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为明确华北小麦穗期主要蚜虫种类及其生态位, 为京津冀地区小麦蚜虫预测预报和科学防控提供技术支持，采用五点式和棋盘式取样法系统调查了河北廊坊小麦穗期不同蚜虫种类的种群动态及其在植株上的分布, 利用生态位理论, 计算荻草谷网蚜Sitobion miscanthi (Takahashi)、禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus)和麦无网长管蚜Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) 3种优势蚜虫的生态位宽度和重叠度。禾谷缢管蚜的时空生态位最宽, 其次为荻草谷网蚜和麦无网长管蚜, 其中禾谷缢管蚜的生态位宽度随时间推移呈上升趋势, 其他两种蚜虫呈下降趋势。不同蚜虫种类之间存在生态位重叠, 其中荻草谷网蚜与禾谷缢管蚜的重叠度最大, 为2.073 0, 荻草谷网蚜与麦无网长管蚜的重叠度最低, 为1.656 4; 随时间推移, 荻草谷网蚜与禾谷缢管蚜之间的竞争趋于增强, 禾谷缢管蚜与麦无网长管蚜之间的竞争趋于减弱, 而荻草谷网蚜与麦无网长管蚜的竞争关系相对稳定。荻草谷网蚜是当地小麦蚜虫主要优势种群, 禾谷缢管蚜时空生态位宽度最大, 与荻草谷网蚜竞争激烈, 麦无网长管蚜时空生态位相对稳定。 相似文献
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利用吡虫啉种子包衣技术防治麦蚜是我国小麦主产区一项重要的防控措施,目前对麦蚜的防控效果评价主要集中在自然混合种群上,对室内种群尤其是麦无网长管蚜的研究报道较少。为了明确吡虫啉种衣剂对单一蚜虫种类的影响,本文利用吡虫啉悬浮种衣剂处理的小麦苗接种4种蚜虫,分别于3、6和9 d后检查死亡率。并采用生命表方法评价种衣剂处理对麦无网长管生长发育、繁殖和种群生命参数的影响。结果表明:种衣剂处理小麦苗接种的4种蚜虫,3 d后死亡率大小依次为禾谷缢管蚜麦长管蚜麦二叉蚜麦无网长管蚜,6 d后禾谷缢管蚜和麦长管蚜全部死亡;9 d后麦二叉蚜全部死亡,但麦无网长管蚜死亡率仅为10.3%。生命表结果表明:麦无网长管蚜大部分个体在种衣剂处理麦苗上可以完成整个世代周期,但其生长发育延缓,存活率、寿命和繁殖力显著下降,内禀增长率(r_m)、周限增长率(λ)、净生殖率(R_0)显著降低,平均世代周期(T)显著延长。研究结果进一步证实吡虫啉包衣处理对麦长管蚜、禾谷缢管蚜、麦二叉蚜具有很好的防治效果,但对麦无网长管蚜防效较差。 相似文献
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[目的]探讨麦田间作对麦长管蚜种群的生态调控作用。[方法]田间调查小麦单作田、小麦与绿豆、小麦与豌豆以8:2行距间作田麦长管蚜种群数量及其时间动态变化;室内利用"Y"型嗅觉仪测定麦长管蚜对小麦、小麦与绿豆、小麦与豌豆不同组合气味的选择性。[结果]麦田间作不能影响麦蚜种群随时间动态变化曲线,但能在一定程度上降低麦长管蚜无翅蚜和有翅蚜的数量。室内麦长管蚜无翅蚜和有翅蚜显著选择寄主植物的气味。当小麦与绿豆或小麦与豌豆组合时对麦长管蚜没有吸引作用。[结论]非寄主植物的气味对寄主植物气味起掩盖作用,干扰蚜虫的寄主定位,这可能是间作低于单作蚜量的原因之一。 相似文献
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在20～25℃室温下用5种蚜虫分别饲养大灰食蚜蝇的结果表明,用麦长管蚜、禾谷缢管蚜、麦无网长管蚜、豌豆蚜作猎物,均能使食蚜蝇完成发育。幼虫期历期分别为11.0、10.2、10.1和10.6天,发育全期(幼虫+予蛹+蛹期)分别为29.0、30.6、27.4和26.1天,蛹重为33.9～40.7mg,差异不显著。但取食甘蓝蚜的食蚜蝇则不能完成个体发育。每天分别供应5、10、20、40和80头2～3龄麦无网长管蚜饲养食蚜蝇,在5头处理中,幼虫历期明显较长,予蛹及蛹期历期最短,其它4个处理间差异均不显著;幼虫成活率、蛹重和羽化率,则随取食蚜虫量的增加而明显增加。试验结果指出,人工饲养食蚜蝇必需选择适合的蚜种,虽然食蚜蝇幼虫取食86头2～3龄蚜虫即能完成发育,但提供更丰富的猎物还是必要的。 相似文献
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小麦品种多样性对麦长管蚜的生态调控作用 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
为探讨麦田遗传多样性对麦长管蚜的生态效应,系统调查了麦长管蚜及其天敌的种群时序变化,并分析了对麦长管蚜空间分布的影响.结果表明,所有间作处理麦田中高峰期麦长管蚜无翅蚜的百株蚜量均显著低于单作麦田,其顺序为:小麦单作北京837(7 422.0头)>与KOK间作(5796.7头)>与红芒红间作(5406.7头)>与郑州831间作(5291.7头)>与JP2间作(4493.4头)>与中四无芒间作(4 155.0头),且麦蚜由聚集分布趋于均匀分布;蚜茧蜂发生的高峰期,各间作处理麦田中蚜茧蜂的平均数量高于小麦单作田,且差异达极显著水平(P<0.01);各间作处理麦田小麦理论产量增加,与小麦单作处理差异显著(P<0.05).表明大田小麦品种间作抗蚜品种对麦长管蚜有显著的调控作用. 相似文献
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采用目测法、网捕法和整体抽样法,对西藏林芝春青稞整个生长季节内昆虫群落进行系统调查,共查得昆虫12目18科69种,其中捕食性昆虫有5目8科29种、寄生性昆虫有2目4科22种、植食性昆虫有4目6科11种、杂食性等其他类昆虫有1目2科3种。在捕食性天敌昆虫中,食蚜蝇科的种类和数量最多,占捕食性天敌昆虫的34.5%;其次为瓢虫和步行虫,分别占捕食性天敌昆虫的24.1%和20.7%;其他类群占20.7%。在寄生性天敌昆虫中,蚜茧蜂为优势种,寄生能力最强,占寄生性天敌昆虫的35%;其次为寄生蝇占20.9%。在植食性昆虫中,麦无网长管蚜为绝对的优势种,发生数量大,对春青稞危害大;其次为尼胸突鳃金龟、伪土粉蚧和丽腹弓角鳃金龟。天敌昆虫对害虫具有明显的跟随现象,在春青稞整个生育期内不能有效地控制麦无网长管蚜的发生与危害。依据昆虫群落的组成与结构,结合林芝春青稞生育期,将林芝春青稞地昆虫群落动态划分为5个阶段,并指出不同阶段昆虫群落特点及相应的害虫防治策略。 相似文献
