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1.
2008~2009年通过大田试验,研究了限水灌溉条件下,不同施氮量对冬小麦产量、氮素利用、土壤硝态氮动态变化及氮素平衡的影响。结果表明,施用氮肥显著增加小麦穗数和穗粒数,对千粒重无显著影响。作物产量、吸氮量与施氮量均呈抛物线关系,施氮量超过N240 kg/hm2,产量和吸氮量随施氮量增加略有降低。小麦起身期后,0—100 cm土层都有硝态氮分布,且随土层深度增加而减少;相同土层则随施氮量的增加而增加。土壤硝态氮积累量随生育期推进而降低,N0和N120处理分别在拔节期和开花期后表现出氮素亏缺;成熟期,土壤表观盈余以残留为主,表观损失量占小部分。氮肥表观利用率、农学利用率随施氮量增加呈降低趋势,而氮素残留率随施氮量增加呈增加趋势。在本试验条件下,施氮量在N 180~220 kg/hm2水平可以达到产量、氮素表观利用率、氮素残留率的较好结合,是限水灌溉下兼顾经济效益与环境效益的适宜施氮量。  相似文献   

2.
华北平原农田生态系统土壤C、N净矿化及尿素转化研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
以华北平原区4个农田生态系统[京郊蔬菜大棚(GH)和河北栾城(LF)、河北南皮(NF)、山东惠民(HF)3个粮田]为研究对象,采用室内好气、恒温、避光条件下培养30.d,对比研究了不同海拔和不同农业扰动强度下的农田生态系统中耕层(020.cm)土壤的净N矿化、净硝化、净C矿化以及尿素的转化,旨在探索人类农业扰动强度和地理海拔对土壤供N潜力和尿素N转化的影响。结果表明,4个地区的土壤供N潜力分别为:14.4、13.2,17.7和16.5.mg/kg,说明高度熟化的华北区农田土壤供N潜力相对稳定。以施用有机肥为主的蔬菜大棚和以施用化肥为主的粮田对土壤供N没有显著影响。农田土壤净矿化后的供N形式主要是NO3--N。以施用有机肥为主的蔬菜大棚积累了较高的土壤有机质和全N,但是土壤净C矿化以及施用尿素后CO2的排放量均低于以施用化肥为主的粮田。尿素在各区域农田土壤中水解转化后均主要以NO3--N形式存在,NO3--N占尿素水解后无机N增量的98%9～9%;华北平原农田生态系统施入尿素态N.30d后,水解成有效态无机N的转化率为63.4%8～3.2%,即每克尿素态N在京郊蔬菜大棚(GH)、栾城高产农田(LF)、南皮农田(NF)和惠民农田(HF)土壤中转化为NO3--N的量分别为0.69、0.82、0.64和0.63.g/kg,同时可使相应区域农田的CO2排放量分别增加CO21.20、1.360、.67和1.58.g/kg。  相似文献   

3.
Dentrification rates in two soils were assessed separately as a function of NO3? concentration while providing a constant initial glucose concentration, and as a function of glucose concentration while providing a constant initial NO3?-N concentration. Of the soils used, a Hanford sandy loam and a Coachella fine sand, the bacteria in the former produced higher rates of denitrification with a maximum loss of 1500 μg NO3?-N/ml day?1 as compared to a loss of 150 μg NO3?-N/ml day?1 from the latter. Rates of loss closely approximated Michaelis Menten kinetics in the Coachella sand, and Km values for glucose-C and NO3?-N were 500 μg/ml and 170 μg/ml, respectively. Rates of loss of NO3?-N from the Hanford soil did not approximate Michaelis-Menten kinetics, and this was attributed to failure to saturate enzyme systems in the denitrifying bacteria with glucose and nitrogen when each was held constant. C/N ratios around 2 appeared to provide the greatest rates of denitrification. High C/N ratios or high glucose concentrations (1.8 per cent) retarded denitrification, with fungal growth and a subsequent drop in pH occuring. A Pseudomonas was incubated aerobically for 24 h followed by a 72 h anaerobic incubation with nitrate as the sole nitrogen source at 0, 10, 50, 100, 250 and 500mg N/ml concentrations. Assimilatory nitrate reduction never exceeded 75 mg N/ml, and it was concluded that this mode of nitrate reduction is insignificant at higher nitrate concentrations by comparison to dissimilatory nitrate reduction, i.e. denitrification.  相似文献   

