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1.
In the present study, we investigated the possible protective role of vitamin E, selenium (Se) and vitamin E plus Se in fenthion-induced organophosphates (OP) toxicity in rats. Serum concentrations of ascorbic acid, retinol, β-carotene, ceruloplasmin, nitrite and nitrate as well as levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathion (GSH) in whole blood and in some tissues such as brain, heart, jejunum, kidney, liver, lung, muscle and pancreas were measured in sham, control, vitamin E, Se and vitamin E + Se groups. Compare to the sham group, the MDA (p < 0.001) and GSH (p < 0.01) levels in whole blood and some in tissues were significantly higher in the control animals. Ceruloplasmin levels of the control (p < 0.05), vitamin E (p < 0.05) and vitamin E + Se (p < 0.01), groups were higher than the sham group. Ascorbic acid, retinol, β-carotene as well as nitrite and nitrate levels in the control group were significantly lower than sham, vitamin E, Se and vitamin E + Se groups. We concluded that fenthion toxicity-induced lipid peroxidation and generation of free radicals in whole blood and tissues. Additionally, the antioxidants we tested did show a significant protective effect against OP-induced tissue and blood injury at the biochemical level.  相似文献   

2.
Considering that the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated in the toxicity of organophosphate insecticides (OPIs), the aim of this study was to investigate the ameliorative properties of vitamin E (vitE) against the subchronic effect of diazinon (DZN) on oxidative damage markers such as lipid peroxidation (LPO) and the antioxidant defense system (ADS) in the liver of male MFI albino mice. The groups were intraperitoneally (i.p) administered with either vehicle or vitE (100 mg/kg body weight) or ¼ LD50 of DZN (16.25 mg/kg b.w.) or ½ LD50 of DZN; 32.5 mg/kg b.w) or ¼ LD50-DZN + vitE or ½ LD50 + vitE every consecutive day for 14 days. Hepatic damage markers analysis revealed that alanine transferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were significantly decreased in both DZN doses. Also, the significantly increased levels of biomarkers of oxidative stress as LPO and protein carbonyl (PC) and the decreased antioxidant defenses like reduced glutathione (GSH), and free radical scavenger enzymes viz., catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and glutathione reductase (GSH-Rx) were noted in DZN-treated groups as compared to control group. Distinctly lower levels of GSH and increased levels of LPO, along with alterations in endogenous antioxidant enzymes were evident in hepatic toxicity of DZN which is dose-dependent. Hepatic specific marker enzymes were restored to normalcy in mice supplemented with vitE following treatment with DZN which otherwise was decreased in the DZN-treated mice. The results show that co-treatment of vitE with DZN prevents or diminishes the oxidative stress of DZN-treated mice and may act as a putative protective agent against DZN-induced liver tissue injury.  相似文献   

3.
The present study was designed to investigate the effects of vitamin E (vit E), selenium (Se) and vit E + Se against organophosphate (OP) toxicity in tissues’ trace and major element levels and erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities of rats. Trace and major element concentrations in the tissues were measured by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. Erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities were studied by using spectrophotometer. Antioxidant enzyme activities such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase increased in the fenthion-treated groups (control) more than that of sham group subjects. Heart and pectoral muscle tissue Se and Zn concentrations in the control group were higher than sham group. However, jejunum, kidney, liver and pancreas Se and Zn concentrations in the control group were found to be lower than those in the sham group. The Mn concentrations in the all of the tissues were lower in the control group when compared with the sham group. Brain, heart, jejunum, kidney and pancreas Fe concentrations and heart, jejunum, liver, pectoral muscle and pancreas Cu concentrations were found to be lower in the control group. The treatment of vit E, Se and vit E + Se were increased bio-element levels in the many tissue. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrate that the tissue trace and major element concentrations and enzymatic antioxidant system were significantly affected OP toxicity. Furthermore, we have shown an association between bio-elements and antioxidant enzymes in OP toxicity. In addition, administration of vit E, Se and vit E + Se might regulate some trace and major element levels in the many tissues.  相似文献   

