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1.
Parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) is an emerging weed species in direct-seeded aerobic systems of rice production. This two-year field study was conducted to evaluate the effect of five different densities (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 plants m?2) of parthenium weed on rice yield and yield-related attributes. Parthenium weed produced ca. 38 to 178% higher biomass at its densities of 10 to 20 plants m?2 as compared to the lowest density of 5 plants m?2. The paddy yield and yield-related attributes were negatively affected with an increase in the parthenium weed density. In both years, the highest reductions in number of rice panicles (14 to 17%), panicle length (10 to 11%), number of grains per panicle (11 to 18%), 1000-grain weight (8 to 21%) and paddy yield (30 to 35%) were recorded at the highest parthenium weed density (20 plants m?2) tested. However, the lower densities of 5 to 15 parthenium weed plants m?2 also caused 11 to 24% and 12 to 26% losses in paddy yield during the years 2016 and 2017, respectively. Therefore, this weed species should be controlled below the density of 5 plants m?2 to avoid the substantial yield losses (over 15%) in direct-seeded rice.  相似文献   

2.
ABSTRACT

Cover crops improve the recovery and recycling of nitrogen and impart weed suppression in crop production. A two-year study with six weekly plantings of cover crops including non-winterkilled species (hairy vetch, Vicia villosa L.; winter rye Secale cereale L.) and winterkilled species (oat, Avena sativa L.; forage radish, Raphanus sativus L.) were assessed for effects on growth of forage rape (Brassica napus L.) and weed suppression. Early planting of cover crops gave the highest biomass and highest nitrogen accumulation. Delaying planting from early-September to mid-October suppressed cover-crop biomass by about 40%. Forage radish produced more biomass in the fall than other cover crops but was winter killed. Spring biomass was highest with rye or vetch. All cover crops suppressed weeds, but suppression was greatest under rye or hairy vetch. Hairy vetch accumulated the largest nitrogen content. Forage rape plants yielded more biomass after a cover crop than after no-cover crop.  相似文献   

3.
入侵植物三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa L.)严重危害我国农林畜牧业的生产。为探究生态高效控制三叶鬼针草的方法,开展了水稻秸秆与塑料薄膜相结合覆盖控制入侵杂草的研究。试验在以三叶鬼针草和马唐[Digitaria sanguinalis(L.)Scop.]为主的自然杂草荒地进行,设置不同稻秆覆盖量(0kg·m~(-2)、1kg·m~(-2)、1.5kg·m~(-2)),于冬季进行稻秆覆盖,春季在稻秆覆盖的基础上覆盖薄膜。通过测定秸秆覆盖中期(2月12日)和薄膜覆盖中期(4月12日)的午间土壤温度、土壤相对含水量和近地表空气温湿度等环境指标和杂草生物量、种子萌发量、杂草群落结构和土壤种子库等群落指标,探究该方法控制入侵杂草的效果和机制。结果表明:冬季水稻秸秆覆盖显著降低了草地午间土壤温度、近地表空气温度、三叶鬼针草生物量和种子萌发量、优势杂草盖度和从属种的种类和数量;覆盖1.5 kg·m~(-2)稻秆的处理对各类指标的影响程度均大于1 kg·m~(-2)的处理。春季叠加薄膜覆盖导致浅层土壤高温干燥、近地表空气高温高湿;叠加薄膜覆盖处理使三叶鬼针草的土壤种子密度在0～5cm的土层内显著低于未做覆盖处理的对照,降低了79.49%;叠加薄膜覆盖处理的入侵杂草全部死亡且无种子萌发。说明冬季采用水稻秸秆覆盖,春季再叠加覆盖薄膜能有效防控三叶鬼针草的生长蔓延,在薄膜覆盖之前,覆盖1.5 kg·m~(-2)稻秆的处理对三叶鬼针草的防控效果要好于1 kg·m~(-2)的处理,在薄膜覆盖处理后,两个稻秆覆盖量处理对三叶鬼针草的防控效果均达到100%。本研究结果可为不同季节采用不同的控制方法及其组合模式防控入侵杂草的扩散提供参考。  相似文献   

