proper irrigation levels and using tolerant genotypes.  相似文献   

8.
Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of two irrigation regimes (55 and 85% of soil available water depletion) and two nitrogen levels (0 and 112.5?kg ha?1) on yield as well as water and nitrogen use efficiencies of two millet cultivars (namely, Bastan and Pishahang) planted at two sowing dates during 2015 and 2016. Growth parameters and nitrogen use of the millet cultivars were found affected by drought, nitrogen level, and sowing date as well as their interactions. Nitrogen application was found to improve not only nitrogen uptake, chlorophyll content, and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) but also grain and biological yields; more positive effects were, however, observed under the control irrigation regime. Nevertheless, nitrogen uptake (NUpE), utilization (NUtE), and use (NUE) efficiencies decreased as a result of nitrogen application. The increases in grain yield (16 versus 7%) and IWUEg (17 versus 6%) due to nitrogen application were more pronounced in the drought-tolerant Bastan cultivar than in the drought-sensitive Pishahang. However, nitrogen application decreased NUpE in both cultivars. Although water stress increased soil N residual with all the sowing dates, the increase was greater with the early ones. The results of the experiment suggest that the application of higher nitrogen levels is not the proper strategy for compensating for the reduced yield under drought conditions. Rather, late sowing dates, due to the lower drought effects associated, might be the proper alternative for achieving higher yields as well as improved IWUE and NUE in areas plagued with water shortage.  相似文献   

9.
Better irrigation and nitrogen (N) scheduling and more efficient management of crop production require modeling of plant growth and crop yield. Models become more applicable if they are simple and require less and accessible inputs. The objective of this study was to use simple equations of soil water budget, evapotranspiration (ET), leaf area index (LAI), yield, and harvest index (HI)–transpiration function to develop a model for the prediction of growth and yield of maize under various water and N rates. The model was calibrated based on given data under sprinkler irrigation and verified based on independent data under furrow irrigation. The comparison between predicted and measured values of different crop parameters did not show any significant difference and the model was able to estimate LAI, ET, soil water content, HI, dry matter, and grain yield properly. Furthermore, an equation was presented to predict daily dry matter accumulation by a logistic curve for different water and N applications. It was concluded that the presented simple model was able to predict crop yield quite well and hence could be used for farm irrigation and N scheduling and management of both. Furthermore, the relationship between LAI and ET may be different in various environmental conditions that should be considered in using the model.  相似文献   

10.
A 2-year field experiment (2013 and 2014) was conducted in calcareous soil (CaCO3 19.2%), on soybean grown under three irrigation regimes 100%, 85% and 70% of crop evapotranspiration combined with three potassium (K2O) levels (90, 120 and 150 kg ha?1). The objective was to investigate the complementary properties of potassium fertilizer in improving soybean physiological response under water deficit. Plant water status (relative water content RWC, chlorophyll fluorescence Fv/F0 and Fv/Fm), had been significantly affected by irrigation or/and potassium application. Potassium improved growth characteristics (i.e. shoot length, number, leaf area and dry weight of leaves) as well as physiochemical attributes (total soluble sugars, free proline and contents of N, P, K, Ca and Na). Yield and yield water use efficiency (Y-WUE) were significantly affected by irrigation and potassium treatments. Results indicated that potassium application of 150 and 120 kg ha?1 significantly increased seed yield by 29.6% and 13.89%, respectively, compared with 90 kg ha?1 as average for two seasons. It was concluded that application of higher levels of potassium fertilizer in arid environment improves plant water status as well as growth and yield of soybean under water stress.  相似文献   

11.
Soil nitrogen (N) availability is dominated by soil water regime and the N fertilizer levels, which affect crop growth in soil water stress. To determine the optimum N applications under different degrees of soil drought, this study investigated the effects of N fertilizer levels on the crop water stress index (CWSI) of summer corn under soil water stress. A 2-year field experiment was conducted in waterproof plots in upland red soils in subtropical China. Three N fertilizer levels and seven soil water deficit levels were employed in 2007 and 2008. Nitrogen fertilization had no influence on the CWSI of the corn under slight to moderate soil drought, but the high-N treatment increased the CWSI significantly (P < 0.01) under soil drought when the mean CWSI exceeded ～0.20. The results suggested that for scheduling irrigation or predicting crop yields, the equations between CWSI and yield should be established on comparable N fertilization levels.  相似文献   