4.
Organophosphorus insecticides (OPIs) may induce oxidative stress leading to generation of free radicals and alteration in antioxidant system of animals. Many studies reported that enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant may play protective role against OPIs induced toxicity in human and rats. The aim of present study was to investigate the possible protective role of vitamin E on ethion-induced hepatotoxicity in rats using qualitative, quantitative and biochemical approaches. Adult male albino rats of Wistar strain were randomly divided into four groups; each group consists of six animals. Animals were treated for a period of 28 days. Group I (control group received corn oil); Group II [ethion treated (2.7 mg/kg bw/day)]; Group III (vitamin E treated (50 mg/kg of bw/day)]; Group IV (ethion + vitamin E treated). Animals were sacrificed after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days by decapitation and liver tissue was used for the measurement of proteins, lipid peroxidation (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH) content and activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). Erythrocytes were analyzed for acetyl cholinesterase activity. The result of this study shows that in vivo administration of ethion caused a significant induction of oxidative damage in liver tissue as evidenced by increased level of LPO and decreased GSH content. Ethion toxicity also led to a significant increase in the activities of SOD, CAT, GPx and GST in liver tissue. In addition, decrease in GR activity was observed in ethion administered rats compared to control. Histopathological findings revealed that exposure to ethion caused damage in liver tissue. However, simultaneous supplementation with vitamin E restored these parameters partially. In conclusion, the results of the current study revealed that ethion-induced toxicity caused lipid peroxidation, alterations in the antioxidant enzymes and histopathological changes in liver. Supplementation of vitamin E exhibited protective effect by inhibiting ethion-induced toxicity in liver and erythrocytes.  相似文献   

5.
Methyl parathion is an organophosphate insecticide that has been used in agriculture and domestic for several years. Vitamin C (200 mg/kg bw per day) + vitamin E (200 mg/kg bw per day), methyl parathion (0.28 mg/kg bw per day) and vitamin C (200 mg/kg bw per day) + vitamin E (200 mg/kg bw per day) + methyl parathion (0.28 mg/kg bw per day) combination were given to rats orally via gavage for 7 weeks. Body and kidney weights, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and histopathological changes were investigated at the end of 4th and 7th weeks comparatively with control group. When methyl parathion-treated group and vitamins C and E + methyl parathion-treated group were compared to control group body and kidney weights decreased significantly at the end of 4th and 7th weeks. MDA levels increased in kidney tissues of the methyl parathion- and vitamins C and E + methyl parathion-treated groups compared to control group. MDA levels decreased significantly in vitamins C and E + methyl parathion treated group compared with methyl parathion treated group at the end of 4th and 7th weeks. In our light microscopic investigations, after 4 weeks of methyl parathion exposure, glomerular atrophy and vascular dilatation, and after 7 weeks, necrosis and edema were observed in the kidney tissues. After 4 weeks of vitamins C and E + methyl parathion exposure, mononuclear cell infiltrations, and after 7 weeks, calcification were detected in the kidney tissues.  相似文献   

6.
The objective of the present study was to investigate the role of α tocopherol and selenium on malathion induced hepatic damage, and antioxidant defense in chicks. The chicks were divided into three groups. First group received malathion 10 mg/kg BW, orally for 60 days, the second group received the same dose of malathion but was supplemented with α tocopherol and selenium for 60 days and the third group served as the control. A compromised antioxidant capacity as evidenced by increased levels of erythrocytic lipid peroxidation and decreased concentration of vitamin E and decreased activity of glutathione peroxidase was observed in chicks following the administration of malathion. An improved antioxidant status was observed in chicks of second group with α tocopherol and selenium supplementation including higher concentration of vitamin E, increased activity of glutathione peroxidase and lower levels of lipid peroxidation. Histopathological studies of liver in the chicks which received malathion exhibited, moderate to severe degenerative and necrotic changes in the hepatocytes. The correlation of decreased antioxidant status of chicks with degenerative changes in liver suggests that lipid peroxidation may be one of the important mechanism in the chronic toxicity of malathion. The results indicate that α tocopherol and selenium were effective in partially alleviating degenerative changes induced by malathion in the liver of chicks by attenuating processes leading to lipid peroxidation.  相似文献   