4.
明确化感潜力和农艺性状对长雄野生稻(Oryza longistaminata)及其后代抑草效果的影响及相互关系,对发掘与利用野生种质资源的化感基因培育水稻化感新品种具有重要意义。本研究以化感抗稗草长雄野生稻、亚洲栽培稻‘RD23’及其杂交F1代(RD23×O.longistaminata)和F2代单株分离群体为材料,采用室内生物测定和温室盆栽试验相结合方法,研究化感潜力和农艺性状对长雄野生稻及其后代抑制稗草的影响,并探讨三者的相互关系。结果表明,室内生物测定为强化感潜力的水稻材料在盆栽条件下对稗草的密度防效、生物量防效和株高抑制作用并非总强于弱化感和无化感作用的水稻材料,但在根际距离0~3 cm时,强化感潜力水稻材料对伴生稗草的抑制效应显著强于弱化感潜力和无化感作用的水稻材料。不论供试材料化感潜力强弱,当根际距离大于3 cm时,株型高大、分蘖强的供试水稻材料在盆栽条件下对稗草的密度防效、生物量防效和株高抑制作用均显著强于株型矮小、分蘖少的材料。供试水稻材料在不同苗龄对稗草的抑制作用也存在显著差异,苗龄60 d的供试材料在根际距离0~3 cm范围内对伴生稗草的密度防效均小于苗龄30 d的对应处理组,但对伴生稗草的生物量防效和株高抑制作用则大于苗龄30 d对应处理组;之后随着距离的增加,除根际距离在3~6 cm的密度防效外,其他均无显著差异。在根际距离0~3 cm时,供试材料的化感综合效应指数(SE)与对伴生稗草的密度防效、生物量防效和株高抑制作用显著相关,但随根际距离的增加相关性逐渐减小;株高和分蘖数与稗草的密度防效不相关,与生物量防效和株高抑制作用存在一定的相关性。研究结果显示,长雄野生稻及其后代田间抑草效果与化感潜力、苗龄、株高和分蘖数等因素相关,在根际距离0~3 cm时,化感作用在苗龄30 d的强化感潜力水稻材料的抑草效应中起主要作用。  相似文献   

5.
To evaluate the effect of seed and nitrogen rates on weed species composition, density, biomass and diversity in two sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) varieties, a field experiment was conducted in 2009, 2010 and 2011 rainy seasons at Samaru, Nigeria. Four seed rates, 2, 4, 6 and 8 kg ha?1, four nitrogen rates, 0, 30, 60 and 90 kg N ha?1 and two sesame varieties NCRIBEN 01M and E8 were arranged as factorial in a split plot design. Weeds with the highest important values in sesame field were Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Ludwigia decurrens, Ageratum conyzoides and Cyperus esculentus. Year had a significant effect on weed density, biomass, diversity, evenness and richness. Weed density, biomass, diversity and richness were lowest in the 2011 trial and weed species evenness in 2009. Variety E8 reduced weed biomass better than NCRIBEN 01M. Averaged over years, weed diversity and evenness were lowest at 4 kg seeds ha?1. Seed × nitrogen rates effect of 4 kg seed ha?1 and 30 kg N ha?1 produced the lowest weed species diversity and evenness. The result suggests that variety E8 at 4 kg seed ha?1 and 30 kg N ha?1 with hoe weeding at 3 and 6 WAS may provide better weed control, and it is recommended in sesame production.  相似文献   

