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1.
In recent decades, SO4 2- concentrations have increased in groundwater and surface water of freshwater wetlands. For many minerotrophic peatlands, S originating from SO4 2--polluted groundwater and surface water is a more significant source of SO4 2- than the actual atmospheric deposition of S compounds. Lowered groundwater tables in wetlands, as a result of either natural or anthropogenic desiccation, may cause acidification because of concomitant geochemical oxidation processes. The impact of the enhanced availability of reduced S compounds, due to preceding SO4 2- pollution, on these processes was tested in a mesocosm experiment, using soil cores including vegetation from a mesotrophic wet meadow. The soils had been maintained in waterlogged condition for seven months, using two environmentally relevant SO4 2- concentrations (2 and 4 mmol L-1). The groundwater table was reduced in two successive steps: 10 cm below soil surface, and complete desiccation. Control pretreated soils did not show a decrease in soil pH during desiccation, due to adequate buffering by bicarbonate. However, both SO4 2--pretreated groups showed a significant drop in pH (from 6.5 to 4.5) caused by additional sulfide oxidation, leading to high SO4 2- concentrations (10 and 16 mmol L-1, respectively). Cation exchange and acidification-related solubilization processes induced the mobiliztation of base cations and potentially phytotoxic metals like Al. Nutrient concentrations in soil moisture were influenced strongly by SO4 2- pretreatment, showing distinct patterns for P, N and K. Therefore, S polluted groundwater and surface water may severely increase the sensitivity of wetlands to desiccation. The results are discussed in relation to wetland management.  相似文献   

2.
Blanket‐bog peats, mapped as the Winter Hill and Crowdy associations by the Soil Survey of England and Wales, are an oceanic manifestation of the ombrotrophic ‘raised‐bog’ (Hochmoor) peats that cover large tracts in the boreal zone of the northern hemisphere. This paper examines monthly analyses from 1992 to 1997 of major ions and other variables from an upland blanket bog in southwest England in relation to seasonality, rainfall, and the chemical composition of rainwater. Average ionic composition of surface water (and peat) integrates variable atmospheric solute inputs over the years. The dominant ions in the surface water, Na+ and Cl–, showed only weak seasonality, but divalent cations a stronger seasonal pattern with a summer maximum. Mean pH ranged from c. 4.4 in February to c. 4.2 in August. Changes in concentration of different cations were closely interlinked by cation exchange. The anion deficit, accounted for by anionic groups on the dissolved organic matter, was strongly seasonal with a summer maximum, as was optical absorbance at 320 nm. Nitrate and NH4+ were both at much smaller concentrations than in rain. Nitrate exceeded 1 μmol l?1 only during cold periods in winter, mainly following drought in the summer of 1995; NH4+ reached a few μmol l?1 only in summer. There was evidence of net retention of S by the peat in wet sites and during wet periods, and of net release of SO42– (and acidity) under dry conditions. The 1995 summer drought and ensuing dry year in 1996 had marked and persistent effects on pH, apparent ion deficit (DEF), SO42–, the divalent cations and Fe.  相似文献   

3.
Depth profiles of total S, organic S, soluble SO 4 2? -S, FeS, and FeS2 were characterized for Sphagnum-derived peat cores collected from 9 sites. Marcell S-2 Bog (MN), Tamarack Swamp (PA), Cranesville Swamp (MD/WV), and Big Run Bog (WV) receive water from precipitation and upland runoff; atmospheric S deposition is 13, 47, 54, and 114 mmol m?2, yr?1, respectively. McDonald's Branch Swamp (NJ) is predominantly groundwater fed. Tub Run Bog (WV) and Allegheny Mining Bog (MD) receive augmented SO 4 2? inputs through acid coal mine drainage. Jezerní slat' and Bo?í Dar Bog in Czechoslovakia receive atmospheric S inputs of 33 and 243 mmol m?2 yr?1, respectively. In the peat from all sites except Allegheny Mining Bog, where the substantially augmented SO 4 2? input was reflected in an unusually high dissolved SO 4 2? pool in the surface peat, organic S (probably mostly carbon bonded S) was the dominant S fraction; FeS2 was generally the dominant inorganic S fraction. Subsurface peaks in total S, organic S and FeS2-S in peat from the runoff water fed sites were interpreted as indicative of depth-dependent patterns in S reduction/oxidation and in S immobilization/mineralization. Unless SO 4 2? inputs to a site are tremendously augmented (e.g., Allegheny Mining Bog), the rapid turnover of the dissolved SO 4 2? pool combined with the relative stability of the other inorganic and organic S pools, apparently functions as an effective buffer against site differences in S inputs, leading to a general similarity in vertical S profiles in the peat deposits.  相似文献   