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ABSTRACT Population dynamics of Padi avenae (PAV), Macrosiphum avenae (MAV), and Rhopalosiphum padi (RPV) virus serotypes of Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) and of their main aphid vectors were studied in winter barley (Hordeum vulgare) fields for three successive years in western France. An epidemiological model of the spread of viruses in the field was developed based on vector populations as forcing variables and the population dynamics of each virus serotype. This model accurately simulated the kinetics of the epidemic for PAV serotypes, which are the most common ones. For RPV and to some extent for MAV, the results were less satisfactory. The occurrence and spread of PAV and MAV serotypes in the field was clearly and easily related to that of their main vector species. Conversely, the spread of RPV serotypes showed no consistent relationships with the dynamics of their vectors. Incidence of PAV in 1989 to 1990 and 1990 to 1991 showed a bimodal distribution, with maximums in fall (December) and spring (May) that were linked to fall infestations by R. padi and spring infestations by three (R. padi, Sitobion avenae, and Metopolophium dirhodum) or two (S. avenae and M. dirhodum) aphid species. In 1991 to 1992, the PAV infection curve was monomodal and mainly due to a primary spread of the virus by very large populations of alate R. padi. MAV incidence was low in fall and winter and reached a maximum in spring 1990 and 1991 related to the occurrence of S. avenae and M. dirhodum. RPV incidence was low every year, despite the abundance of its vector, R. padi. Mixed infections were more frequent than expected by chance and were assumed to be partly related to heterologous encapsidation. The occurrence of each serotype is discussed in relation to the time of crop infection and possible damage. 相似文献
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蚜茧蜂对麦蚜控制作用的初步研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文应用二次通用旋转组合设计的方法进行了蚜茧蜂对麦蚜寄生能力的研究,得出了蚜茧蜂的寄生量模型：Ｙ＝９１．４０＋４３．６２Ｘ１＋２０．２７Ｘ２＋７．２５Ｘ１Ｘ２－１６．８３Ｘ１＾２＋３．４３Ｘ２＾２。并对模型进行了分析,表明对总寄生量的影响因素中麦蚜密度的大小大于蚜茧蜂本身密度的大小。在试验密度范围内,蚜虫和蚜茧蜂干扰作用不明显,且有相互促进的作用,但增加速度相同。 相似文献
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小麦抗虫品种对麦长管蚜种群及蚜茧蜂寄生和发育的影响 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6
以不选择性为主的小麦抗蚜品种（系）KOK－1679、L1和小白冬麦可显著降低麦长管蚜的种群增长率，对燕麦蚜茧蜂的抗害作用没有负面影响。燕麦蚜茧蜂的控害作用可使小麦植株的株高增长率和叶面积显著提高，但使叶绿素含量提高幅度不大。以2龄麦长管蚜接蚜9日后，低感品种红芒红上该蚜的种群增长率为94．21％，而高抗品系KOK－1679仅为18．05％。对僵蚜及成蜂的观察表明，抗性品种（系）中的成蜂羽化时间缩短，羽化率升高，寿命延长。尽管其寄生率较红芒红低，但可能是麦长管蚜在不选择性抗蚜品种（系）上的定殖率低所致。 相似文献
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为研发小麦蚜虫绿色防控新技术,比较了虫害诱导植物挥发物水杨酸甲酯海藻酸钠缓释球(MeSA)和植物免疫激发子寡糖·链蛋白(OAP)以及二者共同处理对麦蚜及其天敌瓢虫种群动态和数量的影响。结果表明:水杨酸甲酯、寡糖·链蛋白和2者共同处理对麦蚜以及瓢虫的种群发生趋势无影响,但可以显著降低麦蚜无翅蚜的种群数量;3种处理中水杨酸甲酯对瓢虫有极显著吸引效果;不同处理对有翅蚜数量的影响存在一定的差异,在2018年3种处理均可以显著降低麦蚜有翅蚜的数量,而2019年OAP及其与MeSA混合处理可显著降低有翅蚜数量,提高小麦的产量。本研究结果可为我国冬小麦生产中增产、减药提供一定的依据。 相似文献