6.
Abstract

The study was carried out in dryfarming areas in Ankara, Turkey, over 2 years (2001 – 2002 and 2002 – 2003). The objective was to determine different soil tillage and weed control methods on weed biomass and yield components, yield of lentil (Lens culinaris). This study compared the effects of two tillage systems (shallow minimum tillage and traditional tillage) and three weed control methods (weedy check, hand weeding and herbicide) on weed biomass, growth characteristics, seed yield and some yield components of lentil. Significant differences were found among weed control methods for weed biomass and yield parameters of lentil. Tillage systems had no significant effect on weed biomass or yield of lentil. The highest yield and lowest weed biomass was found in the hand-weeded treatment compared to the other weed control methods. Results of this research indicate that weeds are a main constraint for lentil growing under dryland conditions. Grain yield of lentil was reduced more than 60% due to uncontrolled weeds.  相似文献   

7.
实现丘陵茶园杂草生态控制, 可有效减少茶园土壤水分和养分的消耗, 减少或避免使用化学除草剂.本研究根据生态位先估和生态位竞争原理, 设计覆盖稻草和间种豆科绿肥白三叶草(Trifolium repens)两种杂草生态控制技术, 同时设置清耕对照(CK), 采用小样方多点取样连续两年调查茶园杂草种群数量、生物量、平均株高等指标, 发现茶园共有杂草16科31属31种; 3个处理春季(4月)发生的杂草特征表现为生长速度较慢、生物量小、株高在30 cm以下; 夏季(7月)和秋季(9月)对照的优势恶性杂草多度(Pi)高达0.788和0.759, 稻草覆盖处理分别为0.256和0.420, 间种白三叶草处理恶性杂草种类较少发生(Pi值均低于0.050); 稻草覆盖处理茶园春、夏和秋季杂草物种丰富度(S)、种群多样性(H)、均匀度(J)等指数均高于对照, 优势集中性指数(C)低于对照; 间种白三叶草处理春、夏和秋季杂草总数量和生物量均显著低于对照, 夏、秋季杂草平均株高显著低于对照.结果表明两种生态控草处理措施能改变茶园杂草群落结构, 有效控制杂草的生长.  相似文献   

8.
Warm-season annual grasses may be suitable as forage crops in integrated weed management systems with reduced herbicide use. A 2-year field study was conducted to determine whether tillage system and nitrogen (N) fertilizer application method influenced crop and weed biomass, water use, water use efficiency (WUE), and forage quality of three warm-season grasses, and seed production by associated weeds. Tillage systems were zero tillage and conventional tillage with a field cultivator. The N fertilization methods were urea broadcast or banded near seed rows at planting. Warm-season grasses seeded were foxtail (Setaria italica L.) and proso (Panicum mileaceum L.) millets, and sorghum–sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench × Sorghum sudenense Stapf.). Density of early emerging weeds was similar among treatments, averaging 51 m?2. Millets exhibited higher weed density and weed biomass than sorghum–sudangrass. At harvest, sorghum–sudangrass produced significantly greater biomass and N accumulation than either millet. Water use (157 mm) and WUE (25.1 kg mm-1 ha?1) of total biomass did not vary among treatments or grass entries. Weed seed production by redroot pigweed and green foxtail was respectively 93 and 73% less in sorghum–sudangrass than proso millet. Warm-season grasses offer an excellent fit in semiarid cropping systems.  相似文献   

9.
树木枯落叶对作物的化感效应是建设林(果)粮间作复合体系所要考虑的重要问题之一。本研究采用陕西关中地区常见的12种树木枯落叶经室内混土分解培养后的不同浓度水浸提液作为培养基质,进行室内小麦种子萌发和生长试验,探讨了林(果)粮间作树种枯落叶对小麦的化感效应。结果表明:(1)杜仲处理和元宝枫处理促进了小麦幼苗苗高生长,提高了CAT活性,却降低了根系活力;泡桐处理和杨树处理促进了小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长;花椒处理抑制了小麦幼苗根长、生物量、CAT活性和根系活力;核桃处理在高浓度时明显抑制了小麦发芽速度指数、根长、CAT活性和叶绿素含量;梨树处理对小麦发芽速度指数、根长和叶绿素含量表现为低促高抑;苹果处理提高了小麦发芽速度指数、幼苗苗高、生物量和叶绿素含量;柿树处理和枣树处理抑制了小麦幼苗根长和生物量;桃树处理和杏树处理对小麦种子萌发表现为低促高抑。(2)统计学主成分分析表明,整体上对小麦发芽和生长起明显促进作用的树种是泡桐、苹果和杨树,其次是杏树和元宝枫;整体上对小麦发芽和生长起到明显抑制作用的树种是柿树、核桃和枣树,其次是花椒和桃树;而梨树起到低促高抑的作用,杜仲则相反。  相似文献   

