共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
七种新烟碱类杀虫剂对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊幼虫及蚯蚓的选择毒力 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
为筛选出高效安全的韭蛆防治药剂,室内采用胃毒触杀联合毒力法比较了吡虫啉、啶虫脒、噻虫嗪、噻虫胺、呋虫胺、烯啶虫胺、噻虫啉与毒死蜱和高效氯氟氰菊酯等6种对照药剂对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊幼虫的毒力,同时用人工土壤法测定了13种药剂对蚯蚓的急性毒性,并通过盆栽试验验证了其对韭蛆和蚯蚓的选择毒力。结果表明,吡虫啉、噻虫胺、呋虫胺、噻虫啉、噻虫嗪对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊4龄幼虫的毒力明显高于6种对照药剂,对虫酰肼的相对毒力倍数分别为101.6、55.0、32.9、27.2、13.6;13种供试药剂中,除吡虫啉、啶虫脒、噻虫胺、呋虫胺对蚯蚓中等毒性外,其余均为低毒;盆栽试验中,吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、毒死蜱、噻唑膦、高效氯氟氰菊酯的防虫效果和保苗效果均分别高于其它药剂,但其中只有噻虫嗪对蚯蚓没有明显致死作用。 相似文献
2.
Epoxidase, hydroxylase, and O-demethylase activities were studied in both larvae and adults of the honey bee, Apis mellifera (L.). In adult drone and worker bees, oxidase activity was observed only with intact tissues, particularly the midgut, and was lost completely on tissue homogenization. Homogenates and subcellular fractions from whole drone honey bee larvae exhibited oxidase activity and optimum in vitro assay conditions were established. The enzymes required NADPH and oxygen for maximum activity and were inhibited by CO and insecticide synergists. Electron micrographs of various subcellular fractions from drone honey bee larvae showed that oxidase activity was associated with smooth and rough vesicles probably derived from the endoplasmic reticulum. Levels of oxidase activity were dependent on age in preparations from both adult insects and from drone larvae. 相似文献
3.
Maria Helena N.L. Silva-Filha Christina A. Peixoto 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》2003,77(3):138-146
This study describes the immunocytochemical localization of the Bacillus sphaericus 2362 binary toxin components, BinA and BinB, in Culex quinquefasciatus larvae that had been intoxicated with this entomopathogen. Ultrathin sections of C. quinquefasciatus larvae midgut embedded in the hydrophilic resin L.R. White were incubated with the antibodies anti-BinA or anti-BinB and then revealed with goat anti-rabbit IgG coupled to gold particles. Immunocytochemical detection demonstrated the presence of specific labeling in ultra-thin sections that had been incubated with the BinA antiserum. Gold particles were detected on the apical areas of cell membranes and inside the epithelial cell cytoplasm, particularly the mitochondria, of cells from the gastric caeca and posterior stomach in larvae exposed during 2 or 24 h to the entomopathogen. A similar labeling pattern was observed in ultrathin sections from both midgut regions when incubated with BinB antiserum. 相似文献
4.
Lan Zhang Xuehuan Feng Dejun Ma Jingjing YangHongyun Jiang Yanning ZhangWeizhi He 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》2013
Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. is a medicine plant distributed widely throughout Asia where its bitter fruits have been used traditionally in medicine for treating various ailments and controlling some pests. In recent years, concerns over the potential impact of synthetic pesticides on human health and environment have now become more pressing to develop environmentally friendly pesticides. In this paper, brusatol, a quassinoid, was isolated from the fruit of B. javanica, and identified using X-ray crystallographic analysis. Results showed that brusatol has potent contact toxicity (LD50, 2.91 μg/larva, 72 h) and anfieedant activity (AFC50, 17.4 mg/L, 48 h) against the third-instar larvae of Spodoptera exigua. Brusatol demonstrated cytotoxic effects to the tested insect cell lines, IOZCAS-Spex-II and Sf21, in a time- and dose-dependent manner. After brusatol treatment, apoptotic cell death with the DNA fragmentation, activation of caspase-3 and release of cytochrome c was preliminarily observed in both IOZCAS-Spex-II and Sf21. These results indicated the existence of apoptotic death with the mitochondrial-dependent pathway induced by brusatol in Sf21 and IOZCAS-Spex-II cell lines. Our studies will provide important knowledge to understand mechanisms of action of brusatol and to develop brusatol and its derivatives as insecticides. 相似文献
5.
