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1.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate a technique for repair of sacroiliac luxation with positional screw insertion from the ventral surface of the sacral wing via a ventral abdominal approach. SAMPLE POPULATION: Hemipelvis specimens from cadavers of 5 small- to large-breed dogs and 9 European shorthair cats. PROCEDURES: An optimal entry point and a safe drill corridor for implant placement were determined (4 hemipelvis specimens). Anatomic landmarks were identified, and the surgical technique for a ventral abdominal approach was described. Single positional screw placement was performed across the sacroiliac joint in 23 hemipelvis specimens. Screws were aimed at 25 degrees (n=2), 35 degrees (2), and 45 degrees (19) angles to the vertical axis in a transverse plane (alpha angles) and at a 90 degrees angle to the longitudinal axis in a dorsal plane (beta angle). Implant placement was assessed by radiographic evaluation of the cadavers and of the hemipelvis specimens devoid of soft tissue. RESULTS: By use of alpha angles of 35 degrees and 45 degrees, 20 of 21 implants were placed adequately; screws crossed the sacroiliac joint and penetrated the wing of the ilium without damaging adjacent nerves. The measured median alpha angle was 38 degrees , and the median beta angle was 88 degrees. One complication was recorded. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Cortical positional screw placement from the ventral aspect of the sacral wing by use of a ventral abdominal approach could be an alternative to conventional techniques. This novel technique may be useful for repair of bilateral sacroiliac luxation, treatment of concomitant soft tissue injuries of the caudal portion of the abdominal cavity or abdominal wall, and repair of pelvic floor fractures in a single approach.  相似文献   

2.
Objective— To evaluate outcome by radiographic assessment after closed reduction and percutaneous screw fixation in lag fashion of sacroiliac fracture‐luxations in dogs. Study Design— Retrospective study. Animals— Dogs (n=24) with sacroiliac fracture‐luxations. Methods— Medical records (1999–2006) and radiographs of 24 dogs (29 fracture‐luxations) that had stabilization of sacroiliac fracture‐luxation by fluoroscopic‐guided closed reduction and percutaneous screw fixation in lag fashion were reviewed. Signalment, body weight, number, and location of all concurrent injuries and implants used for repair were recorded. Radiographs were used to evaluate the accuracy of screw placement in the sacral body, screw depth/sacral width ratio, reduction of the sacroiliac joint, pelvic canal diameter, and hemipelvic canal width. Radiographic re‐examination (range, 4 to >8 weeks postoperatively) was available for evaluation. Results— Mean screw depth/sacral width ratio on immediate postoperative and re‐examination radiographs was 64% and 61%, respectively. Mean percentage reduction of the sacroiliac joint on immediate postoperative and re‐examination radiographs were 91% and 87%, respectively. Pelvic canal diameter ratio demonstrated successful restoration of the pelvic canal. Hemipelvic canal width ratio documented successful closed reduction repair independent of concurrent pelvic injuries. Conclusion— Successful repair of sacroiliac fracture‐luxations, determined by radiographic assessment, can be achieved by fluoroscopic‐guided closed reduction and percutaneous screw fixation in lag fashion. Clinical Relevance— Fluoroscopic‐guided closed reduction and percutaneous screw fixation in lag fashion of sacroiliac fracture‐luxations is a minimally invasive technique that restores and maintains pelvic canal dimensions and should be considered as an alternative to open reduction or nonsurgical management of sacroiliac fracture‐luxations.  相似文献   

3.
OBJECTIVE: To define a safe corridor in the dorsoventral plane to facilitate placement of screws inserted in lag fashion within the sacral body for fixation of sacroiliac fracture-luxation injuries in dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Anatomic study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Cadaveric canine sacra. METHODS: Canine sacra (n=45) were used for a radiographic study to define a safe corridor in the dorsoventral plane for placement of screws inserted in lag fashion for fixation of sacroiliac luxation in the dog. The defined safe corridor allowed drilling to a depth of 65% of the sacral width to ensure screw purchase of > or =60%. Effects of positioning and measurement techniques were evaluated. RESULTS: Eighty-seven safe corridors were measured. The mean articular surface was 100+/-4.52 degrees from horizontal. Mean maximum, optimum, and minimum safe corridor drill angles were 111+/- 4.57 degrees, 100+/-4.70 degrees, and 89+/-5.17 degrees, respectively, from the articular surface. Predicted surgeon error of +/-4 degrees was used to define the safe corridor for use clinically. CONCLUSIONS: In 91% of sacra, a drill angle of 100+/-4 degrees would remain ventral to the vertebral canal. Twelve sacra (14%) were at risk of penetration of the pelvic canal. A drill angle of 97+/-4 degrees avoids penetration of the vertebral canal in all sacra measured but risks ventral exit from the body in 30% of sacra studied. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A drill angle of 97 degrees from the articular surface is recommended for insertion of screws for lag fixation of canine sacroiliac luxation.  相似文献   