10.
【目的】施肥和除草是农业生产中两大重要的管理措施。近年来,施肥位置作为一种精准施肥措施越来越引起关注,本研究调查了施肥位置与杂草防控在玉米、马铃薯间作中对作物生长和产量的影响。【方法】采用2∶2间作行比,进行了玉米、马铃薯间作大田试验。杂草管理设除草和不除草,施肥位置处理包括:均匀施肥(HF)、种间行施肥(TERF)和种内行施肥(TRAF),共6个处理,每个处理3次重复。调查了间作玉米、马铃薯的株高、生物量、根系总生物量和产量,以及杂草生物量。【结果】施肥位置和杂草管理对玉米产量、生物量和株高均有显著影响,且存在显著的交互效应(产量P <0.001、生物量P=0.002、株高P=0.007)。相比于均匀施肥,在不除草情况下,种间行和种内行施肥均显著提高了玉米的产量、生物量和株高。而在除草情况下,种内行施肥显著提高了玉米的产量和生物量,种间行施肥仅显著增加了玉米的株高。除草对马铃薯株高无显著影响(P=0.494),但显著提高了马铃薯产量和生物量(P <0.001)。施肥位置对马铃薯产量(P=0.114)、生物量(P=0.580)和株高(P=0.772)均无显著影响。在均匀施肥和种内行施肥下,除草显著提高根系总生物量(P <0.001),但在种间行施肥下则无显著影响。不论除草与否,与均匀施肥相比,种内行施肥显著提高了玉米、马铃薯的根系总生物量(P <0.001)。施肥位置(P=0.001)和生长位置(P <0.001)均对杂草生物量有显著影响。与均匀施肥相比,种内行施肥显著降低种间行和马铃薯种内行的杂草生物量,而种间行施肥对种间行杂草生物量无显著影响,但显著降低两种作物的种内行杂草生物量。【结论】在玉米、马铃薯间作体系中,种内行施肥结合除草,可显著促进玉米和马铃薯根系发育,抑制杂草生物量,进而提高产量及肥料施用效果。  相似文献   

11.
Waste management is an increasingly important problem in many developed countries and much effort is currently being expended into identifying novel uses for waste products. We consider the effects of substituting proportions of earthworm-digested composted green waste (vermicompost) into commercial peat based growing media on the germination, growth, and productivity of Helianthus annuus, Cosmos bipinnatus and Eschscholzia californica. The percentage germination, time to flowering, seed production, overall heights and biomass were measured for all three species in treatments of commercial peat based growing media where the growth medium was substituted with vermicompost at rates of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 100%. In addition, the total numbers of inflorescences was recorded in multiple flowering species. Results for Helianthus suggest that while vermicompost additions induced small species specific growth responses in germination rate, growth rate, overall height and total biomass, none were statistically significant. For Cosmos there was a significant increase in early plant growth rate and in the final flower numbers at substitution rates of 20% and 40% vermicompost. The total biomass and numbers of flowers produced by Eschscholzia was decreased significantly by substitution of 20% and 40% vermicompost. We conclude that the plant growth enhancement properties of this vermicompost seem more species specific than previously reported. Further, in order to preserve consumer confidence in waste-derived horticulture products, vermicompost marketing strategies should acknowledge these findings.  相似文献   