BACKGROUND: Previous work has characterised pyrethroid resistance in pollen beetle (Meligethes aeneus F.) as principally an oxidative mechanism. Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) can synergise this resistance in the field, but its effects on the honey bee are thought to be unacceptable. RESULTS: A field trial in Poland was conducted to show that a mixture of PBO and tau‐fluvalinate at the registered rate gave increased and longer‐lasting control of resistant pollen beetle. Four days after spraying with tau‐fluvalinate, only 20% of pollen beetles were controlled, compared with 70% if the tau‐fluvalinate/PBO mixture was used. No detriment to honey bee health was observed using the same mixture. CONCLUSIONS: PBO, if used in conjunction with a pyrethroid of relatively low bee toxicity, can successfully overcome pyrethroid resistance in pollen beetle without incurring an increased loss of honey bees, even if they are present at the time of spraying. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
6.
F. Mansour 《Phytoparasitica》1987,15(1):43-50
Field experiments in an apple orchard and in a citrus grove were carried out to evaluate the effect of four commercial pesticides in common use in Israel against apple and citrus pests, on the spider populations inhabiting the trees. The spider populations on apple were markedly suppressed by the pesticides, the order of toxicity being Talstar (biphenate) >Mavrik (fluvalinate) > Smash (fenpropathrin) > Dursban (chlorpyrifos). When grapefruit trees were treated with carbaryl + formothion, 232 spiders were sampled in the unsprayed plot, 55 days after treatment, as compared with only 11 spiders in the treated plot. Two and 7 days after treatment with chlorobenzilate, the sample from the treated plot numbered 68 and 55 spiders, respectively, as compared with 50 spiders collected 24 h before treatment. In addition, laboratory tests were carried out to determine the susceptibility of the spiderChiracanthium mildei L. Koch to 17 pesticides. When the spiders were exposed to grapefruit leaves which had been dipped 1 h previously for 5 sec in the aqueous emulsions of the pesticides, chlorpyrifos, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate, phosphamidon and biphenate caused 100%, and cypermethrin and fluvalinate 60% mortality, whereas all the other pesticides tested - acaricides, fungicides and herbicides - caused about 10-40% mortality. 相似文献
7.
Xiao Jian Xia Li Wang Yun Long Yu Jing Quan Yu 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》2006,86(1):42-48
The phytotoxicities of nine pesticides (paraquat, fluazifop-p-butyl, haloxyfop, flusilazole, cuproxat, cyazofamid, imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos, and abamectin) at practical dosages on photosynthesis were investigated in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Jinyan No. 4) by gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescent measurements. Plants treated with paraquat showed the severest phytotoxic symptom with the highest reduction in net photosynthetic rate (Pn), while other pesticides except flusilazole inhibited Pn to various degrees. The inhibition of Pn by cuproxat was accompanied by declines both in stomatal conductance (Gs) and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), whereas decreased Pn for the cyazofamid was associated with increased Ci. For other 6 pesticides, however, inhibition of Pn was accompanied by decrease in Gs, while Ci was increased or unaffected. Paraquat almost completely inhibited the maximal quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), while other pesticides had no significant effect on Fv/Fm. Quantum efficiency of PSII (ΦPSII) was significantly reduced by paraquat, fluazifop-p-butyl, and chlorpyrifos and the reduction was mostly attributed to decrease in photochemical quenching coefficient (qP). In comparison, ΦPSII was not significantly affected by haloxyfop, flusilazole, cyazofamid, imidacloprid, and abamectin. Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) was suppressed by paraquat and haloxyfop, while apparent upregulation was evident after exposure to other pesticides. Interestedly, inhibitions of Pn were alleviated by 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) pretreatment, as for the pesticides examined in this study except paraquat and flusilazole. EBR pretreatment also increased ΦPSII and qP. It is likely that EBR enhanced the resistance of cucumber seedlings to pesticides by increasing CO2 assimilation capacity and activities of antioxidant enzymes. 相似文献
8.
