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1.
利用能产生２ｎ配子的二倍体杂种与四倍体普通栽培种和四倍体新型栽培种进行了２ｘ－２ｘ，４ｘ－２ｘ和２ｘ－４ｘ间的杂交，获得了１８个杂交组合的４ｘ杂种家系，将这些家系与其１０个４ｘ亲本品种（品系）及对照品种在同一地点进行了连续两年的比较试验。结果表明：４ｘ杂种家系单株平均块茎产量比亲本两年分别高１６％和１９％；其中最好的６个杂种家系比较好的４个品种（品系）分别高２０％和４３％；杂种产量的优势主要表现在 相似文献
2.
为了评价优良4x马铃薯品种与2x Tuberosum-Solanum tarijense和2x Tuberosum-S．berthauhii无性系间杂交所衍生的4x-2x品系，进行了田间试验。评价了3种性状：块茎总产量、茎秆成熟性和一般块茎外观。通过与各自的2x亲本和4x亲本以及7个4x品 相似文献
3.
试验有3个目的：一是表明在第一次分裂恢复就产生非还原配子的二倍体马铃薯基因型中具有重经济意义的转基因；二是采用4x-2x杂交把转基因导入四倍体后代；三是分析倍数增加对四倍体后代中转基因表达的影响。通过非还原配子检测了倍数增加对马 相似文献
4.
利用单向有性多倍化改良马铃薯的蛋白质含量 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)蛋白质必需氨基酸平衡,通过育种手段提高其蛋白质含量将有助于改善人们的健康水平.本试验试图采用4x-2x组合方式进行有性多倍化,向普通马铃薯转移存在于二倍体栽培种Solanum Phureja和S.phureja-S.stenotomum(PHU-STN)杂种中的高蛋白基因.4x-2x四倍体杂种无性一代种植在哈尔滨和加格达奇,以早熟鲜食马铃薯品种克新4号及中晚熟高淀粉马铃薯品种克新12号为对照,评价其蛋白质含量.在14个组合中,04H19、04H21、04H23和04H17蛋白质含量(干基)均高于克新4号和克新12号,但它们只和克新12差异显著;当以鲜基表示蛋白质含量时组合间差异不显著.无论是以鲜基还是以干基为基础表示蛋白质含量均能从4x-2x四倍体后代中鉴定出高蛋白质的无性系.这些材料为进一步选择或当作亲本改良马铃薯蛋白质含量提供了物质基础. 相似文献
5.
6.
以春性恢复系与半冬性品种(系)杂交后选育的16份新春性恢复系及其4个亲本系[2个半冬性甘蓝型油菜品种(系)和2个春性甘蓝型恢复系]、2个春性甘蓝型不育系为材料, 利用SSR、SRAP和AFLP分子标记技术分析材料间的遗传差异, 同时利用以上2个春性不育系分别与12个新春性恢复系和1个春性亲本恢复系Ag-5进行NCII双列杂交, 测定其杂种优势及杂种表现。16份新恢复系中除931和帐23外, 其余的14份新恢复系与2个不育系的遗传距离均大于其春性亲本恢复系与相应不育系的遗传距离, 说明导入半冬性品种遗传成分能扩大春性恢复系与不育系间的遗传差异; 配制的26个杂交组合中, 其双亲中不育系所对应保持系单株产量为高亲值的组合有15个, 其中13个组合单株产量超亲优势都强于所对应不育系与亲本恢复系Ag-5所配杂交组合, 说明导入半冬性品种遗传成分可增强甘蓝型春油菜杂种优势; 12个新恢复系分别与2个不育系所配24个组合中18个组合的单株产量都分别超过所对应不育系与亲本恢复系Ag-5所配杂交组合, 说明导入半冬性品种遗传成分能提高甘蓝型春油菜杂种的产量; 新恢复系与2个不育系杂交后代的抗病性均强于其亲本恢复系与相应不育系杂交后代的抗病性, 说明导入半冬性品种遗传成分能提高春性甘蓝型油菜杂交种抗菌核病的能力。研究结果表明, 半冬性甘蓝型油菜品种可能为春油菜杂交育种提供有价值的遗传资源。 相似文献
7.