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The impacts of elevated CO2 and soil water on the population dynamics, adult fecundity and nymphal period of the bird cherry-oat aphidRhopalsiphum padi (Linnaeus) were evaluated in three experiments: (i)Combined effects of CO
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and soil water on aphid populations. Spring wheat was grown in pots at three CO2 concentrations (350, 550 and 700 ppm) and three soil water levels (40%, 60% and 80% of field water capacity, FWC) in field
open-top chambers (OTC) and infested with the bird cherry-oat aphid. Aphid population dynamics were recorded throughout the
growing season; at the same time, adult fecundity and duration of the nymphal period were recorded. Chemical composition of
spring wheat leaves was also analyzed. (ii)Indirect effects of CO
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concentrations and soil water on aphid adult fecundity and nymphal period. The experiment was conducted with the leaf discs method in the laboratory. Aphids were reared on leaf discs excised from
the treated wheat in OTC with different CO2 and soil water levels. (iii)Direct effects of CO
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concentrations on aphid adult fecundity and nymphal period. Aphids were reared on leaf discs excised from the wheat grown under natural conditions. The experiment was conducted with
the leaf disc method in OTC with the three CO2 concentrations. It was found that the direct effect of CO2 concentration on aphid population parameters was minor. CO2 and soil water affected aphid population indirectly through their effects on wheat characteristics. The aphid population
under 550 ppm CO2 was far larger than the one under 350 ppm CO2, whereas the population under 700 ppm CO2 was slightly higher than that under 550 ppm CO2. The largest aphid population was obtained with the 60% soil water treatment, regardless of CO2 treatment. The effects of CO2 concentration on aphid population were, however, not significantly correlated with soil water level. Adult fecundity increased
with CO2 concentration, the highest fecundity being achieved under 60% FWC treatments. The nymphal period was not affected by CO2 concentration. The shortest period occurred under 60% FWC. Atmospheric CO2 and soil water had significant effects on the chemical composition of the wheat leaves. Aphid population size was positively
correlated with leaf water content, concentrations of soluble proteins, soluble carbohydrates and starch, and negatively correlated
with DIMBOA and tannins concentrations.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Oct. 20, 2003. 相似文献