12.
微咸水滴灌对黄瓜产量及灌溉水利用效率的影响   总被引：7，自引：8，他引：7  
试验主要研究了华北半湿润地区微咸水滴灌条件下，滴头正下方0.2 m深度土壤基质势分别控制在－10～－50 kPa时，不同盐分浓度微咸水(2.2～4.9 dS/m)对黄瓜产量、灌水量及灌溉水利用效率(IWUE)的影响。研究发现当灌溉水电导率(EC)大于1.1 dS/m时，黄瓜的产量随着EC的增大而降低。当滴头下0.2 m深度土壤基质势控制在－25～－35 kPa时，黄瓜表现出来的耐盐性最强，EC每升高1 dS/m产量大约降低3%。总的趋势是土壤基质势控制越高(－10 kPa)处理的灌溉量越多，IWUE越低，而土壤基质势控制越低(－50 kPa)处理的灌溉量越少，IWUE越高。通过研究，在年降雨量大约为600 mm的半湿润地区，当没有足够的淡水用于作物灌溉时，可以在采用一系列灌溉与栽培管理措施条件下，利用2.2～4.9 dS/m的微咸水来灌溉黄瓜等对盐分中等敏感的作物。  相似文献   

13.
针对海河平原地下水位持续下降和维持小麦—玉米两熟较高产量之间的矛盾,对不同降水年型小麦—玉米不同灌溉制度下产量和水分利用效率(WUE)进行模拟分析,结果对平衡该区域地下水可持续利用与粮食生产提供重要科学决策依据。利用研究区域站点长时间序列气象数据,以小麦不同水分处理地上部生物量、叶面积和周年土壤水分动态田间试验数据为基础,对APSIM小麦玉米遗传参数和土壤水分等相关参数进行了校准和验证。利用校准和验证的APSIM模型,对不同降水年型小麦—玉米不同生长阶段水分亏缺指数(CWDI)进行了分析,并模拟了8种不同灌溉制度情景下小麦玉米产量、水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率(IWUE)。结果表明:不同降水年型小麦各生育阶段CWDI均较高,说明无论干旱、平水和湿润年份小麦需水量远大于降水量,尤其是拔节—成熟期水分严重亏缺,属极旱;玉米抽雄前基本不受干旱胁迫影响,但抽雄后的灌浆阶段处于中旱或重旱,对水分需求迫切。兼顾产量和水分利用效率的灌溉制度,干旱、平水及湿润年份全年灌溉3次,灌水量为225 mm(小麦播种75 mm+拔节期75 mm+开花期75 mm)时可获得较高的周年产量和最大WUE。不同降水年型周年产量和WUE在干旱年份分别为17 357.6 kg/hm~2和29.6 kg/(hm~2·mm),平水年份分别为18 827.9 kg/hm~2和25.9 kg/(hm~2·mm),湿润年份分别为19 685.2 kg/hm~2和25.8 kg/(hm~2·mm)。此灌溉制度下,小麦、玉米可获得较高的产量和水分利用效率,为该区域水—粮权衡的重要灌溉策略和措施。  相似文献   