4.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate sacroiliac luxation repair with positional screw insertion from the ventral surface of the sacral wing via a ventral abdominal approach in cats. ANIMALS: 18 European shorthair cats. PROCEDURES: All cats underwent clinical examination including orthopedic and neurologic examination and assessment of lameness and pain before and immediately after surgery and 6 and 16 weeks after surgery. All sacroiliac luxations were stabilized with a single positional 2.4-mm cortical titanium self-tapping screw. The pelvic floor was also repaired in selected cats. Screw entry points and angles determined in a prior study of cadavers were used. Radiographs were taken before surgery and during follow-up evaluations to assess postoperative sacroiliac luxation reduction, implant placement, and repair stability. RESULTS: All implants were placed correctly. Iatrogenic sciatic nerve injuries occurred in 2 cats. Median time to ambulation was 1.5 days for cats with sacroiliac luxation as the sole injury. Radiographic outcome of sacroiliac luxation repair was excellent in 15 of 17 repairs, good in 1 of 17 repairs, and poor in 1 of 17 repairs. Clinical outcome was excellent in 11 of 15 cats and good in 4 of 15 cats. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Insertion of a positional screw across the sacroiliac joint via a ventral abdominal approached can be an alternative to conventional techniques of sacroiliac luxation repair in cats. This novel technique allowed repair of bilateral sacroiliac luxation, repair of pelvic floor fractures, and treatment of soft tissue injuries of the abdominal cavity or abdominal organs with a single approach.  相似文献   

5.
Frozen cadaver specimens from three dogs were used to create a sectional anatomic atlas of the sacroiliac region. Frozen/thawed cadaver specimens from 12 dogs were used to develop an ultrasound-guided sacroiliac joint injection technique. Accuracy of the technique was tested in 15 additional canine cadaver specimens, using injectate containing blue dye and iodinated contrast medium. Sonoanatomic landmarks for consistently identifying a caudodorsal window into the canine sacroiliac joint space included the L7-S1 articular process joints, ilial wing, sacral wing, sacral lamina, and median sacral crest. Accuracy of ultrasound-guided sacroiliac joint injection was not significantly affected by operator, but was affected by the tissue location targeted and the reference standard used for calculations. Accuracy of the technique was good for placing injectate into either the synchondrosis component, dorsal sacroiliac ligament or ventral sacroiliac ligament; fair to poor for placing injectate into the synovial component; and poor for placing injectate into all four sacroiliac soft tissue structures. Concurrent placement of injectate into extraarticular tissues occurred frequently. We conclude that ultrasound-guided sacroiliac joint injection is feasible for evaluation as a treatment method for lumbosacral region pain in dogs, but is not sufficiently accurate for localizing pain to the sacroiliac joint alone.  相似文献   

6.
OBJECTIVE: To describe a technique for closed reduction and percutaneous insertion of a lag screw for fixation of sacroiliac fracture-luxations, and to report the success of this technique in stabilizing sacroiliac fracture-luxations. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective clinical study. STUDY POPULATION: 13 consecutive client-owned dogs with sacroiliac fracture-luxations. METHODS: Sacroiliac fracture-luxations were stabilized by using a closed reduction and percutaneous lag screw fixation technique. Preoperative, postoperative, and last re-examination radiographs were used to assess the location and number of pelvic injuries, other orthopedic injuries, percent reduction of the sacroiliac joint, percent sacral width screw depth, position of the screw, pelvic canal diameter ratio, hemipelvic canal width ratio, and complications. Information on signalment, weight, weight-bearing status, neurologic status, and complications was obtained from the medical record. RESULTS: Mean percent reduction of the sacroiliac joint was 92.33%. All screws were placed within the sacral body with a mean screw depth/sacral width of 79.03%. No screw loosening occurred. Mean pelvic canal diameter ratios were 0.99, 1.20, and 1.14 preoperatively, immediately postoperatively, and at the last re-examination, respectively. Nine of 13 dogs were willing to walk on the ipsilateral rear leg the day after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Closed reduction and percutaneous insertion of a lag screw for stabilization of fracture-luxation of the sacroiliac joint is an acceptable method of repair. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Sacroiliac fracture-luxations can be successfully reduced and stabilized using a minimally invasive technique.  相似文献   