12.
Indigofera glandulosa Wendl., (Barbada) belongs to the family Leguminosae, subfamily—Papilionoidae and tribe Indigoferae is widely distributed as weed in India, Indonesia and North Australia. It is an annual herb or sub-shrub growing along roadside and open grassland areas. The plant produce seeds rich in valuable food ingredients such as proteins, carbohydrates, essential amino acids and vitamins. The plant is described as nourishing food for human beings and is believed to possess the qualities of a tonic in Indian medicine. It is highly palatable forage legume; green plants are generally appreciated by domestic animals. Environmentally, it is utilized for the nitrogen enrichment in degraded soil, as the roots produce nodules fixing atmospheric nitrogen. It can be grown in dry regions, therefore appears to drought resistant and at low cost. The plant species remains unexploited although it has high forage and nutritious value. The meagre information on I. glandulosa lead us to explore this neglected and underutilized species to utilize it as food for human beings, forage for animals and for nitrogen enrichment of the soil. The seed viability and seed germination data revealed seed dormancy associated with the hard and impermeable seed coat and it could be overcome by treating the seeds with concentrated sulphuric acid for 10–15 min thus improving the seed germination percentage up to 75%. The result of the present investigation provides preliminary information on agronomical and morphological traits related to yield and biomass production of I. glandulosa from its natural habitat. In addition the detailed survey about taxonomic characters, distribution, cultivation and utilization of I. glandulosa has been documented.  相似文献   

13.
Abstract

Cover crops can be used to reduce leaching and erosion, introduce variability into crop rotation and fix nitrogen (N) for use by the main crops, less is however known about effects on weeds. The effects on weed seed bank, weed growth and grain yield of 4 years of annual undersown clover and ryegrass alone and in combination, and one of the 4 years with clover or clover + grass as green manure, were studied in oat and spring wheat at two experimental sites in south-eastern Norway. These treatments were compared with no undersown crop (control) and with weed harrowing. In contrast to many results in the literature, the undersown clover in this study did not suppress annual weeds, but fertilized the weeds as well as the cereals. Undersown clover resulted in a statistically significant increase of grain yield at the two sites to 116% and 121% of control. During the 4-year period relative seed bank and density of emerged weed (dominated by Spergula arvensis) increased significantly about 4.5 and 10 times respectively in the undersown clover plots at Apelsvoll. At Kise both ryegrass alone and ryegrass mixed with clover significantly suppressed the weed biomass to 70% and 74% of control respectively. It is concluded that fertilization effects of undersown clover may have dominated and overriden the competitive effects. One whole-season clover green manure did not increase the mean yield, but resulted in a significant drop in seed bank size the following year, because of limited weed establishment in an established ley. Only a slight increase in average weed biomass was observed at one of the two experimental sites. The weed seed bank and the weed biomass were essentially kept at steady state during the experimental period in harrowed plots, but harrowing decreased grain yield significantly at both sites.  相似文献   

14.
Field experiments were conducted to compare the effects of allelopathic sorghum cultivars ‘Enkath’ and ‘Rabeh’ at three planting densities (6.6, 13.3 and 26.6 plant m?2) on weed growth and sorghum yields in 2009 and 2010. Sorghum planting densities suppressed average weed population by 26–42% and average weed biomass by 46–57% compared with weedy check in 2009. A similar trend in the reduction in weed population and weed biomass was observed in 2010. Planting densities at 6.6, 13.3 and 26.6 plant m?2 significantly suppressed average weed population by 26, 31 and 42% and average weed biomass by 88, 91 and 96% compared with weedy check, respectively, during 2009. A similar trend in effect was also recorded during 2010. Enkath cultivar reduced average weed density and dry biomass by 25 and 44% during 2009 and by 23 and 30% in 2010 compared with Rabeh cultivar. Root exudates of Enkath inhibited more weed growth than Rabeh. Increased planting density significantly increased average grain yield of sorghum. The highest grain yield of sorghum (12.68 t ha?1) was recorded in plots in which the planting density was 26.6 plant m?2.  相似文献   