4.
Studies were conducted to evaluate response of dryland corn (Zea mays L.) along the upper Texas Gulf Coast to residual soil nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) measured to depths of 15, 30, and 61 cm. Residual soil NO3-N levels ranged from 3.4 to 31.6, 7.8 to 49.3, and 9.0 to 71.7 kg ha?1, respectively, in 0 to 15, 15 to 30, and 30 to 61 cm depth increments, with cumulative NO3-N ranging from 23.5 to 114.5 kg ha?1 across sites-years. Where N fertilizer was reduced due to N crediting, yields and bushel weights at all 13 site-years showed no difference from those receiving full recommended N rates. A yield response to any level of added fertilizer N above the control was observed for only 6 of 13 site-years. These results indicate a high potential for success in crediting carryover soil NO3-N to 61 cm as a means of reducing applied nitrogen fertilizer rates.  相似文献   

5.
Abstract

The rate and timing of manure application when used as nitrogen (N) fertilizer depend on N‐releasing capacity (mineralization) of manures. A soil incubation study was undertaken to establish relative potential rates of mineralization of three organic manures to estimate the value of manure as N fertilizer. Surface soil samples of 0–15 cm were collected and amended with cattle manure (CM), sheep manure (SM), and poultry manure (PM) at a rate equivalent to 200 mg N kg?1 soil. Soil without any amendment was used as a check (control). Nitrogen‐release potential of organic manures was determined by measuring changes in total mineral N [ammonium‐N+nitrate‐N (NH4 +–N+NO3 ?–N)], NH4 +–N, and accumulation of NO3 ?–N periodically over 120 days. Results indicated that the control soil (without any amendment) released a maximum of 33 mg N kg?1soil at day 90, a fourfold increase (significant) over initial concentration, indicating that soil had substantial potential for mineralization. Soil with CM, SM, and PM released a maximum of 50, 40, and 52 mg N kg?1 soil, respectively. Addition of organic manures (i.e., CM, SM, and PM) increased net N released by 42, 25, and 43% over the control (average). No significant differences were observed among manures. Net mineralization of organic N was observed for all manures, and the net rates varied between 0.01 and 0.74 mg N kg?1 soil day?1. Net N released, as percent of organic N added, was 9, 10, and 8% for CM, SM, and PM. Four phases of mineralization were observed; initial rapid release phase in 10–20 days followed by slow phase in 30–40 days, a maximum mineralization in 55–90 days, and finally a declined phase in 120 days. Accumulation of NO3 ?–N was 13.2, 10.6, and 14.6 mg kg?1 soil relative to 7.4 mg NO3 ?–N kg?1 in the control soil, indicating that manures accumulated NO3 ?–N almost double than the control. The proportion of total mineral N to NO3 ?–N revealed that a total of 44–61% of mineral N is converted into NO3 ?–N, indicating that nitrifiers were unable to completely oxidize the available NH4 +. The net rates of mineralization were highest during the initial 10–20 days, showing that application of manures 1–2 months before sowing generally practiced in the field may cause a substantial loss of mineralized N. The rates of mineralization and nitrification in the present study indicated that release of inorganic N from the organic pool of manures was very low; therefore, manures have a low N fertilizer effect in our conditions.  相似文献   