7.
Objective: To define a safe corridor in the dorsal plane relative to the articular surface for placement of a single screw in lag fashion to achieve stabilization of sacroiliac luxation in the dog. Study Design: Cadaveric study. Methods: Dorsoventral radiographs of denuded canine sacra (n=49) were taken to determine the safe corridor in the craniocaudal plane, and the maximum, optimum and minimum angles were calculated that would allow a screw inserted in lag fashion to engage at least 60% of the width of the sacral body without cranial or caudal penetration through the bone. Results: The mean safe corridor in the dorsal plane is ～24° wide. Mean craniocaudal minimum, optimum and maximum drill angles from the drill start point were 88°, 100°, and 111° from the articular surface, respectively. No single angle will completely avoid risk of screw penetration beyond the safe corridor cranially and caudally. Conclusions: There is sufficient anatomic variation between different canine sacra that a single angle cannot be recommended for screw placement in the dorsal plane. Clinical Relevance: A standard angle cannot be recommended for screw placement in lag fashion within the canine sacrum in the dorsal plane. Because of the narrow width of the safe corridor, preoperative measurements on radiographs are recommended and a range of angled drill guides may be useful to decrease surgeon margin of error.  相似文献   

8.
OBJECTIVE: To describe and evaluate facet stabilization as an aid for open reduction and fixation of sacral fractures. STUDY DESIGN: A clinical case series. STUDY POPULATION: Eight consecutive client-owned dogs with sacral fractures. METHODS: A combination of a standard lateral approach to the ilium and a dorsal approach to the articular facets of L7-S1 was performed. The articular facets were reduced and stabilized with a Kirschner wire or a combination of a Kirschner wire and a cortical screw. Primary stabilization of the sacrum was then accomplished using a cortical screw inserted from the lateral aspect of the ilium, through the sacral fracture into the body of the sacrum. Accuracy of reduction, position of the implants, percent screw depth/sacral width, pelvic canal diameter ratio, and complications were assessed using radiographs and physical examination. RESULTS: Mean sacral fracture reduction was 91% immediately after surgery, and was 87% when measured at follow-up examinations. Mean screw depth/sacral width was 66%. Mean pelvic canal diameter ratio was 1.12 postoperatively and 1.03 at the 4- to 6-week reevaluation. Six of the 8 dogs were using the leg well 10 to 12 days after surgery; none had clinically detectable neurologic deficits. The long-term (mean, 2.7 years) outcome for these dogs was good (normal to grade I lameness). CONCLUSION: Fixation of the L7-S1 facet joints facilitates repair of sacral fractures.  相似文献   

9.
Radiologic findings are described in 20 horses with clinical signs of a caudal lumbar or hindlimb problem; the horses were subjected to linear tomography of the lumbosacral and pelvic regions. The cases could be divided into four groups: sacroiliac arthrosis (6 horses), lumbosacral abnormalities (3 horses), pelvic or lumbar fracture (6 horses), and no radiographic abnormalities (5 horses). Five of the six horses with sacroiliac arthrosis had spur formation, with localized arthrosis at the caudal aspect of the sacral wing and its articulation with the auricular surface of the ilium. In one horse these lesions were confirmed at postmortem examination. The sixth horse, a Standardbred trotter, had more even and widespread arthrosis of the sacroiliac joint. The three lumbosacral abnormalities were present in two horses with fusion of the L5-L6 articulation and one horse with a wider than normal sacrolumbar articulation. Linear tomography also proved to be of diagnostic and prognostic value in the evaluation of lumbar and pelvic fractures. Finally, tomography could be used to eliminate the presence of sacroiliac or lumbosacral damage in some horses that presented with clinical signs suggestive of disease of the lumbosacral or sacroiliac region.  相似文献   