分析比较了4个籼粳遗传分化程度不同的品系与8个常规籼稻品种配组杂交9个农艺性状的配合力效应。结果表明,一般配合力效应及特殊配合力效应与亲本的籼粳遗传分化程度没有明显的关系,4个不同遗传分化品系在9个性状上的一般配合力表现各异,总体上以偏籼品系G2417－1及偏粳品系G3005－4－1表现较好。122／G2417－1、4480／G2615、IR70／G3005－4－1、双桂35／G2615和明恢63／G2123等组合具有较高的单株产量特殊配合力。从2种配合力对杂种性状的影响程度看,在每穗实粒数、结实率、千粒重和单株产量等性状上,杂种主要受特殊配合力的作用,在抽穗期、株高、单株有效穗数、穗长、每穗总粒数等性状上,杂种主要受一般配合力的作用,但特殊配合力的作用亦不容忽视。抽穗期、单株有效穗数、每穗实粒数、结实率、单株产量等性状的超亲优势与两种配合力显著正相关,而多数性状的一般配合力与亲本表型效应值无显著的相关关系。 相似文献
8.
《作物学报》2021,(8)
四倍体栽培小麦(Triticum turgidum L., AABB)和普通小麦(Triticum aestivum L., AABBDD)是两种目前主要的小麦栽培种。通过远缘杂交转移利用四倍体小麦(或六倍体小麦)基因是六倍体小麦(或四倍体小麦)遗传改良的重要方法。然而,两者杂种F1为基因组组成不平衡的五倍体,其中A和B基因组染色体均为两套,而D基因组染色体仅一套。亲本间的遗传差异,包括核基因组和细胞质基因组,可能影响五倍体杂种的染色体传递效率。本研究以多个不同遗传背景的四倍体小麦和六倍体小麦为亲本,配置正反交五倍体杂种F1,采用多色荧光原位杂交技术分析自交F2代植株的染色体组成规律。结果表明,杂交亲本的遗传背景对杂种F1自交结实率影响显著;不论是以四倍体小麦还是六倍体小麦做母本, AB基因组染色体在F1自交过程中相对稳定, F2后代的数目均接近28条(27.9 vs. 28.0);以四倍体小麦为母本F2平均保留的D基因组染色体数显著多于以六倍体小麦为母本的后代(7.0 vs. 2.9)。因此,以四倍体小麦为最终目标后代时,应优先以六倍体小麦为母本进行杂交组合的配置;以六倍体小麦为最终目标后代时,应优先以四倍体小麦为母本开始最初的杂交组合配置。 相似文献
9.
本试验研究了用能产生2n配子的二倍体杂种作父本，与四倍体栽培种进行杂交以及普通栽培种之间进行杂交其后代在产量上的表现，从而评述了能产生2n配子的二倍体杂交种在马铃薯育种工作中的重要价值。在试验中，采用4X-2X与4X-4X两个系统，各有5个品系，采用随机区组设计，通过其后代产量性状的表现来进行比较，研究4X-2X的后代在产量上的潜力；用年度间的产量比较，分析了各品系的产量稳定性，从而筛选符合育种目标的品系。试验结果表明：4X-2X杂交后代的产量明显高于4X-4X杂交后代的产量，在年度比较中发现，各吕系的稳定性都比较好，高产的品系产量仍然很高，说明4X-2X杂交后代保持了2X杂种的优良性状，入选品系有B5、B3、B1。 相似文献
10.
亲本选配是马铃薯杂交育种工作的重点和难点.利用叶绿体DNA(cpDNA)标记方法,对两个马铃薯杂交组合(Shepody×CIP 004和PB 06×CIP 004)的亲本、及其杂交实生种子后代群体的细胞质遗传背景进行了分析.结果显示:Shepody拥有T-型cpDNA标记,属于普通栽培亚种(Solanium tuberosum ssp.tuberosum);CIP004和PB06拥有A-型cpDNA标记,均属于安第斯栽培亚种(Solanium tuberosum ssp.andigena);在cpDNA两个标记位点(H1和H2)上,2个杂交组合实生种子后代群体的细胞质遗传背景分别与其母本完全一致,平均生育期分别与其母本接近.上述结果表明,cpDNA标记技术在马铃薯杂交亲本选配和早世代选育中具有重要的应用价值. 相似文献
11.