6.
土壤残留氮是不容忽视的土壤氮素资源.通过田间小区试验研究了土壤高残留氮下不同施氮量(0、80、160、240和320 kg/hm2)对夏玉米土壤硝态氮积累、氮素平衡、氮素利用及产量的影响,分析了夏玉米的经济效益.结果表明,土壤剖面硝态氮积累量随施氮量的增加而增加,且施氮处理硝态氮积累量显著高于不施氮处理;各施氮处理土壤硝态氮在0-60 cm土层含量最高,在0--180 cm剖面呈先减少后增加的变化趋势.不施氮处理夏玉米收获后土壤无机氮残留量高达378 kg/hm2,随施氮量的增加,无机氮残留和氮表观损失显著增加.作物吸氮量、氮表观损失量与总氮输入量呈显著正相关,总氮输入量每增加l kg作物吸氮量增加0.156 kg,而表观损失量增加0.369 kg,是作物吸氮量的2.4倍.高残留氮土壤应严格控制氮肥用量,以免造成氮素资源的大量浪费.夏玉米籽粒吸氮量随施氮量的增加呈增加的趋势,氮收获指数呈降低的趋势.氮肥农学效率、氮肥生理利用率、氮肥利用率和氮素利用率在施氮量80 kg/hm2时最高,随施氮量的增加降低;增施氮肥能降低高残留氮土壤中氮肥的增产效果和利用率.综合考虑产量、氮素利用和环境效应,N 80 kg/hm2是氮素高残留土壤上玉米的合理施氮量.  相似文献   

7.
Zeolite minerals may improve nitrogen availability to plants in soil and reduce losses to the environment. A study was conducted to determine the influence of clinoptilolite (CL) on nitrogen (N) mineralization from solid dairy manure (224 kg N ha?1) in a sandy soil. Clinoptilolite was added to soil at six rates (0 to 44.8 Mg CL ha?1), each sampled during 11 sampling dates over a year. Over time, nitrate (NO3)-N increased, ammonium (NH4)-N decreased, but total inorganic N increased. Clinoptilolite did not influence the nitrification rates of initial manure NH4-N or mineralization of organic N (ON) over time. It is possible that adsorption of manure-derived potassium (K) outcompeted the NH4-N for CL exchange sites. The ON concentration was constant up to 84 days and then decreased by approximately 18% over the remaining time of the study across all treatments. Clinoptilolite use in this sandy soil did not alter mineralization of N from dairy manure.  相似文献   

8.
Nitrogen (N) fertilizer use in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production is a potential source of nitrate (NO3 ?) contamination of soils, groundwater, and streams. The McConnell–Mitchell plots, a long-term study of cotton responses to N-fertilization and irrigation methods, were utilized to determine the NO3 ?-N in soil cropped to continuous cotton. The McConnell–Mitchell plots had a split-block experiential design. The main blocks of this test were irrigation methods. Each block of plots was irrigated using a single irrigation method for the entirety of the testing. Nitrogen fertilization rates were tested within each irrigation block. The soil NO3 ?-N content of two irrigation blocks, furrow flow (FI) and center pivot (CP), were compared to the dryland (DL) control block. Nitrogen treatments tested within each irrigation block ranged from 0 to 168.0 kg N ha?1 in 33.6-kg N ha?1 increments. Nitrogen treatments were tested for 18 years (1982 through 1999), discontinued for 4 years (2000 through 2003), and resumed in 2004. Soil samples were taken in the early spring (2000 and 2004) to a depth of 1.50 m in 0.15 m increments and analyzed for NO3 ?-N. Soil samples taken in 2004 were prior to any fertilization treatment. Irrigation method was found to influence the distribution of soil NO3 ?-N. Little accumulation of soil NO3 ?-N was observed in either irrigation block or under dryland production when N rates were less than 67.2 kg N ha?1. Distribution of soil NO3 ?-N in the FI block was significantly different with sample depth and N treatment but not the interaction of depth and treatment in both 2000 and 2004. Presumably, the small and close values of the means and the greater variability of interactions compared to main effects precluded significant interactions. Differences in soil NO3 ?-N in the FI block after suspending N treatments for 4 years were similar to those found in 2000, although the soil NO3 ?-N was generally depleted in 2004 compared to 2000. The distribution of soil NO3 ?-N in the CP-irrigated block was dependent on the interaction of sample depth with N treatment in both 2000 and 2004. Soil NO3 ?-N values and differences tended to be too small to be of discernable or practical importance under CP irrigation. The distribution of soil NO3 ?-N in the DL block was dependent on the interaction of sample depth with N treatment in 2000 and 2004. Soil NO3 ?-N was minimal in the three lowest N treatments (0, 33.6, and 67.2 kg N ha?1) in 2000. Greatest amounts of soil NO3 ?-N were found in conjunction with the 134.4 and 168.0 kg N ha?1 treatments both years. Depletion of soil NO3 ?-N was evident in the surface 0.45 m of the 100.8, 134.4, and 168.0 kg N ha?1 treatments under DL conditions in 2004.  相似文献   

