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1.
有机-无机复混肥在日光温室无公害蔬菜上的应用 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
以茄果类蔬菜为供试材料，探讨有机-无机复混肥对日光温室无公害蔬菜产量、品质的影响。结果表明：施用有机-无机复混肥能显著提高日光温室无公害蔬菜的产量和品质，黄瓜、辣椒、西红柿三种蔬菜产量分别较不施化肥对照提高16．44％、17．23％和21．54％，硝酸盐含量分别下降111mg／kg、213mg／kg和223mg／kg。 相似文献
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以有机基质配比茹渣+泥炭土+玉米秆代替土壤,采用随机区组实验设计设置正常施肥、施无机有机复混肥及喷施GA3+无机有机复混肥等7种施肥处理,探讨了日光温室叶面喷施200mg·L^-1GA3与有机无机肥配施对辣椒生长发育、产量及果实品质的影响。结果表明:在不同施肥及其配比条件下,喷施GA3对辣椒生长发育、果实产量和品质产生了显著的影响。在正常施肥条件下,与单独施用有(无)机肥或有机无机肥配施相比较,喷施GA3与有机无机肥配施(处理H:50%(OF+GF)+GA3)辣椒植株生长发育、果实产量和品质的促进效果更为明显。在正常施肥条件下,与不喷施GA3(处理A:正常施肥)相比,喷施GA3与有机无机肥配施对辣椒植株生长发育、产量提高及品质改善的促进作用进一步提高。在有机复合基质栽培下,处理H:50%(OF+GF)+GA3(喷施200mg·L^-1GA3与50%有机肥+50%化肥配施)对辣椒的栽培的效果最好,其株高、单株产量及单位面积产量与处理B(正常施肥+喷施200mg·L^-1的GA3)相比分别增加了40.1%、82.7%和5.01kg·m^-2;与处理G:50%(OF+GF)(50%有机肥+50%化肥配施)相比分别增加了9.6%、24.8%和2.23kg·m^-2。此外,处理H显著改善了辣椒果实的品质,与处理B相比,处理H辣椒果实Vc、可溶性蛋白及还原糖含量分别提高了32.6%、37.8%和65.0%;与处理G相比分别增加了15.4%、11.7%和26.5%。以上结果表明,处理H:叶面喷施GA3(200mg·L^-1)与50%有机肥+50%化肥配施在促进辣椒生长发育并改善其果实品质中起着重要作用,可广泛应用于设施蔬菜类作物的反季节栽培实践中。 相似文献
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试验研究有机无机垃圾复混肥对土壤理化性质与小麦产量的影响结果表明,与不施肥处理相比,有机无机垃圾复混肥处理0~20cm土层土壤容重降低0.04g/cm3,总孔隙度增加1.51%,>0.25mm团粒结构增加5.10%,自然含水量增加71.68g/kg,贮水量增加153.50m3/hm2,阳离子交换量增加7.03cmol/kg,土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾分别增加1.77g/kg、20.51mg/kg、2.95mg/kg、11.10mg/kg,pH值降低0.07。小麦穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、产量分别增加17万穗/hm2、8.73粒、7.24g、1.53t/hm2,增产率达31.23%。并对土壤重金属Hg、Cd、Cr、Pb富集有明显减缓趋势,且经LSR检验不同处理间差异显著性达显著和极显著水平。 相似文献
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不同有机无机复混肥对小麦产量、氮效率和土壤微生物多样性的影响 总被引：14，自引：1，他引：13
通过田间试验,研究了菜粕堆肥、猪粪堆肥和中药渣堆肥有机无机复混肥与无机复混肥等价格施入对小麦产量、氮素利用率以及土壤微生物多样性的影响。结果表明,3种堆肥原料有机无机复混肥处理的小麦子粒产量（5838.8～6243.1 kg/hm2）为化肥处理（5880.4 kg/hm2）的99.3%～106.2%,差异不显著。猪粪处理和菜粕处理的小麦子粒的氮素累积量（分别为100.2 kg/hm2和95.8 kg/hm2）显著高于化肥处理（85.9 kg/hm2）和中药渣堆肥有机无机复混肥处理（84.5 kg/hm2）;3种有机无机复混肥的氮肥回收效率和氮素利用率（包括氮素生理利用效率和氮素子粒生产效率）都高于化肥处理的氮肥回收效率和氮素利用率。对各处理土壤DNA条带采用邻接法分析表明,施入外源有机物质(菜粕堆肥、猪粪堆肥与中药渣堆肥)可以改变土壤的微生物细菌群落结构,而施入化肥对土壤的微生物细菌群落结构影响较小。本试验条件下,施用3种堆肥原料的有机无机复混肥可以获得与施用化肥相当的小麦子粒产量,提高小麦的氮素回收和利用效率,改变土壤微生物细菌群落结构。 相似文献
6.