Field experiments were carried out in order to evaluate 4x‐2x families derived from crosses between elite 4x potato cultivars and 2x Tuberosum‐Solanum tarijense and 2x Tuberosum‐Solanum berthaultii clones. Three traits were assessed: total tuber yield (TTY), haulm maturity (HM) and general tuber appearance (GTA). The degree of heterosis of these hybrid families was evaluated by comparison with the respective 2x and 4x parents as well as with seven 4x cultivars. The parental haploid species hybrids derived from S. berthaultii and S. tarijense combined two or more positive horticultural characteristics. Expressed as yield percentage of the 4x parents, the TTY of the families ranged from 53% to 246%. For TTY, the best 4x‐2x hybrid family ranked better than seven out of nine elite 4x cultivars. Some families had GTA scores in the range of the highly selected 4x cultivars. The families, however, were generally later maturing than the 4x parent group. Specific combining ability for TTY and GTA were the only two significant sources of variation observed in this genetic material. Parent‐offspring correlation coefficients were low for all traits, and indicated that parental performance would not be informative at either ploidy level. These results parallel previous investigations with distinct haploid species hybrids where a 4x‐2x breeding scheme was found to be an effective strategy for increasing progeny TTY over the 4x parents. However, the high degree of heterosis for TTY along with good GTA scores observed in certain cross combinations derived from these unadapted 2x species was a somewhat surprising result. Thus far, the importance of these two South American wild potato species, from the potato‐breeding standpoint, has been limited to the fact that they are natural reservoirs of major genes controlling resistance against important diseases and insects. However, the level of performance of some 4x‐2x families in comparative assays with elite cultivars suggests the unanticipated possibility of introgressing genetic factors from S. berthaultii and S. tarijense with positive effects on quantitative traits of horticultural importance along with these major resistance genes. 相似文献
12.
The degree of heterosis for total tuber yield (TTY) and total solids (TS) in 4x‐2x crosses was estimated by comparing the performance of 12 families with their respective parents in two locations in Wisconsin (USA). The parental 2x clones were Phureja‐haploid Tuberosum hybrids with 2n‐pollen production by first‐division restitution. The general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) were estimated for TTY, TS, vine maturity (VM), length of tuber sprout dormancy (LD), and tuber eye depth (ED). Family performance for TTY ranged from 74 to 146% at Hancock (E#1) and from 77 to 287 at Rhinelander (E#2) when compared with that of the 4x parent group. For VM, the families were late maturing, but a few precocious ones were identified. For TS, the families had heterosis of 5.1% over the 4x parent group. The families had slightly higher ED values than the 4x parents, but families with values within the commercial range were identified. The family average for LD (54 days) was closer to the 2x group (51 days) than to the 4x group (88 days). The direction and magnitude of the parent‐family relationships were variable. The 4x parent TTY was correlated with progeny in E#1 but not E#2. The 2x parent VM had correlation with the offspring at E#2 but not at E#1. The type of gene action had a trait‐specific expression. Significant SCA and GCA variances were observed, suggesting that additive as well as non‐additive genetic effects were operating. The 4x‐2x crosses were able to generate heterotic families for TTY and TS in combination with other useful traits. However, no promising results were found for LD because of the apparent dominance of the short‐dormancy phenotype. This result indicates the need of additional selection and breeding efforts for some specific traits when using S. phureja‐derived germplasm. 相似文献
13.
Summary A factorial mating design with six 4x cultivars as stylar parents mated to three groups of pollen parents (4x cultivars, 4x high protein selections, and 2x S. phureja) was used to study breeding behavior of yield, tuber set, marketable yield and hollow heart in potatoes. Mean yield for the 4x-2x hybrids was equivalent to that of their cultivar parents although yield components, tuber set and average tuber size, were greater and less, respectively, than the cultivar parents. High estimates of general combining ability were found in both pollen and stylar parents for yield, tuber set, marketable yield, number of marketable tubers and hollow heart in all three hybrid populations. Specific combining ability estimates were significant only for yield and hollow heart. Frequency of white-fleshed 4x-2x progeny of five heterozygous yellow-fleshed 2x phureja genotypes was used to confirm cytological identification of a first division restitution mechanism operative in the 2x parents. Although three of these phureja genotypes generated high-yielding progeny, two others produced 4x-2x progeny with mean yield similar to that of hybrids among 4x cultivars.Scientific journal series article 11,601 of the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station. 相似文献
14.