15.
Mycorrhizal technique is a promising biotechnology in horticultural industry, benefiting plants exposed to diverse abiotic stresses. In this study, the effects of three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Acaulospora laevis, Glomus mosseae, and Glomus caledonium on plant growth and nutrient uptake of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) seedlings under three water regimes (well watered, water stressed-slight, water stressed-heavy) were investigated. Results showed that inoculated seedlings had higher dry biomass, plant height, and total leaf areas than those un-inoculated ones. AMF effect was the greatest for water stressed-heavy seedlings, followed by water stressed-slight seedlings and well watered seedlings. All AMF species increased the uptake of nitrogen (N) potassium (K), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and the mycorrhizal contributions to the nutrient uptake were positively related to that to the biomass. Data suggest that AMF inoculation increases the tolerance of loquat seedlings to drought stress, and the improved nutrient uptake by AMF contributes greatly to the tolerance.  相似文献   

16.
ABSTRACT

The suppression of plant-parasitic nematodes is crucial for maintaining the worldwide development of the banana industry. In this study, different application patterns of Camellia seed cake previously reported to suppress root-knot nematode were conducted to manage pests and promote banana seedling growth. The results demonstrated seven days delay before transplanting was necessary after Camellia seed cake application. The dose 5 g/kg soil resulted in best plant growth promotion performance, which increased banana seedling height, stem diameter, shoot, and root fresh weight by upto 29%, 27%, 47%, and 21%, respectively. Plastic film mulching was beneficial when high amount (2%) of Camellia seed cake was added. The application of Camellia seed cake increased nutrient potassium amounts; the abundance of soil free-living nematodes, especially bacterivores; and the abundance of soil microbes and the soil catalase activity, while reduced plant-parasitic nematodes amounts. Further correlation analysis between the soil nematodes and microbial abundance showed that plant-parasite numbers had significant negative correlations with the bacterial biomass and a portion of the fungal biomass; bacterivores had significant positive correlations with the bacterial biomass; and omnivores had significant correlations with the bacterial biomass and fungal biomass. A fundamental challenge of root-knot nematode control is to sustain ecological services without losing biodiversity. This study provided an environmentally friendly strategy based on Camellia seed cake to regulate the soil health and quality.  相似文献   

17.
Increasing and maintaining crop residues in predominantly cereal-based rotations of the US Pacific Northwest is critical to controlling soil erosion. The core collection of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) germplasm comprising 287 accessions was evaluated for variation in phenological, morphological and growth parameters including seed yields and residue amounts over a two-year period under conventional tillage and no-till conditions. The objectives of this study were (i) assess lentil genetic variation in germplasm for variation in biomass production and seed yield, (ii) assess the relationship of phenological and morphological traits with biomass and seed yield and (iii) identify high biomass producing germplasm for use as parents in the breeding program. Days to flowering and days to maturity ranged from 31 to 78 and from 71 to 106 days, respectively. Time to flowering in terms of cumulative heat units was a more efficient measurement than days to flowering. Plant height and plant canopy width had a significant association with total biomass, seed yield and residue amounts. Total biomass ranged from 788–6389 kg ha–1 under conventional tillage, while the range under no-till conditions was 1045–6195 kg ha–1. Most of the lines with higher biomass also produced the highest seed yields and residue amounts. Overall, only one accession produced more residue than `Laird'. In the more favorable environment of 1997, six accessions exceeded the control cultivars, `Laird' and `Indianhead', for residue amounts, and seven and twenty-four accessions exceeded control cultivars, `Pardina' and `Brewer', for seed yield. Results indicated that plant height, canopy width at maturity and seed yield explained most of the variation in biomass and residue production. Large seeded germplasm consistently had a longer reproductive growth period than small seeded accessions and had 17%, 7% and 21% more biomass, seed yield and residue, respectively. Our data indicated significant variation in lentil germplasm for biomass, seed yield and residue amounts to warrant their use in the breeding program.  相似文献   