14.
Rice genotypes having high crop water productivity in dry direct-seeded rice (DDSR) need to be assessed while promoting labor- and water-saving technology. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of several selection indices to identify genotypes with high crop water productivity in DDSR. A set of 16 genotypes [13 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) and three genotypes as check for control] were evaluated under DDSR for two consecutive years (2013 and 2014) using two irrigation regimes [-10 kPa (non-stress) and -20 kPa (stress)]. Grain yield varied from 5.3 to 8.4 t ha-1 and 5.9 to 8.7 t ha-1 for irrigation regimes of -20 and -10 kPa, respectively. Yield reductions caused by water stress ranged from 2.9 to 25.1%; being lowest in RIL1649 and highest in hybrid SVH-127. The genotypes with high stress-tolerance index (STI), mean productivity (MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP) and harmonic mean productivity (HAR) were identified as the most productive genotypes for high crop water productivity in DDSR. The results implied that selection based on stress tolerance indices likes STI, MP, GMP and HAR was useful in identifying genotypes with high crop water productivity under DDSR and RIL 1649 and SVH-127 were identified as superior genotypes in this regard.  相似文献   

15.
限量单次灌溉对套作冬小麦和春玉米产量的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
A field experiment was conducted during the 2002/2003 cropping season of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) and spring maize (Zea mays) to evaluate the effect of limited single drip irrigation on the yield and water use of both crops under relay intercropping in a semi-arid area of northwestern China. A controlled 35 mm single irrigation, either early or late, was applied to each crop at a certain growth stage. Soil water, leaf area, final grain yield and yield components such as the thousand-grain weight, length of spike, fertile spikelet number, number of grains per spike, and grain weight per spike were measured, and water use efficiency and leaf area index were calculated for the irrigated and non-irrigated relay intercropping treatments and sole cropping controls. The results showed that yield, yield components, water use efficiency, and leaf area index in the relay intercropping treatments were affected by limited single drip irrigation during various growth stages of wheat and maize. The total yields in the relay intercropping treatment irrigated during the heading stage of wheat and the heading and anthesis stage of maize were the highest among all the treatments, followed by that irrigated during the anthesis stage of wheat and silking stage of maize;so was the water use efficiency. Significant differences occurred in most yield components between the irrigated and non-irrigated relay-intercropping treatments. The dynamics of the leaf area index in the relay-intercropped or solely cropped wheat and maize showed a type of single-peak pattern, whereas that of the relay intercropping treatments showed a type of double-peak pattern. Appropriately, limited single irrigation and controlled soil water content level could result in higher total yield, water use efficiency, and leaf area index, and improved yield components in relay intercropping. This practice saved the amount of water used for irrigation and also increased the yield. Therefore, heading stage of wheat and heading and anthesis stage of maize were suggested to be the optimum limited single irrigation time for relay-intercropped wheat and maize in the semi-arid area.  相似文献   

16.
Camelina sativa has rejuvenated as a successful oilseed crop in the recent years. It is a low-input-requiring crop with an unusual fatty acid composition. A pot experiment was conducted in rain-out shelter to investigate the effect of different nitrogen levels (N0 = 0, N1 = 50, N2 = 100, and N3 = 150 kg ha?1) on the growth and yield of two C. sativa genotypes (Australian and Canadian) under normal [100% field capacity (FC)] and water stressed (60% FC) conditions. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement having three replicates in the Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. The results indicated that nitrogen doses and water stress levels significantly affected the growth and yield of C. sativa. Maximum values for growth indices like leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area duration (LAD), net assimilation rate (NAR), and yield attributes were observed under N2 treatment (100 kg ha?1) followed by the treatment in which nitrogen was applied at the rate of 50 kg ha?1. However, growth and yield components significantly reduced under water stress conditions (60% FC). Of both the genotypes, Australian Camelina performed better as compared to Canadian Camelina under both non-stress and drought stress conditions.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract

This study was aimed to determine biochemical traits related to higher phytomass production in sorghum genotypes irrigated with saline water. It was also attempted to consider whether or not forage yield production under non-saline conditions could be used as an index for for the selection of high yielding genotypes of sorghum under saline conditions. Forty-five sorghum genotypes were grown under field conditions using saline water or normal irrigation water in two growing seasons in Yazd, Iran. It appeared that salinity tolerance in sorghum genotypes, in addition to local adaption, was highly related to forage yield as well as some biochemical traits as carotenoid concentration, catalase activity, and K+/Na+ ratio. The screening method based on biochemical traits appeared to be applicable for identification of the salt-tolerant genotypes.  相似文献   