J.A. Buso F.A.S. Aragão F.J.B. Reifschneider L.S. Boiteux S.J. Peloquin 《Euphytica》2002,126(3):437-446
Families and cultivars derived from three breeding strategies [the conventional 4x-4x (intra-Tuberosum), the interploid 4x (Tub)-2x (Phureja-haploid Tub), and 4x (Tub)-4x (diplandrous tetraploid-DTO)] were evaluated under short-day conditions in Brazil. Two 4x-4x (intra-Tub) cultivars (`Bintje' and `Delta') were used as standards. The 4x-2x (FDR) and 4x-4x (DTO) strategies were equivalent for all traits but they presented superior performance when compared to the 4x-4x (intra Tub) scheme(as a group) for total tuber yield (TTY), commercial yield (CY), and plant vigor (PV). No differences among
breeding schemes were observed for three other traits: eye depth (ED), plant uniformity (PU), and haulm maturity (HM). As
a group, the 4x-2x (FDR) and 4x-4x (DTO) strategies were similar to the two standard cultivar for all traits but HM. However, eight families [six 4x-2x (FDR) and two 4x-4x (DTO)] had significantly superior performance for TTY when compared with the standard cultivars. For CY, the best 4x-4x (DTO) and the best 4x-2x (FDR) families outyielded `Bintje' by161% and 128%, respectively. No major differences were observed between breeding schemes
for TTY and CY when comparing families derived from one single cultivar (`Chiquita') as 4x female parent. However, superior families, based upon multi trait selection criteria, could be obtained only with the 2n-pollen-based
strategies. It was possible to select high yielding 4x-2x (FDR) and 4x-4x (DTO) families with favorable trait combinations (e.g., high yielding with ED scores similar to the standards). Individual
DTO clones selected within these families may represent outstanding parental materials for crosses with tropical-adapted commercial
cultivars. This initial comparison of progenies and cultivars derived from these breeding strategies suggests that 4x-2x (FDR) and 4x-4x (DTO) schemes could be viable alternatives to the conventional 4x-4 × crosses also in tropical/subtropical areas of the world.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
15.
Evaluation of FDR diploid and tetraploid parents in potato under two different day-length environments 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Five tetraploid clones of potato were crossed to each of eight diploid first division restitution (FDR) 2n pollen producers and four tetraploid males using a line × tester mating design. A total of 59 families were obtained and evaluated under long days at Rhinelander (USA). A subset of 49 families were grown under short days at four Peruvian locations. Tuber yield (kg per plant) of 4x-2x families was similar to, or greater than, that of 4x-4x families in short day environments. The diploid clones had breeding values greater than or equal to those of the tetraploid clones. Only families derived from FDR 2n pollinators combined high tuber yield with stability and high dry matter content. Reciprocal recurrent selection would be the best breeding scheme, in which the diploids are testers of the tetraploids and vice-versa. Intra-population improvement could be achieved through phenotypic recurrent selection. The best materials from both breeding pools could then be crossed to produce tetraploid hybrids through unilateral sexual polyploidization (4x-2x crosses). 相似文献
16.
Relationship between heterosis and genetic distance based on morphological traits and AFLP markers in pepper 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Genetic diversity is considered as one of the criteria for the selection of parents for hybrid breeding. The present study was undertaken to evaluate genetic divergence among seven pepper cultivars and to assess the relationship between heterosis and parental genetic distance. Twenty‐one F1 hybrids and seven parents were evaluated for 15 morphological characters in a greenhouse and in the field. The parents were examined for DNA polymorphisms using six amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) primer combinations. Cluster analysis using two genetic distance measures grouped the seven parents differently. Mid‐parent and high‐parent heterosis was observed for most characters. Most hybrids outperformed the parental lines for fruit yield, earliness and plant height. Morphological and AFLP‐based distance measurements were efficient enough to allocate pepper genotypes into heterotic groups. The correlations of morphological distances with mid‐parent heterosis were significant for days to flowering and maturity, suggesting earliness can be predicted from morphological distances of parental lines. However, the correlations of AFLP‐measured genetic distances with mid‐ and high‐parent heterosis were non‐significant for all characters, except for fruit diameter, and proved to be of no predictive value. 相似文献
17.
The use of an 8x Vaccinium produced through doubling a tetraploid hybrid with colchicine was studied as a means of facilitating gene exchange between V. corymbosum L. and V. ashei
Reade. Analysis included meiotic observations and crossability studies of the 8x plant, as well as attempting to develop 6x breeding lines. Meiotic analysis revealed the presence of micronuclei in Telphase II products and polyspory in sporads. In the crossability studies five 4x highbush plants were pollinated with 8x o2 4x pollen. Data gathered included: % fruit set, average weight/fruit, average number of seeds/fruit, average number of seedlings/pollination, and number of 6x seedlings. Octoploid pollinations were significantly lower than 4x pollinations in all parameters. One 6x plant was produced from the 4x-8x crosses but was found to be mitotically unstable, having somatic cells with chromosome numbers ranging from 48 to 168. 相似文献
18.