7.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), which has been demonstrated to have antiinflammatory, antiproliferative, anticancerogenic, and antioxidant effects, and vitamin E on IL-1β and IL-6 in bleomycin-induced (BLM-induced) pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into four groups as untreated control, bleomycin, bleomycin + CAPE, and bleomycin + vitamin E groups. At the end of the treatment, blood IL-1β and IL-6 levels were quantified. Bleomycin application to the rats resulted in a significant increase in the cytokine levels as compared to the controls. Administration of CAPE and vitamin E prevented the increase of blood IL-1β and IL-6 levels compared to the rats treated with bleomycin alone. Data presented here suggest that CAPE and vitamin E play a protective and moderator role against BLM-induced lung injuries by decreasing the primary inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β and IL-6.  相似文献   

8.
Organophosphorus insecticides and ethanol individually cause free radical production induced by oxidative stress and alter the antioxidants and scavengers of free radicals. The present study indicates the effect caused by dimethoate in combination with ethanol on antioxidant status in mice. Daily, dimethoate at a dose of 18 mg/kg body weight and ethanol at 1 g/kg body weight were orally administered concurrently in a subacute study for 14 days. After the experimental period, the liver and kidney homogenates were analysed for various antioxidant enzymes. The results compared with dimethoate alone treated control indicated an increase in hepatic cytochrome P450 and lipid peroxidation. Decrease in superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase, and glutathione in liver was observed. In kidney, decrease in CAT, SOD, GR, GST, and GSH was observed. Acetyl cholinesterase activity of RBC was increased. No significant change was observed in catalase in liver and glutathione peroxidase in kidney. The results of the study allow us to hypothesize that dimethoate along with ethanol disturbs the antioxidant status.  相似文献   

9.
The significant antiradical activity of cashew skin extract was previously described. In this investigation, the extent of protection offered by cashew nut skin extract (CSE) against the damage induced in rat pancreas by sub chronic doses dimethoate (DM), an organophosphorous pesticide was studied. Rats were supplemented with CSE at 20 mg/kg b.w./d after a daily dose of DM at 40 mg/kg/d b.w. for 2 months. Weekly random blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT); pancreatic damage markers like amylase and lipase; oxidative damage markers such as reactive oxygen species generated, extent of lipid peroxidation, host antioxidant defenses like reduced glutathione (GSH); GSH-dependent enzyme activities viz., glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR); free radical scavenger enzymes viz., catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD); xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes like DT-diaphorase and NADPH-diaphorase were measured in the four different groups namely (1) control, (2) DM treated, (3) CSE supplemented, (4) CSE supplements following DM treatment. Random blood glucose levels increased significantly on exposure to DM compared to that in control rats (119 ± 5 mg/dl vs. 92 ± 4 mg/dl), while the blood glucose levels in CSE supplemented rats were comparable to that of controls. DM treated rats exhibited impaired glucose tolerance at the end of two months as indicated by OGTT, while DM treated rats with CSE supplements showed normal glucose tolerance. Pancreatic specific marker enzymes like amylase and lipase in serum were restored to normalcy in rats supplemented with CSE following treatment with DM which otherwise was increased in the DM treated rats. Distinctly lower levels of GSH, increased levels of ROS, higher extent of lipid peroxidation, along with alterations in antioxidant enzymes and increase in xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes were evident in pancreas of DM treated rats. However, CSE supplement ameliorated the biochemical alterations in the pancreatic milieu in DM treated rats. Treatment with CSE significantly protected rat pancreas from injury, thus ameliorating and restoring tissue antioxidant status and also conferring normal glucose tolerance. The active components present in cashew skin extract can perhaps be effective in reducing the extent of pancreatic injury and in overcoming tissue damage caused by exposure to dimethoate.  相似文献   