10.
OBJECTIVE: To determine if screw loosening in triple pelvic osteotomies (TPO) is minimized when screws cranial to the ilial osteotomy had maximal sacral purchase. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: Forty-six dogs with decreased acetabular coverage of the femoral head and minimal degenerative joint changes. METHODS: TPOs were performed where screws cranial to the ilial osteotomy were inserted to maximally engage sacral bone. Data collected were: use of ilial and ischial cerclage wire, screw length, ventrodorsal radiographic sacral width (most caudal aspect), pelvic canal diameter, and sacral penetration of the 3 cranial screws. On all subsequent radiographs, changes in screw position, pelvic canal diameter, and sacral purchase were noted. RESULTS: For 69 TPOs, 414 screws were used. Mean radiographic cranial screw length was 34.54 mm. Combined sacral depth of all 3 screws was 93.3% of sacral width. All osteotomies healed uneventfully. Twenty-four screws (6%) loosened with 12 being in the most cranial positions. Use of ischial or ilial cerclage wires did not statistically influence screw loosening. Pelvic diameter decreased by a mean of 7.79% from postoperative radiographs to the last radiographic recheck. CONCLUSIONS: By sufficiently engaging the sacrum with screws cranial to the ilial osteotomy, implant failures can be avoided and screw loosening minimized when a 6-hole TPO plate is used. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: To minimize screw-loosening in TPO, screws inserted cranial to the ilial osteotomy should be inserted to maximum sacral depth without penetrating the vertebral canal.  相似文献   

11.
Hemilaminectomy and mini-hemilaminectomy were performed on opposite sides of the spine at T11–T12, T13-L1, and L2–L3 in 11 canine cadavers in order to report differences in the access provided to the thoracolumbar vertebral canal. Measurements of the vertebral canal height, defect height, and dorsal and ventral remnants of the vertebral arch were obtained after computed tomography. A median of 7% to 20% of the vertebral canal height was not removed dorsally after mini-hemilaminectomy compared to 1% to 2% in hemilaminectomy. Thirteen to 25% of the vertebral canal height was left ventrally in mini-hemilaminectomy and 11% to 27% in hemilaminectomy. Potential for a restricted exposure of thoracolumbar lesions should be considered if lesions are located in the ventral 11% to 27% vertebral canal height when performing either procedure or in the dorsal 7% to 20% of the canal height when performing a mini-hemilaminectomy.  相似文献   

12.
Objective: To (1) identify prognostic indicators for stability after stabilization of sacroiliac luxation with screws inserted in lag fashion and (2) report dorsoventral dimensions of the sacrum in cats. Study Design: Multicenter retrospective study. Sample Population: Cats (n=40) with sacroiliac luxation. Methods: Case records and radiographs of cats presented at the Queen's Veterinary School Hospital Cambridge and the Royal Veterinary College Hatfield for screw fixation of sacroiliac luxation were reviewed. Dorsoventral dimensions of 15 feline cadaveric sacral bodies were measured to identify the appropriate implant size for use in fixation with screws inserted in lag fashion. Results: Of 40 cats, 13 had left, 14 right, and 13 bilateral sacroiliac luxations. Of 48 screws analyzed, 42 (87.5%) were placed within the sacral body or exited ventrally and 6 (12.5%) were considered malpositioned. Screw purchase within the sacrum was statistically different between unstable and stable repairs (P=.001). Using confidence intervals for screw length within the sacrum and effect on stability, the lowest screw depth that contained 95% of the screws that did not loosen was ∼60% of the sacral width. Mean dorsoventral sacral dimension at its narrowest point was 5.9±1.14 mm. There was no significant difference in the incidence of implant loosening between those luxations that were 100% reduced and those that were <100% reduced (P=.7837). Conclusions: Screw purchase within the feline sacrum of at least 60% of the sacral width significantly reduces the risk of loosening. Clinical Relevance: Screw placement to a depth of 60% of the width of the feline sacrum is recommended.  相似文献   

13.
A ventrolateral approach to the sacroiliac joint is described as an alternative to the dorsolateral approach for the repair of sacroiliac dislocations and sacral wing fractures. The technique described here usually is performed blindly with digital palpation; however, the approach may be extended craniodorsally, allowing direct visualization of the sacroiliac joint. This technique facilitates reduction and stable fixation, with good purchase of the implants in the sacrum, for the repair of sacroiliac fracture-dislocation. This method of repair was used on 20 patients, with good to excellent clinical results.  相似文献   