Genetic diversity of oilseed Brassica napus inbred lines based on sequence-related amplified polymorphism and its relation to hybrid performance 总被引：38，自引：0，他引：38
Significant heterosis for seed yield in oilseed rape has created interest in the development of hybrid cultivars. The DNA‐based marker protocol, sequence‐related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) was used to determine genetic diversity among oilseed rape maintainer and restorer lines. This measure was used in an attempt to establish an association between genetic distance and heterosis in hybrids for various agronomic traits. A total of 118 polymorphic loci were generated by 18 SRAP primer combinations. Based on the polymorphism generated by the markers, calculated similarity index values ranged from 0.46 to 0.97. Cluster analysis grouped 10 maintainer and 12 restorer lines into three groups, with the exception of two maintainer lines, PM5 and PM9, which fell outside these groups. The grouping of the lines was largely in agreement with the available pedigree data on their origin and agronomic performance. Analysis of variance among inbred lines and their resulting F1 hybrids over two locations revealed significant differences for plant height, days to maturity and seed yield, but not for oil content. Substantial mid‐parent heterosis was observed only for seed yield, and ranged from 26% to 169%. All hybrids surpassed their respective inbred lines for this trait, except for a single cross combination of related lines. In general, crosses of lines located in different clusters yielded more than those from the same clusters. Regression analysis revealed a statistically significant relationship between the genetic distance of the parents and seed yield in their hybrid, and their derived mid‐parent and high‐parent heterosis. The correlation coefficient between genetic distance and yield (0.64) indicated a moderately strong relationship, so it is possible that some of the SRAP markers might be linked to quantitative trait loci for seed yield. 相似文献
19.
Dieter Stelling 《Euphytica》1997,97(1):73-79
Parental lines, F1 and F2 hybrids from a 7×7-diallel of topless faba beans and eight standard cultivars were grown in single-rows for two years at four sowing dates on a highly fertile loam soil near Göttingen. In grain yield, F1 hybrids showed 21 to 54% advantage over the higher yielding parent. Compared with the midparental value an average heterosis of 50% was observed for grain yield. Corresponding heterosis mean values ranged from 3 to 37% for yield components and up to 11% for phenological traits. The grain yield of the highest yielding topless F1 hybrid was equal to that of Alfred, the highest yielding indeterminate standard cultivar. High grain yield in the topless hybrids was closely correlated with high biomass yield, late ripening and tall plants generally having a high number of podded nodes and pods on the main stem. Due to their agronomic advantages, i.e., lower plant length, reduced lodging sensitivity and earlier ripening, efforts at breeding topless hybrids seemed to be worth-while in faba beans. However, their yielding ability must be improved further before they can compete with normal, semi-dwarf and stiff-strawed cultivars. 相似文献
20.
Presence of substantial heterosis and economic hybrid seed production are two most desirable components for success of any commercial hybrid breeding programme. Thermosensitive genic male sterile (TGMS) lines of rice, in this regard, have tremendous potential in realizing further quantum jump in yield and economical hybrid seed cost. Analyses for combining ability and heterosis over optimum (120N : 60P2O5 : 40K2O kg/ha) and high (200N : 90P2O5 : 60K2O kg/ha) fertility environments for six traits were made in 2 years (2001 and 2002) using 120 hybrids of inter‐ and intra‐subspecific nature derived from hybridization of 30 elite indica TGMS lines and four cultivars, viz., ‘Pant Dhan 4’ and ‘Ajaya’ (I = indica), ‘Taichung 65’ (J = japonica) and ‘IR 65598‐112‐2’ (TJ = tropical japonica) in line × tester mating design. Predominance of non‐additive genetic variance suggested good prospects of hybrid breeding. Pooled analysis revealed highly significant variances for lines, general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA) and line x tester. TGMS line 365‐8S was the best general combiner for all the six traits including grain yield. Trend of relative mid‐parent heterosis for grain yield, panicle length, grain number per panicle and earliness in flowering was I/TJ > I/J > I/I. For panicle number per plant and 1000‐grain weight, trends were I/TJ > I/I > I/J and I/I > I/TJ > I/J, respectively. Grain yield recorded heterosis of 49.3%, 71.9% and 92.7% for I/I, I/J and I/TJ hybrid groups respectively. Effect of environments on the hybrid performance indicated better response of hybrids at high fertilizer dose. Study suggests greater prospects of combining improved japonica and tropical japonica germplasms having wide compatible gene with indica TGMS lines for exploitation of intersubspecific heterosis. 相似文献