昆虫病原线虫H06与化学杀虫剂对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的联合作用 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
为合理协调生物防治与化学防治,在室内测定了昆虫病原线虫与杀虫剂的联合作用。结果表明,昆虫病原线虫Heterorhabditis bacteriphora H06(150~300条/虫)对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysina odoriphaga幼虫(韭蛆)的侵染致死率为1.2%~23.8%。4种杀虫剂对韭蛆的LC50值为0.34 ~8.79 mg/L,毒力大小依次为楝素>毒死蜱>辛硫磷>吡虫啉;杀虫剂对H06线虫的LC50值为595 ~4 388 mg/L。将H06线虫(150条/虫)分别与4种杀虫剂混合处理韭蛆,韭蛆死亡率明显高于线虫和杀虫剂单用处理。药后2 d,辛硫磷12.5 ~100 mg/L+H06处理的韭蛆死亡率为73.0% ~82.0%,辛硫磷单用时死亡率为38.0% ~60.0%;楝素0.16 ~1.25 mg/L+H06处理的死亡率为90.0% ~97.5%,楝素单用时的死亡率为13.8% ~37.5%;毒死蜱15 ~120 mg/L和吡虫啉1.56 ~12.54 mg/L单用时韭蛆的死亡率分别为14.0% ~28.0%和0% ~7.5%,与H06线虫混用处理的死亡率分别为50.0% ~65.0%和58.8% ~80.0%。药后5 d,毒死蜱和吡虫啉与H06线虫对韭蛆的联合致死率分别达87.0% ~95.0%和61.3% ~88.8%。结果表明,昆虫病原线虫与上述4种杀虫剂联合防治韭蛆具有更好的效果。 相似文献
9.
韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga 以幼虫蛀食韭菜根茎造成危害,为使毒力测定方法与田间幼虫受药方式具有较高程度的一致性,建立了胃毒触杀联合毒力测定法,利用该方法测定了分属三个类别的4种杀虫剂即毒死蜱、辛硫磷、丙硫克百威、吡虫啉对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊3龄幼虫的毒力,以辛硫磷为标准药剂,毒死蜱、吡虫啉和丙硫克百威的相对毒力倍数分别为10.36、2.61和2.30。田间达到50%防效所需药剂浓度以辛硫磷为最高,毒死蜱、吡虫啉和丙硫克百威对辛硫磷的防效比值分别为9.58、1.88和2.05。胃毒触杀联合毒力法测得的药剂毒力高低排序及相对毒力倍数与田间小区试验结果基本一致,与常规的单一触杀法比较,该法测定结果的重现性好,并且与田间药效试验结果相关性高。同时讨论了不同操作方法对室内毒力测定结果的影响。 相似文献
10.
建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)测定主流烟气总粒相物、烟灰和气相物中吡虫啉、二甲戊灵、仲丁灵、甲霜灵和腈菌唑含量的方法。样品经乙腈提取,分散固相萃取后进行UPLC-MS/MS分析。各基质中5种农药的检出限为0.196~10.7 ng/cig,平均添加回收率为71%~118%,RSD为2.2%~12%。应用该方法研究了标准卷烟添加5种农药标准品和自然高残留样品中5种农药的烟气转移率。结果表明:标准卷烟添加5种农药标准品的主流烟气总粒相物中吡虫啉转移率相对较低(＜7%),而其余4种农药转移率均大于30%;烟灰中未检出吡虫啉,其余4种农药转移率仅为0.1%~0.2%;此外,在主流烟气气相物中未检出目标农药。自然高残留卷烟样品主流烟气总粒相物中仅检出腈菌唑,且其转移率(2.6%~3.1%)远低于添加标准品的卷烟。 相似文献
11.
研究树下土表施药防治桃小食心虫越冬幼虫的取代药剂。用毒土法测定了分属4类的13种药剂对桃小食心虫越冬幼虫的触杀毒力,其结果以毒死蜱、三唑磷、高效氯氟氰菊酯、甲基对硫磷和辛硫磷毒力较高,LC_(90)值依次为18．38、22．48、35．95、47．63及49．57 mg·kg~(-1),甲氰菊酯、丙溴磷、阿维菌素、甲胺基阿维菌素、氰戊菊酯、马拉硫磷、丙硫克百威和丁硫克百威LC_(90)值处于77．11～205．86mg·kg~(-1)之间。用高效液相色谱法测定了毒力较高的毒死蜱、三唑磷、高效氯氟氰菊酯以及阿维菌素在土壤中的降解动态,半衰期分别为8．28、11．37、10．17及19．70天。欲达30天的有效控制期,按LC_(90)值计算,这4种药剂在土壤中的初施浓度应分别为226．36、139．90、278．03及346．81mg·kg~(-1)。从药剂毒力、降解速率、相同控制期所需剂量及应用成本综合评价,毒死蜱、三唑磷具有较高的应用价值。 相似文献
12.