麸酸型有机复混肥对水稻产量、品质及养分利用率的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
探索出麸酸型有机复混肥与无机肥最适宜比例,为水稻上施用麸酸型有机复混肥提供科学依据。在等量N、P2O5、K2O养分条件下,研究施用麸酸型有机复混肥与化肥不同比例配施对水稻产量、品质及养分利用率的影响。结果表明:50%麸酸有机复混肥+50%化肥水稻经济产量与生物量最高,分别较单施化肥增产3.6%与6.5%。配施麸酸有机复混肥的总氨基酸含量较单施化肥提高4.6%～19.2%,其中必需氨基酸含量提高4.5%～21.5%,同时提高了淀粉、粗蛋白含量,且氨基酸、淀粉含量均随着麸酸有机复混肥施肥比重的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势。另外,配施有机复混肥均提高了水稻氮、钾总吸收量,氮、钾养分利用率较单施化肥分别提高了7.1～9.9与6.1～22.7个百分点,说明麸酸型有机复混肥与化肥配施能获得比单施化肥处理更高或相当的稻谷产量并有效地提高水稻的品质和养分利用率。 相似文献
7.
有机无机复混肥对花生生长和品质的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
试验以不施肥(CK)为对照处理,在同等施肥量下设置化肥处理(NPK)、有机无机复混肥处理(T1和T2),研究其对土壤养分含量、花生农艺性状和花生产量、品质指标的影响。结果表明:与CK相比,化肥处理(NPK)和有机无机复混肥处理均促进了花生生长,增加了土壤速效养分含量,且NPK、T1和T2分别增产9.5%、17.3%和19.7%;与单施化肥处理相比,有机无机复混肥处理改良了土壤pH,提高了土壤速效钾含量,明显改善花生农艺性状,T1和T2处理分别增产7.1%和9.3%,分别提高肥料偏生产力21.0%和23.5%、肥料贡献率6.0%和7.8%。因此,在等量施肥下,有机无机复混肥对土壤速效养分含量的增加、花生农艺性状的改善以及产量的提升具有更好的促进作用,肥料的偏生产力和肥料贡献率更高,是未来花生可持续生产的重要施肥措施。 相似文献
8.
不同原料堆肥的有机无机复混肥对辣椒产量和土壤生物性状的影响 总被引：11，自引：1，他引：11
通过田间试验,研究了施用以菜粕堆肥、猪粪堆肥和中药渣堆肥的3种有机无机复混肥对辣椒产量、土壤矿质态氮和土壤微生物量碳、氮以及微生物多样性的影响。结果表明：1）各施肥处理辣椒果实产量为2451.1-3301.5 kg/hm^2,均显著高于对照（CK,1700.8 kg/hm^2）;3种原料堆肥的有机无机复混肥的辣椒果实产量为2851.3-3301.5kg/hm^2,显著高于单施化肥CF,增产率为16.3%-34.7%。2）与CF和CK处理比较,3种原料堆肥的有机无机复混肥处理明显提高了土壤矿质态氮含量,改善了土壤供氮能力,增加了土壤微生物量C、N含量。3）对各处理土壤DNA条带采用邻接法分析（Neighbor joining）表明,5个处理土壤样品共分为3大族群,CF与CK为一种族群,菜粕堆肥的有机无机复混肥（RCC）为另一种族群,猪粪堆肥的（PMC）和中药渣堆肥的有机无机复混肥（CMC）又属另一种族群。说明施入外源有机物质（菜粕、猪粪与中药渣）可能改变土壤的细菌群落结构,而施入化肥对土壤的细菌群落结构影响较小。 相似文献
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10.
以珍珠岩、煤渣、河沙混合物为培养基质,采用盆栽方法研究了3种新型复合肥即生物复合肥、有机无机复合肥、全有机复合肥对生菜产量、硝酸盐含量、重金属含量和营养品质的影响。结果表明,生菜产量以有机无机复合肥>生物复合肥>对照(无机营养液)>全有机复合肥,处理间差异极显著。不同处理生菜硝酸盐含量为1375～3935mg/kg,以无机营养液最高,有机无机复合肥最低,3种新型复合肥较对照生菜硝酸盐含量降低37.9%～72.5%。生菜中Hg、Pb、Cr含量,除全有机复合肥处理Hg含量(0.0101mg/kg)和对照处理Pb含量(0.235mg/kg)略超标外,其余各处理3种重金属含量低于限量值且较对照降低20.8%～83.1%。复合肥各处理生菜中的Hg、Pb、Cr累积量分别占肥料总量的11.1%～63.0%、38.2%～78.7%和10.9%～53.5%。施用复合肥明显提高生菜可溶性糖和Vc含量,但对氨基酸含量的影响不一致。 相似文献
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
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Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
15.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
17.
Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells. 相似文献
18.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
19.
Y. Bashan J. J. Bustillos L. A. Leyva J.-P. Hernandez M. Bacilio 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2006,42(4):279-285
Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several
photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene.
This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments
for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference
in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless
of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots.
Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production
or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation. 相似文献
20.
Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico
and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria
(Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite
amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation.
Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured
as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions. 相似文献