14.
Sacroiliac Joint of the Horse 2. Morphometric features   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The sacroiliac joints were collected from 41 horses from late fetal life to 14 years of age. The sacral and iliac articular surfaces were analysed by morphometry with regard to area, length, width and form factor. The body weights of the animals varied from 10 to 550 kg and the sacral articular surface area from 1.0 to 17.8 cm2. Highly significant correlations were found between articular surface dimensions and body weights. Accordingly, the relative size of the joints decreased with increasing body weight/age. The sacral and iliac measurements were essentially comparable. No consistent left-right sidedness was found and no significant sex or breed differences were present.  相似文献   

15.
OBJECTIVE: To define landmarks on the canine ilial wing for accurate, consistent insertion of implants into the 1st sacral (S1) vertebral body when the sacroiliac joint is intact. STUDY DESIGN: Anatomic study. ANIMALS: Intact, cadaveric canine pelves and sacra (n=25). METHODS: Median sections (5 specimens) were drilled from the center of S1 in a lateral direction, exiting on the ilial wing. Landmarks on the ilial wing and shaft used to define this exit point were then used to locate this point on both wings of 20 articulated specimens, positioned and rigidly held so that the dorsal plane of the pelvis was aligned with a plumb line and the median plane of the pelvis was horizontal. A 2 mm hole was drilled from the marked point, parallel to the plumb line, until it exited the contralateral ilial wing. Distance of drill hole position from the geometric center (GC) of S1 was located on median and paramedian plane images derived from plane, computed tomographic (CT) scans. RESULTS: The entire drill hole was located within S1 in 18 specimens. Mean deviation of the hole from GC (ratio of the distance of GC from the closest S1 body border) in median section was 0.40 +/- 0.29 (craniocaudal direction) and 0.29 +/- 0.23 (dorsoventral). CONCLUSIONS: Use of ilial wing landmarks and drilling perpendicular to the median plane will improve accuracy for insertion of implants into S1 when the sacroiliac joint is intact. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Ilial wing landmarks should be used to improve accuracy of implant insertion into S1.  相似文献   

16.
The case records of 92 consecutive dogs that suffered sacroiliac fracture-separation were examined. Seventy-seven per cent (71 of 92) had unilateral sacroiliac injury and 23% (21 of 92) had bilateral sacroiliac injury. Of the unilateral cases, 93% (66 of 71) of the dogs had associated acetabular, ilial, femoral, or tibial fractures; coxofemoral luxations; or cruciate injuries. Eighty-five per cent (78 of 92) of the dogs had either bilateral sacroiliac injury or unilateral sacroiliac injury and other orthopedic injuries of the opposite limb, thus disabling both hind limbs.
Sixty-five per cent (60 of 92) of the dogs received lag screw fixation of the sacroiliac joint. Of 29 dogs that were re-radiographed on an average of 437 days following fixation, 38% (11 of 29) showed evidence of loosening of the lag screw fixation.a
Screws that were placed in the body of the sacrum in some dogs resulted in the fewest loosened fixations (12%, 2 of 17), compared to other locations of screw placement. The fixation had loosened in 7% (1 of 14) of dogs that had a cumulative screw depth/sacral width of 60% or more, compared with 48% of dogs (10 of 21) where cumulative screw depth was less than 60%. The number of screws per fixation and whether the separation was fully reduced or not did not affect whether the fixation loosened.  相似文献   

17.
CLINICAL SUMMARY: The surgical repair of comminuted ilial wing fractures (comprising a long oblique fracture with ventral multiple fragmentation) in three cats using composite internal fixation is reported. The technique comprised the use of pins, screws, wire and polymethylmethacrylate. All cases had an excellent outcome with uneventful bone healing. One case had a very mild reduction in pelvic canal diameter postoperatively. There was no evidence of implant loosening or migration in any cat on follow-up radiographs. PRACTICAL RELEVANCE: This technique provided a quick and highly adaptable means of stabilising this fracture configuration, as well as restoring pelvic symmetry, when limited buttressing support and bone stock were available cranial and ventral to the acetabulum. This method of fixation may have biomechanical advantages over lateral or dorsal plating techniques for this particular type of fracture configuration.  相似文献   