10.
Methyl parathion is an organophosphate insecticide that has been used in agriculture and domestic for several years. Vitamin C (200 mg/kg bw per day) + vitamin E (200 mg/kg bw per day), methyl parathion (0.28 mg/kg bw per day) and vitamin C (200 mg/kg bw per day) + vitamin E (200 mg/kg bw per day) + methyl parathion (0.28 mg/kg bw per day) combination were given to rats orally via gavage for 7 weeks. Body and testis weights, sperm counts, sperm motility, sperm morphology and histopathological changes in the testes were investigated at the end of 24 h, 4th and 7th weeks comparatively with control group. No pathological changes were observed in all parameters at the end of 24 h. When methyl parathion-treated group and vitamins C and E + methyl parathion-treated group were compared to control group, body and testis weights decreased significantly at the end of 4th and 7th weeks. It was observed that, at the end of 4th and 7th weeks there was a statistically significant decrease in sperm counts and sperm motility, increase in abnormal sperm morphology when methyl parathion- and vitamins C and E + methyl parathion-treated group were compared to control group. While sperm counts increased at the end of 4th and 7th weeks, sperm motility increased at the end of 7th week when vitamins C and E + methyl parathion-treated group compared with methyl parathion-treated group, no changes were observed in abnormal sperm morphology at the end of 4th and 7th weeks. In our light microscopic investigations, after 4 and 7 weeks of methyl parathion exposure, necrosis and edema were observed in the seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissues. After 4 and 7 weeks of vitamins C and E + methyl parathion exposure, degenerative changes were detected in the seminiferous tubules while no pathological findings were observed in the interstitial tissues. According to the present study, we conclude that vitamins C and E reduces methyl parathion testicular toxicity, but it does not protect completely.  相似文献   

11.
The toxicity of fenvalerate to the prawn Penaeus monodon was evaluated using biomarkers of stress. In a preliminary bioassay test, P. monodon was exposed to a series of fenvalerate concentrations, which showed 4, 6.5 and 8.5 μg L−1 to be sublethal, median lethal and lethal, respectively. Sublethal effect of fenvalerate was further evaluated in hepatopancreas, muscle and gills of prawns with reference to oxidative stress biomarkers. Significant induction of lipid peroxidation and glutathione-S-transferase activity was found in hepatopancreas, muscle and gills of prawns exposed to fenvalerate when compared to control (P < 0.001, P < 0.05 and P < 0.05). On the contrary, the activities of Superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, vitamin C, vitamin E and glutathione were found to be reduced in the experimental group of prawns when compared to control. The results suggest that the animals were under oxidative stress when exposed to sublethal concentration of fenvalerate.  相似文献   

12.
This study was undertaken to evaluate the antioxidant effect of vitamins C and E against oxidative stress, apoptosis and histological changes of kidney and retina in CPF-treated rats. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups including the control group, the group treated orally with a single dose of CPF (63 mg/kg b.w.), the group injected intramuscularly (i.m.) with vitamin C (250 mg/kg b.w.), and intraperitonealy (i.p.) with vitamin E (150 mg/kg b.w.) daily for 7 days and the group treated with CPF (single dose) and injected with vitamins (for 7 days). The results showed that CPF induced apoptosis and severe oxidative stress as indicated by the significant increase in MDA and sFasL concentration and the significant decrease in GSH concentration in serum. Co-administration of vitamins C and E ameliorate these toxic effects and improved the histological pictures of kidneys and retinas. It could be concluded that combined administration of vitamins C and E is useful in the routine therapy for the protection against tissue damage induced by CPF.  相似文献   