9.
Evaluation of nitrogen (N) dynamic in soil using regression equations is important for proper determination of N fertilization. A 3-year field experiment was conducted to (1) develop the best-fitted regression model relating corn grain and stover yield to soil residual ammonium (NH4)-N and nitrate (NO3)-N for corn yield prediction and (2) evaluate how such a model can be beneficial to the health of ecosystem by predicting the appropriate rates of N fertilization for corn production. Soil NH4-N and NO3-N were determined at corn harvest at the depths of 0–30 and 30–60 cm. Nitrogen fertilizer rates and soil mineral N accounted for a maximum of 93% variation in corn grain yield. Soil mineral N enhanced corn yield more than N fertilizer. Totals of 63.1 and 14.1 kg/ha of soil residual NO3-N and NH4-N were found in the 0- to 60-cm depth, indicating the importance of performing soil N tests.  相似文献   

10.
High yield agricultural systems, such as high tunnel (HT) vegetable production, require a large supply of soil nutrients, especially nitrogen (N). Compost is a common amendment used by HT growers both to supply nutrients and to improve physical and biological soil properties. We examined commercially-available composts and their effects on soil N, plant N uptake, and tomato yield in HT cultivation. In addition, a laboratory study examined N and carbon (C) mineralization from the composts, and the usefulness of compost properties as predictors of compost N mineralization was assessed under field and laboratory conditions. The field study used a randomized complete block design with four replications to compare four compost treatments (all added at the rate of 300 kg total N ha?1) with unamended soil and an inorganic N treatment (110 kg N ha?1). Tomatoes were grown in Monmouth, Maine during the summers of 2013 and 2014. Compost NO3?-N and NH4+-N application rates were significantly correlated with soil NO3?-N and NH4+-N concentrations throughout the growing season. Marketable yield was positively correlated with compost total inorganic N and NO3?-N in both years, and with NH4+-N in 2014. There were no significant differences among composts in percentage of organic N mineralized and no correlations were observed with any measured compost property. In the laboratory study, all compost-amended soils had relatively high rates of CO2 release for the initial few days and then the rates declined. The compost-amended soils mineralized 4%–6% of the compost organic N. This study suggested compost inorganic N content controls N availability to plants in the first year after compost application.  相似文献   

11.
Optimal fertilizer nitrogen (N) rates result in economic yield levels and reduced pollution. A soil test for determining optimal fertilizer N rates for wheat has not been developed for Quebec, Canada, or many other parts of the world. Therefore, the objectives were to determine: 1) the relationship among soil nitrate (NO? 3)- N, soil ammonium (NH + 4)- N and N fertilizer on wheat yields; and 2) the soil sampling times and depths most highly correlated with yield response to soil NO? 3-N and NH + 4-N. In a three year research work, wet and dried soil samples of 0- to 30- and 30- to 60-cm depths from 20 wheat fields that received four rates of N fertilizer at seeding and postseeding (plants 15 cm tall) were analyzed for NH + 4-N and NO? 3 -N using a quick-test (N-Trak) and a standard laboratory method. Wheat yield response to N fertilizer was limited, but strong to soil NO? 3-N.  相似文献   