18.
Objective— To describe percutaneous fluoroscopically assisted placement of a trans-iliosacral rod to stabilize sacroiliac fracture-luxations after limited open reduction.
Study Design— Retrospective clinical case series.
Animals— Dogs (n=5) with sacroiliac fracture-luxations.
Methods— Medical records and radiographs were reviewed to evaluate implant placement, fracture reduction, pelvic canal diameter ratio, maintenance of reduction, implant stability, assessment of union, and to identify any complications. Owners were contacted to obtain long-term assessment of limb function.
Results— Dogs weighed between 6 and 31 kg. Trans-iliosacral rods were placed correctly traversing the sacral body. Mean (±SD) percent reduction of the sacroiliac joint was 92.9±6.6%. Pelvic canal diameter ratio did not differ significantly between time periods. With the exception of 1 dog, which died in the early postoperative period, all sacroiliac fracture-luxations healed without appreciable complications. Three dogs were sound and 1 dog had a subtle lameness at final physical and radiographic examination (mean±SD: 217±205 days). Owners assessed their dog's limb function (mean±SD: 355±205 days) as good or excellent.
Conclusions— Trans-iliosacral rods can be accurately placed using intraoperative fluoroscopy after limited open reduction of sacroiliac fracture-luxations. Trans-iliosacral rods provided bilateral secure fixation, allowed early weight-bearing and dogs consistently had good long-term clinical results.
Clinical Relevance— Trans-iliosacral rods are suitable implants for the stabilization of sacroiliac fracture-luxations, particularly in dogs with bilateral fracture-luxations and/or concurrent musculoskeletal injuries.  相似文献   

19.
Objective— To (1) report a technique for repair of feline ilial fractures using a dorsally applied bone plate and (2) compare outcome with cats treated by a lateral plate.
Study Design— Prospective study.
Animals— Cats (n=10) with iliac fractures.
Methods— Cats with ilial fractures (January 2005–December 2006) were treated by application of a dorsally applied bone plate. Immediate postoperative radiographs were compared with those taken 4–6 weeks later to assess screw loosening, screw purchase, and pelvic canal narrowing. Owners were contacted for medium-term (>3 month) follow-up. Data were compared with a report of outcome after lateral plating (LP) in 21 cats.
Results— Mean (± SD) screw purchase (89 ± 11 mm) was significantly greater ( P <.01) with a dorsal plate compared with a lateral plate (33 ± 8 mm). Significantly more screws ( P <.01) were used with a dorsal plate (median, 7) compared with a lateral plate (median, 6). Significantly less postoperative pelvic canal narrowing developed in the dorsal plating group between postoperative and 4–6-week follow-up radiography compared with the LP group (2% versus 15%, P <.01).
Conclusion— Dorsal plating of feline ilial fractures results in significantly less screw loosening and pelvic canal narrowing at 4–6 weeks after surgery compared with LP.
Clinical Relevance— Dorsal plating of feline iliac fractures may reduce complications associated with pelvic canal narrowing such as constipation and megacolon.  相似文献   

20.
Objective— To define a safe corridor in the dorsoventral plane within the feline sacral body for placement of screws inserted in lag fashion for repair of sacroiliac luxation.
Study Design— Anatomic study.
Sample Population— Frozen cadaveric feline sacra.
Methods— Feline sacra (n=20) were used to perform a radiographic study to define a safe corridor to a depth of 66% of the sacral body width. Two drill start points (A and B) were evaluated. Dorsal exit from the safe corridor was considered unacceptable.
Results— Forty safe corridors were measured. The mean articular surface was 100±6.4° from horizontal. Mean maximum, optimum, and minimum safe corridor drill angles from drill point A were 107±6.8°, 97±6.9°, and 87±7.2°, respectively, from the articular surface. Mean maximum, optimum, and minimum angles from drill point B were 109±7.2°, 99±7.1°, and 89.5±7.2°, respectively. Point B increased the risk of ventral exit from the sacral body.
Conclusions— Point A and a drill angle of 90±4° for drilling of the feline sacral body is recommended. This margin for error risks ventral exit from the body in 23/40 (58%) of the sacra in this study. Reduction of the margin for error to ±2° would reduce the risk of ventral exit to 14/40 (35%) of the sacra in this study.
Clinical Relevance— Drilling at 90° to the feline sacral articular surface is recommended. Findings from this study present a strong case for use of angled drill guides.  相似文献   

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