13.
Evaluation of the antioxidant and antiteratogenic role of ginger Zingiber officinale polyphenols against the toxicity induced by fenitrothion and/or lead in female albino rats were investigated. Adult virgin females were divided into 8 groups and were orally treated as follow: control (C), 1% w/w of ginger (G), 120 μg/animal lead as lead acetate (L), 10 mg/kg of fenitrothion (F), lead (120 μg/animal) fenitrothion (10 mg/kg) (LF), ginger (1%w/w) + fenitrothion (10 mg/kg) (GF), ginger (1%w/w) + lead (120 μg/animal) (GL), ginger (1%w/w) + lead (120 μg/animal) + fenitrothion (10 mg/kg) (GLF). Treatments were expanded for 28 days before pregnancy and during gestation period from zero to 6th day. Blood samples were taken at the day 20th of gestation and animals were sacrificed to investigate the effect of tested substances on dams and development of their fetuses. Inhibition in AchE in (F) and (LF) groups and elevation in plasma AchE in (L) groups were observed. Elevation in oxidative stress biomarker malondialdehyde (MDA) was recorded in all intoxicated groups concomitants with reduction in total reduced glutathione (GSH) and reduction in the activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST). Elevation in liver function biomarkers alanin amintransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and reduction in plasma total protein and albumin were recorded in (F), (L) and (LF). Supplementation with ginger in diet attenuates the alteration in MDA, GSH, GST, ALT and AST, however, it failed to counteract the effect of F, L and LF on AchE, total protein and albumin. Significant alterations in maternal toxicity were recorded in (GF, GL, LF and GLF) compared with control group. Also, parameters of embryotoxicity and fetotoxicity indicated significant decrease in litter number that observed in F and L and the number of dead fetus/dam and litters number increased in L group. Supplementation with ginger decreased each of the number of died fetus, growth retardation and fetal length, while, it increased fetal weight. As regards to, teratological aspects, the percentage of skeletal malformations and visceral anomalies were observed in all feti obtained from treated groups with different percentages. Supplementation with ginger slightly attenuates the developmental toxicity of fenitrothion and/or lead.  相似文献   

14.
Pesticides induce oxidative stress leading to generate free radicals and alternate the antioxidant or oxygen free radical scavenging enzyme system. This study was conducted to investigate the oral toxicity of chlorpyrifos toward male rat and the oxidative stress of the sub-lethal dose (9 mg/kg; 1/25 LD50) on the lipid peroxidation level (LPO), reduced glutathione content (GSH) and antioxidant enzymes; catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities of testicular tissue. Also, the protective effects of propolis extract (50 mg/kg b.w.) alone or in combination with chlorpyrifos were investigated. The oral administration of chlorpyrifos significantly caused elevation in LPO level by 1.79-fold as compared to control. The activities of antioxidant enzymes including CAT, SOD, GPx and GST were decreased significantly (23.66%, 27.75%, 29.13% and 11.52%) as well as the level of GSH decreased by 21.97% in testicular tissue as compared to control animals. Co-administration of propolis extract with chlorpyrifos or alone in male rats decreased LPO level, normalized CAT, SOD GPx and GST activities, while GSH content was increased in testicular tissue. We conclude that propolis extract significantly reduces chlorpyrifos-induced oxidative stress in rat testis and the protective effect of the pre-treatment with propolis extract as attenuating agent could be due to its antioxidant properties.  相似文献   

15.
The present study was planned to evaluate the role of vitamin E, if any, in attenuating the methomyl induced hematological and biochemical alterations in blood of male wistar rats. Animals, in the weight range of 130-150 g, were administered methomyl orally in drinking water at a sub-acute dose level of 4 mg/kg body weight on alternate days for a duration of one month, vitamin E was administered intraperitoneally to normal or methomyl treated rats on alternate days as a pretreatment for a week at a dose level of 50 mg/kg body weight and subsequently for a further period of one month. Methomyl treatment resulted in a significant increase in the levels of lipid peroxidation and super oxide dismutase (SOD) activity in erythrocytes. On the contrary, reduced Glutathione levels (GSH) and the activities of catalase, Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and Glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) were found to be significantly decreased. Methomyl treatment caused a significant increase in total leukocyte counts (TLC), platelet, neutrophil, eosinophil, and lymphocyte and monocyte counts. Scanning Electron Micrographs showed significant morphological changes, which included spherocytosis and poikilocytosis. However, vitamin E supplementation to methomyl treated rats significantly decreased the raised levels of LPO whereas it caused a significant increase in GSH levels. Also, vitamin E supplementation could significantly elevate the activities of catalase GSHPx, GST and resulted in the normalization of SOD activity. Vitamin E supplementation also proved to be effective in significantly decreasing the already raised values of TLC and lymphocytes counts and almost normalized the platelets, neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes counts. Further, vitamin E supplementation improved the morphology of the red blood cells. The study, therefore, concludes that vitamin E can effectively mitigate most of the adverse effects induced by methomyl in rat blood.  相似文献   