昆虫病原线虫作为生物杀虫剂已被广泛应用。为了提高其对蛴螬的防治效果,筛选与昆虫病原线虫适宜混用的化学杀虫剂是一项重要的应用研究。本研究测试了70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂、40%毒死蜱乳油和2.5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油对病原线虫Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Cangzhou strain、Steinernema longicaudumX-7和Heterorhabditis indica LN2存活以及侵染率的影响;筛选出杀虫剂与病原线虫混合对暗黑鳃金龟Holotrichia parallela 2龄幼虫致死效果的最佳配比。结果显示：3种杀虫剂对3种线虫的存活均无亚致死作用;吡虫啉对3种线虫的致死率无明显影响,其中LN2在1/50 RC（含量为9.33μg mL 1）和1/100 RC（4.67μg mL 1）低浓度处理的死亡率显著低于对照;推荐浓度的高效氯氰菊酯（16.67μg mL 1）对3种线虫的致死率均显著高于对照;不同浓度的毒死蜱对3种线虫的致死率存在显著差异。70%吡虫啉1/10推荐浓度（有效成分为46.67μg mL 1）与线虫Hb混用暗黑鳃金龟2龄幼虫死亡率提高了87.51%,与X-7和LN2混用后,致死率分别提高了39.99%和47.37%。其中1/10推荐浓度吡虫啉与线虫Hb混用对暗黑鳃金龟2龄幼虫表现出增效作用,其它浓度的吡虫啉和另外两种药剂与3种线虫混用的各处理均表现为相加作用。 相似文献
13.
八种杀虫剂对黑粪蚊的防治效果及残留分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
选择8种杀虫剂,分别在实验室和菇房条件下研究其对黑粪蚊的防治效果和对平菇菌丝生长的影响,并分析施药后不同时间平菇中的农药残留.结果表明,40%辛硫磷EC、40%氧乐果EC、48%毒死蜱EC对黑粪蚊具有很好的防治效果,但对平菇菌丝的抑制率明显高于其它药剂;10%吡虫啉WP、4.5%高效氯氰菊酯EC不仅对黑粪蚊成、幼虫具有良好的防治效果,而且使用后对平菇菌丝生长的影响较小;2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯EW、4.5%高效氯氰菊酯EC、1.8%阿维菌素EC等使用5天后均未检测到农药残留,5%氟虫腈SC和10%吡虫啉WP药后15天仍能检测到残留. 相似文献
14.
七种杀虫剂对暗黑鳃金龟成虫和幼虫的毒力及田间防控效果 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为筛选防治暗黑鳃金龟Holotrichia parallela的有效药剂,用浸虫法测定了7种药剂对暗黑鳃金龟幼虫的毒力,分别采用浸虫法、浸叶法、药膜法测定了7种药剂对其成虫的毒力,并通过大田试验作了进一步验证。浸虫法测得高效氯氟氰菊酯对成虫的毒力最高,LC50值为1.38 mg/L;浸叶法测得辛硫磷毒力最高,为42.05 mg/L;药膜法测得毒死蜱毒力最高,为18.51 mg/L。其中,高效氯氟氰菊酯毒力值变化最大,浸虫法毒力是浸叶法毒力的61.86倍;氯虫苯甲酰胺、氟虫腈在3种生测方法中毒力相当,但均较低。丁硫克百威对暗黑鳃金龟幼虫的毒力最高,LC50值为7.29 mg/L。田间试验结果显示,35%辛硫磷微囊悬浮剂4 500 g/hm2(有效成分,余同)防效达80.66%,对花生的保果、增产幅度分别为77.90%、17.56%;30%毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂2 250 g/hm2、20%丁硫克百威乳油3 000 g/hm2与辛硫磷防效相当,且显著高于其它药剂。因此,选用以上药剂于7月中下旬花生封垄前田间灌墩可以有效减轻暗黑鳃金龟为害。 相似文献
15.