12.
A correct determination of nitrogen (N) fertilization thresholds in wheat that is based on objective yield produces efficient use of this nutrient. Nitrogen fertilization recommendations for traditional wheat require determination of nitrate (NO3 ?)-N availability at 60 cm deep at planting time. However, this methodology is complicated, expensive, and time-consuming; thus, the determination of NO3 ?-N level at a lesser depth and at a different time would be desirable. The goals of this work were to determine available N in soil thresholds for traditional and French germplasm wheats and the feasibility of diagnosing N requirements by measuring NO3 ?-N at 40 cm deep, at planting or tillering times, in the southeastern Pampas. The experiments were factorial combinations of N rates and fertilization times (planting and tillering) at different sites and years during 2002–2006. Nitrogen fertilization significantly increased grain yield and protein content. French varieties presented greater grain yield (23%), lower protein content (11%), and greater yield per N unit, indicating greater N-use efficiency (NUE) than traditional varieties. A similar relationship was determined between grain yield and available N at both sampling depths. This might be explained by the strong association between NO3 ?-N content at 60 and 40 cm deep at both sampling dates. Maximum yield and available N determined at 60 or 40 cm soil deep showed that thresholds were lower for tillering than for planting, regardless of the genotype (152 and 174 kg of available N, respectively). Available N thresholds for 95% of maximum yield were less at 0–40 cm deep than at 0–60 cm deep (10 and 14 kg N ha?1 for traditional and French genotypes, respectively). The results of this experiment suggest the possibility of diagnosing N requirements for wheat by measuring NO3 ?-N content at 40 cm deep, instead of the usual 60 cm, for both traditional and French genotypes.  相似文献   

13.
对不同施肥条件下23年小麦连作地和苜蓿连作地土壤矿质氮分布和累积进行研究,探讨种植浅根系和深根系植物对硝态氮淋溶的影响。结果表明,不施肥(CK)和单施磷(P)肥,小麦和苜蓿连作地土壤硝态氮主要集中在0—60 cm土层,0—60 cm土层以下硝态氮含量变化稳定并小于2 mg/kg。氮肥、磷肥和有机肥配施(NPM)时,小麦连作地土壤硝态氮累积在20—100 cm和140—320 cm土层,年累积速率可达42.12 kg/(hm2.a);苜蓿连作土壤硝态氮主要集中在0—60 cm土层,仅在200—300 cm土层出现轻微累积,年累积速率仅为1.01 kg/(hm2.a)。在不施肥和单施磷肥下,种植小麦或苜蓿对土壤硝态氮残留量影响不显著,而氮、磷和有机肥配施时,小麦连作地土壤硝态氮残留量迅速增加,并与不施肥、单施磷肥处理有显著差异;苜蓿连作地土壤硝态氮残留量虽有少量增加,但与不施肥、单施磷肥处理无显著差异。不施肥、单施磷肥和氮、磷和有机肥配施,小麦连作、苜蓿连作地土壤剖面铵态氮含量主要在10—20 mg/kg之间波动,在土壤剖面无明显的累积现象,铵态氮残留量受施肥和作物种类的影响不显著。  相似文献   

14.
Corn requires high nitrogen (N) fertilizer use, but no soil N test for fertilizer N requirement is yet available in Quebec. Objectives of this research were (1) to determine the effects of soil nitrate (NO3 ?)-N, soil ammonium (NH4 +)-N, and N fertilizer rates on corn yields and (2) to determine soil sampling times and depths most highly correlated with yields and fertilizer N response under Quebec conditions. Soil samples were taken from 0- to 30-cm and 30- to 60-cm depths at seeding and postseeding (when corn height reached 20 cm) to determine soil NH4 + and NO3 ? in 44 continuous corn sites fertilized with four rates of N in two replications using a quick test (N-Trak) and a laboratory method. The N-Trak method overestimated soil NO3 ?-N in comparison with the laboratory method. Greater coefficients of determination were observed for soil NO3 ?-N analyses at postseeding compared with seeding.  相似文献   