16.
Nowadays, people’s exposure to pesticides such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is increasing continuously. This compound is suspected to produce in excess free radicals which have adverse effects on human health causing several cell alterations in the organism. The present study investigated oxidative stress in the bone and erythrocytes of suckling rats whose mothers were treated with 2,4-D. Experiments were carried out on adult Wistar rats given 600 mg/L of 2,4-D in their drinking water from the 14th day of pregnancy until day 14 after delivery. Exposing dams to 2,4-D caused disorders in the bone of their progeny. Indeed, it induced changes in bone mineralization, especially calcium and phosphorus levels. Moreover, total tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, which reflected bone resorption, was enhanced while total alkaline phosphatase, which reflected bone formation, was reduced suggesting that this herbicide accelerated bone resorption. The impairment of bone function corresponded histologically.Rats exposed to 2,4-D showed in both bone and erythrocytes an increase in malondialdehyde, advanced oxidation protein products and protein carbonyl levels and a decrease in non-enzymatic (glutathione, non-protein thiol, and vitamin C) and enzymatic (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) antioxidant system.  相似文献   

17.
Diazinon is an organophosphate insecticide has been used in agriculture and domestic for several years. Vitamin E (200 mg/kg, twice a week), diazinon (10 mg/kg, per day), and vitamin E (200 mg/kg, twice a week)+diazinon (10 mg/kg, per day) combination was given to rats orally via gavage for 7 weeks. Body and heart weights, malondialdehyde (MDA) level in heart tissue and ultrastructural changes in myocardial cells were investigated at the end of the 1st, 4th, and 7th weeks comparatively with control group. When diazinon-treated group was compared to control group body and heart weights were decreased significantly at the end of the 4th and 7th weeks. It was observed that, at the end of 1st, 4th, and 7th weeks there was a statistically significant increase in MDA levels when diazinon- and vitamin E +diazinon-treated groups were compared to control group. While at the end of the 1st week statistically significant changes were not being observed, at the end of 4th and 7th weeks statistically significant decrease was detected in MDA levels when vitamin E+diazinon-treated group was compared to diazinon-treated group. In our electron microscopic investigations, while vacuolization and swelling of mitochondria myocardial cells of diazinon-treated rats were being observed, swelling of several mitochondria were observed in vitamin E+diazinon-treated rats. We conclude that vitamin E reduces diazinon cardiotoxicity, but vitamin E does not protect completely.  相似文献   

18.
Propoxur (PPr) is a widely used broad spectrum carbamate insecticide mainly used to control household pests. Because of the widespread use of pesticides for domestic and industrial applications, evaluation of their neurotoxic effects is of major concern to public health. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible protective effects of Nigella sativa oil (NSO), an antioxidant agent, against PPr-induced toxicity and oxidative stress in different brain regions of rats including cerebellum, cortex and hippocampus. In the present study, 32 male Sprague-Dawley rats were used and divided into four equal groups. Group 1 was allocated as the control group. Groups 2-4 were orally administered 1 ml/kg/bw/day NSO, 8.51 mg/kg/bw/day PPr or NSO plus PPr, respectively, for 30 days. Lipid peroxidation (LPO), protein carbonyl content (PCC) and acetylcholine esterase activity (AChE) were determined. Enzymatic antioxidant activities [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione-S-transferase (GST)] and non-enzymatic antioxidants [reduced glutathione (GSH)] were determined. PPr treatment significantly increased the levels of LPO, PCC and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) in brain regions. On the contrary, levels of GSH and the activities of SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, GST and AChE were significantly decreased. NSO treatment to PPr intoxicated rats restored such biochemical parameters to within control levels except GST activity, emphasizing its antioxidant role. We conclude that NSO significantly reduces PPr-induced toxicity and oxidative stress in rat brain regions via a free radicals scavenging mechanism.  相似文献   