18.
采用裂区试验设计,对黄土塬区补充灌溉及氮磷配施条件下麦田土壤水分动态、作物产量及水分利用效率等进行研究。结果表明：1）冬小麦对土壤水分的利用深度随小麦生长发育逐渐加深,在越冬前期和孕穗期分别达1.2和2.2 m土层以下,不同处理土壤含水量在小麦生育前期差异不明显,孕穗后氮磷配施处理的土壤含水量显著低于不施肥处理;2）试验条件下,补充灌溉后同样施肥处理的作物产量与雨养相比,虽有增加但不显著;不论是雨养水平,还是补充灌溉水平,氮磷配施均表现出显著的增产效果,从低氮低磷到高氮高磷,增产幅度在134%到240%之间;3）氮磷配施能显著提高冬小麦水分利用效率,而补充灌溉后水分利用效率降低3%-30%,但未达显著水平;4）不同氮磷配施的增产效应高于补充灌溉,补充灌溉与高氮高磷处理有显著的水肥协同效应,能显著提高作物产量并保持较高的水分利用效率。  相似文献   

19.
Average yield of maize (Zea mays L.) in Mozambique is low, mainly due to low use of inputs in agriculture, high seasonal rainfall variability and inadequate soil preparation. A study conducted in two summer crop seasons (November–March 2012/2013 and 2013/2014) examined the impact of three tillage methods (hand hoeing, strip tillage and conventional tillage), two fertiliser levels (0 and 40% N) and two water supply regimes (rainfed and irrigated) on maize root development and grain yield on a sandy soil in a semi-arid region of Mozambique. Tillage had a major effect on soil penetration resistance, but little effect on root growth and limited effect on yield. Thus, there appears to be little need for loosening on this soil. There was also no interaction between tillage and the other experimental factors, meaning that tillage system can be chosen irrespective of fertiliser and water supply. Irrigation had the largest impact on root and shoot growth and crop yield, increasing yield in season 2 from 670 to 4780?kg ha–1.There was a very strong interaction between fertiliser and water supply, with no yield increase for fertiliser in the rainfed treatment, while combined with irrigation it increased yield by 1590?kg ha–1 in season 1 and 1840?kg ha–1 in season 2. Thus, for the conditions studied here, it was rational to add fertiliser only in combination with irrigation and not in a rainfed system.  相似文献   

20.
Abstract

Crop improvement for drought tolerance is critical for the future of crop production. The objectives were to examine the relationship between trigonelline (TRG) accumulation and yield traits in 10 peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes inoculated with two commonly used nitrogen-fixing Rhizobium spp., and to evaluate a role of TRG on growth traits. TRG increased as a defensive metabolite in response to water deficit, but resulted in the reduction of the number of nodules and yield. Symbiotic rhizobial activity helped plants to improve yield particularly in a fully irrigated field rather than under reduced irrigation. TRG concentrations in genotypes (7 out of 10) increased under reduced irrigation as compared with those under full irrigation in two years. Mean number of nodules at maturity (120 days after planting) across genotypes under reduced irrigation were 89 in the control, 111 in Lift, and 161 in Histick treatments, among which Histick was significant (p < 0.05) for nodulation. Mean pod yields in the control, Histick, and Lift treatments were 1.69, 2.34 and 1.87 Mg ha-1, respectively, under reduced irrigation. Under full irrigation, pod yields were 3.35 in the control, 4.50 in Histick and 3.41 Mg ha-1 in Lift treatments, but were more significantly improved as treated with Histick than other treatments. Genotype ICGS-76 produced the highest pod yield (5.13 Mg ha-1) as treated with Histick. All genotypes treated with Histick and Lift biosynthesized less TRG (decreased from 5.8 to 65.3% relative to the control) but produced larger numbers of pods (increased from 9.2 to 80.4% relative to the control), which resulted in substantially higher pod yields.  相似文献   

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