15.
Changes of land-use type (LUT) can affect soil nutrient pools and cycling processes that relate long-term sustainability of ecosystem, and can also affect atmospheric CO2 concentrations and global warming through soil respiration. We conducted a comparative study to determine NH4+ and NO3− concentrations in soil profiles (0–200 cm) and examined the net nitrogen (N) mineralization and net nitrification in soil surface (0–20 cm) of adjacent naturally regenerated secondary forests (NSF), man-made forests (MMF), grasslands and cropland soils from the windy arid and semi-arid Hebei plateau, the sandstorm and water source area of Beijing, China. Cropland and grassland soils showed significantly higher inorganic N concentrations than forest soils. NO3−-N accounted for 50–90% of inorganic N in cropland and grassland soils, while NH4+-N was the main form of inorganic N in NSF and MMF soils. Average net N-mineralization rates (mg kg−1 d−1) were much higher in native ecosystems (1.51 for NSF soils and 1.24 for grassland soils) than in human disturbed LUT (0.15 for cropland soils and 0.85 for MMF soils). Net ammonification was low in all the LUT while net nitrification was the major process of net N mineralization. For more insight in urea transformation, the increase in NH4+ and, NO3− concentrations as well as C mineralization after urea addition was analyzed on whole soils. Urea application stimulated the net soil C mineralization and urea transformation pattern was consistent with net soil N mineralization, except that the rate was slightly slower. Land-use conversion from NSF to MMF, or from grassland to cropland decreased soil net N mineralization, but increased net nitrification after 40 years or 70 years, respectively. The observed higher rates of net nitrification suggested that land-use conversions in the Hebei plateau might lead to N losses in the form of nitrate.  相似文献   

16.
【目的】控释尿素已被证明对于提高氮素利用率、减少氮素损失和增产有积极意义,且不同包膜的控释尿素由于包膜材料的不同,对于氮素的释放和供应强度有所不同。本文在黄淮海区域采用玉米田间试验,探讨硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素在氮素供应和减少氮素损失等方面的效应,以期为黄淮海区域夏玉米在高温多雨的种植条件下两种控释尿素的选择和应用提供依据。【方法】以硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素为研究对象,采用田间试验研究0—100 cm土壤剖面中的硝态氮含量,玉米整个生育期的土壤氮素平衡和玉米产量以及氮素利用率。【结果】与相同施氮量的普通尿素相比,硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素均具有"前控后保"的特性,使玉米苗期0—100 cm土层的土壤硝态氮含量降低了11.7%~56.7%和28.8%~68.2%,玉米灌浆期和收获期0—40 cm土层的硝态氮含量分别提高了16.3%~46.7%、0.5%~60.7%;两种控释尿素均能有效降低玉米整个生育期土壤残留的无机氮量、氮素表观损失量和盈余量,降幅分别为12.0%~18.4%、13.2%~66.4%和15.6%~30.9%,使玉米产量提高14.6%~37.5%,氮素利用率提高12.3~20.8个百分点。在N 210 kg/hm2、N 300 kg/hm2两种施氮量条件下,与相同施氮量的硫膜控释尿素相比,树脂膜控释尿素处理的玉米苗期0—60 cm土层的硝态氮含量降低了26.4%~39.1%,灌浆期0—40 cm土层和收获期0—20 cm土层的硝态氮含量分别提高了10%~21.8%和9.6%~16.4%,土壤残留无机氮量、氮素表观损失量和盈余量分别降低了2.3%~6.0%、44.6%~61.3%和17.0%~17.7%,玉米产量提高了6.8%~8.3%,氮素利用率提高了7.1~8.4个百分点,说明树脂膜控释尿素的效果优于硫膜控释尿素。树脂膜控释尿素和硫膜控释尿素在施氮量N 300 kg/hm2时均比N 210 kg/hm2条件下玉米整个生育期不同土层的硝态氮含量提高了1.2%~90.9%和2.0%~56.7%,玉米整个生育期土壤残留无机氮量、氮素表观损失量和盈余量分别提高了42.1%~47.6%、66.2%~137.9%、52.5%~53.8%,玉米产量和氮素利用率分别提高了20.8%和22.5%、6.5和5.2个百分点,施氮量N 300 kg/hm2优于N 210 kg/hm2。【结论】树脂膜控释尿素在减少夏玉米农田土壤剖面硝态氮残留、维持土壤氮素平衡和提高氮素利用率等方面的效果优于硫膜控释尿素和普通尿素。综合考虑保证土壤氮素供应、减少氮素损失、提高玉米产量及氮素利用率等因素,在黄淮海区域高温多雨气候条件下种植夏玉米,以施氮量N 300 kg/hm2的树脂膜控释尿素或者硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素二者配合施用效果最佳。  相似文献   