采用子结构模式识别结合5种机器学习方法(包括支持向量机、C4.5决策树、k-最近邻法、随机森林法、和朴素贝叶斯法),分别构建了有机化合物对水生和陆地环境毒性评价的两个重要生物靶标——呆鲦鱼(Fathead minnow)和蜜蜂毒性的定性分类和定量回归预测模型。所有模型均通过独立测试集验证。其中,利用支持向量机分类算法得到的分类模型对呆鲦鱼和蜜蜂毒性测试集的整体预测准确度分别达到95.9%和95.0%。采用支持向量机回归算法得到的回归模型,对呆鲦鱼和蜜蜂毒性测试集的预测相关系数的平方(R2)分别达到0.878和0.663。最后,通过信息熵分析的方法,确定了一批能够代表性地表征呆鲦鱼和蜜蜂毒性的子结构模式,包括1,2-二酚、二烷基硫醚、二芳香醚和磷酸衍生物等。提出的方法为有毒化学品的生态风险评价提供了一种非常好的评价策略和可靠的工具。 相似文献
16.
吡蚜酮等对烟粉虱的毒力测定和药效试验 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本实验测定了吡蚜酮、吡虫啉、毒死蜱、吡丙醚4种药剂对烟粉虱成虫的室内毒力和田间药效,室内毒力测定结果显示：吡蚜酮、吡虫啉、毒死蜱、吡丙醚对烟粉虱成虫的LC50值分别为24.10、12.13、140.41、1211.5mg/L,相对于吡丙醚而言,吡蚜酮、吡虫啉、毒死蜱的毒力倍数为50.3,99.9,8.6。药效试验结果显示,在4种药剂中,毒死蜱和吡虫啉的药效明显的高于吡丙醚、吡蚜酮,吡丙醚的药效最差;显示毒死蜱的持效期短于吡虫啉,而新型杀虫剂吡蚜酮并没有显示良好的防效。 相似文献
17.
18.
Kacem Rharrabe 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》2007,89(2):137-145
We have investigated the effects of harmaline, a plant secondary metabolic compound belonging to β-carboline alkaloids, on the 4th instar larvae of Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera). When incorporated into the diet, harmaline caused weight loss of larvae with a reduction in protein and glycogen contents and an inhibition of α-amylase activity. Using electron microscopy, we showed that harmaline provoked a severe cytotoxicity on the epithelial cells of the midgut resulting in marked vacuolization of the cytoplasm, appearance of numerous autophagic vesicles and lysosomic structures, fragmentation of rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae, disruption of microvilli, rupture of the plasma membrane leading to shedding of the cytoplasm contents into the midgut lumen. The development of larvae to the pupal and adult stages was prevented and high mortality was recorded. 相似文献
19.
常用杀虫剂对异色瓢虫的毒力及其保护酶的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为明确杀虫剂对异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis(Pallas)幼虫、成虫的毒力及其体内保护酶的影响,采用喷雾法测定了7种杀虫剂对异色瓢虫3龄幼虫和成虫的毒力,同时测定了3种杀虫剂对3龄幼虫和成虫体内超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase)和过氧化氢酶(catalase)活性的影响。结果显示:7种杀虫剂对3龄幼虫的毒力大小为阿维菌素、啶虫脒吡虫啉、虫酰肼哒螨灵噻嗪酮吡蚜酮,对成虫的毒力大小为阿维菌素、啶虫脒虫酰肼、吡虫啉哒螨灵噻嗪酮吡蚜酮,吡蚜酮对异色瓢虫最安全。亚致死浓度LC10药剂可促进保护酶活性的提高,但随着浓度提高和处理时间增长,3种酶的活性总体呈逐渐下降趋势,表明低浓度的杀虫剂对异色瓢虫体内酶活性存在一定的不利影响。 相似文献
20.
Kacem Rharrabe 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》2009,93(3):112-119
We describe the effects of ingested 20-hydroxyecdysone on larvae of Plodia interpunctella. It caused significant mortality and provoked cannibalism between larvae. On the other hand, it also induced precocious pupation and adult emergence. A large weight loss of larvae was recorded. Besides, 20-hydroxyecdysone provoked a reduction in protein, glycogen and lipid contents. Using electron microscopy, we have shown that 20-hydroxyecdysone caused a dose-dependent severe cytotoxicity on the midgut epithelial cells, resulting in the disorganization and the vacuolization of the cytoplasm; the nucleus appeared with crenulated envelope and presented many clear areas between the chromatin clumps and finally, the disruption of microvilli and the rupture of the plasma membrane led to the shedding of cytoplasm contents into the midgut lumen. In conclusion, ingested 20-hydroxyecdysone shows potent growth disruptive effects on P. interpunctella. 相似文献