19.
A hundred and sixty female white mice, each weighing 35-40 g, were used in this study. The animals were assigned into eight groups as one control group and 7 experimental groups. Groups 2, 3 and 4 were administered N-acetylcysteine (NAC), proanthocyanidin and vitamin E alone, at doses of 100 mg/kg/body weight/day by intra-peritoneal, oral route and, intramuscular, respectively. Group 5 was administered a single dose of cyfluthrin (100 mg g/kg/body weight ∼1/3LD50) by oral, whereas Groups 6, 7 and 8 were given cyfluthrin+NAC, cyfluthrin+proanthocyanidin and cyfluthrin+vitamin E, at the same dose, respectively. The administration of the drugs was initiated following the administration of cyfluthrin, and continued until the end of the seventh day of the study. Blood samples were collected from each group, 24 h, and 3, 7 and 9 days after the administration of cyfluthrin for the assessment of blood malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities. According to the data obtained, compared to the control group, increase in the plasma MDA level of the group administered cyfluthrin alone, and decrease in erythrocyte SOD activities in some periods and CAT activities in all periods were determined. On the other hand, especially, MDA levels and CAT activities were observed to move closer to values of the control group, in the groups that were administered NAC, proanthocyanidin and vitamin E in addition to cyfluthrin. In other words, in most periods, decrease in plasma MDA levels, and increase in erythrocyte CAT and SOD activities were observed in comparison to the group administered cyfluthrin alone. Statistical analyses demonstrated significant differences to exist between the groups on the third, seventh and ninth days with respect to plasma MDA levels, and the third and ninth days with respect to erythrocyte SOD and CAT activities (P < 0.05). However no significant difference was demonstrated in any of the periods in the groups that were administered NAC, proanthocyanidin and vitamin E alone in comparison to the control group (P > 0.05). In view of the parameters examined, animals were concluded to be affected by cyfluthrin and the administration of the three compounds at the indicated doses and for the indicated periods were considered to alleviate the adverse effects of cyfluthrin partly throughout the study period.  相似文献   

20.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different N-acetylcysteine doses on the tolerance to fenthion-induced oxidative stress, alterations in glutathione metabolism and cholinesterase specific activities in the liver by using freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio (Cyprinidae) as a model organism. An acute toxicity study was carried out to determine 96-h median lethal concentration of fenthion for this species (2.16 mg/L) and 80% of this concentration was applied in toxicity studies. Four groups, each containing eight fish were constituted as follows: Control group, fenthion treated group, 0.5 or 400 mg/kg NAC-injected + fenthion-treated groups. Biochemical analyses were carried out spectrophotometrically. Fenthion treatment significantly decreased total glutathione and glutathione levels, glutathione/glutathione disulfide ratio together with glutathione reductase and γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase specific enzyme activities. The higher dose of N-acetylcysteine increased the toxic effects of fenthion and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase specific activity while decreasing glutathione S-transferase specific activity. However, injection of the lower dose provided a limited protection against fenthion toxicity. In all exposure groups, lipid peroxidation increased and total protein levels decreased, while protein depletion was prevented by low dose of N-acetylcysteine application. Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities were at similar levels in the liver of C. carpio. A dose-dependent inhibition was observed in butyrylcholinesterase activity by N-acetylcysteine application. The results showed that fenthion had a significant oxidative stress inducing potential through the reduction of glutathione redox capacity. The critical point for overcoming oxidative stress by N-acetylcysteine in fenthion toxicity was the selection of the dose; N-acetylcysteine exerted its toxic effects by means of oxidative stress in fish liver at the higher dose.  相似文献   

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