17.
新疆石河子地区玉米产量及氮素平衡的施氮量阈值研究   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
【目的】合理施用氮肥不仅会提高肥料利用率,还会降低氮素面源污染的风险。通过2年田间肥料定位试验,研究北疆灰漠土区不同氮肥用量下,土壤无机氮积累量、 氮素平衡和玉米产量间的相互关系,为氮肥合理施用提供依据。【方法】研究采用肥料田间定位试验,小区试验于2011-2012年开展,设计6个氮肥（N）用量水平: 0、 225、 300、 375、 450、 600 kg/hm2,分别以N0、 N225、 N300、 N375、 N450、 N600表示,其中300 kg/hm2为当地玉米农田氮肥推荐用量,磷肥（P2O5）施用量为75 kg/hm2,钾肥（K2O）施用量为37.5 kg/hm2。【结果】 1）施用氮肥增加了土壤硝态氮和铵态氮残留量,硝态氮主要残留于060 cm土层,铵态氮主要分布在020 cm土层深度。2011年试验中,土壤无机氮残留量随氮肥用量增加而显著增加,与对照相比,施氮处理无机氮残留量增幅为12%~102%,与施氮量呈指数增长关系。2012年氮肥用量对土壤无机氮残留量的影响与2011年相似。2）施氮量 225 kg/hm2时,0100 cm土层深度土壤无机氮积累量降低,表现为负积累效应,N0和N225处理下2012年土壤无机氮积累量分别较2011年降低165%和170%; 施氮量高于 300 kg/hm2时,土壤无机氮积累量显著增加,表现为富集现象,其中,N375、 N450和N600处理下2012年土壤无机氮积累量分别较2011年增加17%、 388%、 170%。土壤无机氮积累量与施氮量显著呈二次抛物线关系,2011年回归方程为y=0.0001x2 + 0.1013x－22.537（R2 = 0.9288）,无机氮无积累时施氮量为187 kg/hm2; 2012年为 y = 0.0003x2 + 0.1417x - 52.78（R2 = 0.9583）,无机氮无积累时施氮量为245 kg/hm2。土壤氮素表观损失量和氮素盈余量的增加幅度随氮肥用量增加而显著加大。3）氮肥投入可提高玉米产量,产量与施氮量呈显著的二次抛物线或线性加平台的关系,施氮量高于300 kg/hm2时,玉米产量与最高产量差异不显著; 产量与无机氮积累量呈二次抛物线形关系,当土壤无机氮达到平衡时,玉米产量显著低于最高产量,当玉米产量达到最大时,土壤无机氮有一定积累。氮肥利用率则随氮肥用量增加呈指数关系显著降低。施氮量270 kg/hm2为产量与氮肥利用率的交点,施氮量340 kg/hm2 是土壤无机氮残留量与氮肥利用率的交点。【结论】利用产量效应、 环境效应与肥料效应函数的交点确定氮肥投入阈值,是较为优化的方法。合理的氮肥投入不仅能获得玉米高产,降低氮素面源污染风险,还能获得较高的氮肥利用率。因此,施氮量260340 kg/hm2为本研究区玉米高产与环境友好的氮肥投入阈值。  相似文献   