18.
通过不同光强(15%、40%和70%自然光强)和施氮量(15g·株-1、30g·株-1和60g·株-1)的盆栽试验,研究了不同光照强度和施氮量对催吐萝芙木生长和生物量的影响。结果表明:光强和施氮量显著影响催吐萝芙木的生长、单株生物量及生物量分配(P0.05)。在70%自然光强下,催吐萝芙木株高、地径、株高和地径的相对生长速率(RGRH,RGRD)、单株生物量都较15%和40%自然光强下高,并分配更多的生物量到地下部分。在15%和40%自然光强下,催吐萝芙木的株高、地径、RGRH、RGRD、单株生物量随施氮量的增加而减小;在70%自然光强下,催吐萝芙木在30g·株-1中等施氮量下生长最好,单株生物量最大,达559.6g·株-1。在相同光强下,催吐萝芙木根生物量比(RMR)和根冠比(R/S)随施氮量增加而减小,比叶面积(SLA)和叶生物量比(LMR)在低光强和高施氮量下最大。从株高、地径、RGRH、RGRD、单株生物量、RMR和R/S等指标看,70%自然光强和30g·株-1的施氮量是催吐萝芙木最佳的光强和施氮量组合。  相似文献   

19.
Incubation and pot experiments were conducted to investigate the impact of commercially distributed biofertilizers (effective microorganisms [EM], BIOSTIMULATOR, BACTOFIL‐A, and BACTOFIL‐B) on soil microbial‐biomass content and activity, net N mineralization in soil, and growth of Lolium perenne. According to the manufacturers, the products tested are based on microbial inoculants or organic growth stimulants, and are supposed to influence soil microbial properties and improve soil conditions, organic‐matter decomposition, and plant growth. In the incubation experiment (40 d, 20.6°C, 50% maximum water‐holding capacity), EM was repeatedly applied to soil together with different organic amendments (nonamended, chopped straw, and lupine seed meal). Under the experimental conditions of this study, no or only marginal effects of EM on organic C, total N, and mineral N in soil could be observed. In soil treatments without any organic amendment, EM suspension slightly enhanced microbial activity measured as soil CO2 evolution. In soil with easily degradable plant residues (lupine seed meal), EM suspension had a suppressive effect on microbial biomass. However, comparisons with sterilized EM and molasses as the main additive in EM suspension showed that any effect of EM could be explained as a pure substrate effect without the influence of added living organisms. In the pot experiment with Lolium perenne (air‐conditioned greenhouse cabin, 87 d, 16.8°C, 130 klxh d–1 light quantity), the products EM, BIOSTIMULATOR, BACTOFIL‐A, and BACTOFIL‐B were tested in soil with growing plants. The products were repeatedly applied for a period of 42 d. Within this study, no effects of the different biofertilizers on mineral N in soil were detectable. There were clear suppressive effects of all tested biofertilizers on microbial‐biomass content and activity. Comparisons with sterilized suspensions showed that the effects were not due to living microorganisms in the suspensions, but could be traced back to substrate‐induced processes.  相似文献   

20.
The field study was conducted in April 2006 in a long-term fertilization experiment that was set up in 1983. The aims of this study are to compare the weediness in plots with nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK), NPK + farmyard manure (FYM), and NPK + stalk treatments and to study the effect of increasing N doses on the weeds and winter wheat plants. The bifactorial test was arranged in a split-plot design with three replications. The treatments were the following: 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha?1 N, 100 kg ha?1 phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5), and 100 kg ha?1 potassium oxide (K2O). Three weed species were dominant in the experiment: Veronica hederifolia, Consolida regalis, and Stellaria media. The NPK treatment resulted in the smallest average weed cover. The significantly greatest weed cover was found on the plots treated with NPK + FYM, but the greatest biomass production of winter wheat was measured also in the NPK + FYM treatment, which resulted in a good crop competition. The weed cover was increased proportionally by the rising N doses. The effect of increasing N rates was positive on the winter wheat biomass and on wheat competition to the weeds. Results of our study show that we can manage weeds better using favorable plant nutrition.  相似文献   

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