18.
Abstract

Nitrogen (N) fertilizers increase yield and quality of grass forage, and may also alter soil chemical properties. A field experiment was conducted in south‐central Alberta to determine the effect of long‐term application of ammonium nitrate to bromegrass on concentration and downward mobility of soluble NO3‐N, extractable NH4‐N, P, Ca, Mg, and K, and total C and N in a Thin Black Chernozemic loam soil. The fertilizer was applied annually in early spring for 16 years at 0 to 336 kg N/ha. There was little accumulation of NO3‐N in the soil at N rates of 112 kg/ha or less. However, at rates higher than 112 kg N/ha there was accumulation of NO3‐N in the 15–30 and 30–60 cm layers, but very little in the 90–120 cm depth. The NH4‐N accumulated in the 0–5 cm layer when the fertilizer was applied at rates between 168 to 280 kg N/ha and in the 5–10 cm layer at N rates exceeding 280 kg/ha. There was a decline in extractable P in soil with N application up to 84 kg N/ha rate, while it increased with high N rates. The increasing amounts of applied N resulted in a decline in extractable soil Ca, Mg and K, and this decrease was more pronounced in the 0–5,5–10,10–15, and 15–30 cm layers for K, 0–5 and 5–10 cm layers for Ca, and 0–5, 5–10, and 10–15 cm layers for Mg. There was a build‐up of total C and N in the surface soil with increasing rate of applied N.  相似文献   

19.
Biodegradation rates of oily waste in soil can be limited by mineral nutrients, particularly N and P. A laboratory incubation experiment was carried out to investigate the influence of N forms, nitrate (NO? 3-N) vs ammonium nitrogen (NH+ 4-N), and sources, i.e., the conjugate cations/anions, on C mineralization rate (CMR) was determined daily by measuring the CO2 evolved using gas chromatography. The CMR and the cumulative C mineralized (CCM) varied with the form and/or the source of N applied. The greatest enhancement in CMR occurred in the NO? 3-treatments in which the source conjugate cation was Ca+2. The addition of P fertilizer further enhanced C mineralization rates irrespective of the form and/or the source of N added. The results show that up to 45% of the added oily waste mineralized as CO2-C in 28 d. The residual P and N (NO? 3-N plus NH+ 4-N) data showed that approximately 90% of the added P and N were utilized for oil decomposition. The amount of residual NO? 3-N appeared to have an inverse relationship with CCM. The NO? 3-N utilization occurred at the expense of NH+ 4-N and this was particularly high in the treatments which received P.  相似文献   

20.
Sandy loam soil, with added glucose, was incubated anaerobically under N2 and subjected to repeated 1-h C2H2 reduction assays. In the presence of 1% glucose the addition of 50 μg NH4+ ?N/g or of 20 μg NO?3 N/g (untreated soil contained 1.2 μg NH+4?N and 7.10 μg NO?3-N/g) caused at least some suppression of nitrogenase activity. Activity developed when the KCl-extractable soil inorganic nitrogen concentration dropped below 35 μg/g. In the presence of 0.1 or 0.05% glucose the addition of 5 μg NH+4?N/g caused some suppression of nitrogenase activity. However, activity developed when the soil NH4+-N concentration dropped below about 4 μg/g. With 0.1% glucose and 5 μg added NO?2 N/g, activity did not develop until the soil NO?2 -N concentration dropped to zero. Added NO?3 N was rapidly reduced and denitrified to NO?2- N, N2O-N and NH+4 N and furthermore caused some inhibition of CO2 evolution. The data from NH4?-addition experiments are consistent with a nitrogenase repression/ derepression threshold of 4 and 35μg NH+4-N/g at 0.05 and 1% glucose concentrations, respectively. The data from NO?2- and NO?3-addition experiments suggest a combination of repression and toxicity effects in the presence of added NO?3 N.  相似文献   

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