4.
A simple mass flux model was developed to simulate the response of SO4 2- concentrations in surface waters to past and anticipated future changes in atmospheric deposition of SO4 2-. Values of bulk (or wet) SO4 2- deposition and dry deposition of S determined from measured air concentrations and a deposition velocity were insufficient to balance watershed SO4 2- export at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, NH and for a regional survey of watersheds in the northeastern U.S. We propose two explanations for the unmeasured S source: 1) a significant underestimation of dry S deposition, and/or 2) internal watershed S sources, such as weathering and/or mineralization of soil organic S. Model simulations based on these two mechanisms agreed closely with measured stream SO4 2- concentrations at Hubbard Brook. Close agreement between measured and model predicted results precluded identification of which of the two mechanisms controlled long-term trends in stream SO4 2-. Model simulations indicated that soil adsorption reactions significantly delayed the response of stream water to declines in SO4 2- inputs since 1970, but could not explain the discrepancy in watershed S budgets. Extrapolation of model predictions into the future demonstrates that uncertainty in the source of the S imbalance in watersheds has important implications for assessments of the recovery of surface water acid neutralizing capacity in response to anticipated future reductions in SO2 emissions.  相似文献   

5.
In central Ontario, elevated SO4 concentrations and export have been measured in both upland and wetland-draining catchments following summer droughts, although the source of excess SO4 is unclear. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of drying and re-wetting and temperature, respectively, on the release of SO4 from the primary S pools in wetlands (Sphagnum and peat) and uplands (forest floor and mineral soil), using material collected from the PC1 catchment in Haliburton County, and from catchment S50 in the Turkey Lakes Watershed. Peat exhibited the most marked response to drying of the four materials considered, and within 24 h of re-wetting dried peat from both catchments released 3-4 times more SO4 (50-67 mg kg−1 S-SO4) than continuously moist peat (16 mg kg−1 S-SO4), although temperature had only a marginal effect on SO4 concentrations. There was no immediate response of Sphagnum to either drying or temperature, although S-SO4 concentrations in Sphagnum tended to increase over the 30-day (d) incubation. There was a small but immediate increase in S-SO4 concentrations in forest floor material (LFH) from both catchments within the first 24 h of incubation, which was greatest in treatments that were dried and/or incubated at a higher temperature. In contrast, neither temperature nor drying appeared to affect SO4 release from mineral soil collected from either site. Results of laboratory incubations suggest that increases in SO4 concentration that have been reported in wetland-draining streams immediately following summer dry periods may be quantitatively explained by drying and re-wetting of peat rather than increased mineralization in Sphagnum. Similarly, the higher SO4 concentrations that have been measured in upland streams following summer droughts may in part be due to enhanced SO4 release from the forest floor following drying and re-wetting. In contrast, while the mineral soil constitutes a large pool of total S, it does not appear to be responsive to changes in moisture or temperature in the short-term (<30 d) and therefore likely does not contribute to reported climate-related temporal variations in stream SO4.  相似文献   

6.
Seasonal fluctuations as well as long-term trends in water chemistry were studied in Schwarzsee ob Sölden (Tyrol, Austria), an oligotrophic softwater lake situated at 2796 m a.s.l. The catchement is composed of granite, plagioclase and micaschists containing considerable amounts of sulphur, with little soil cover. The lake is ice covered for about nine months, during this time the deepest layers (>16m) become anoxic. During summer overturn, alkalinity (ALK) is lowest (?8 μeq l?1) in the whole water column, whereas pH reaches its minimum (4.88) at the surface during snowmelt. A decrease of pH from 5.8 to 5.4 during winter is caused by CO2 oversaturation, but deep water ALK increases to up to 130 μeq l?1 due to in-lake ALK generation by reductive processes and base cation (BC) release. The seasonal pattern of ALK in SOS is driven by in-lake processes in winter, the snowmelting in spring and watershed processes and precipitation during summer. Since 1989 summer sulfate concentrations in SOS, originating mainly from the catchment, show a tendency to increase presumably caused by enhanced weathering. In contrast, SO4 2? concentrations in other high mountain lakes which are dominated by atmospheric depositions show a decreasing trend. SOS is a good example for the complexity of interactions between catchment and in-lake processes which act at different time scales and depend on climate changes and atmospheric inputs.  相似文献   

7.
N-sources in groundwater and outlet channels of hydromorphic soils NO3- and NH4-concentration was observed in the surface flow (1972–74) and in groundwater (1974–76) of the catchment area “Honigau” with a size of 1375 ha. During summer with low surface discharge and groundwater tables high NH4-concentration was measured as compared to NO3-concentration. High ammonium content during summer appears to be typical for many hydromorphic soils, as confirmed by N-content in Sphagnum peat soils and marsh soils. During winter season only a correlation exists between surface discharge and NO3-content in the Honigau area. This correlation disappears during very high discharge levels.  相似文献   

8.
A freshwater wetland at the Experimental Lakes Area in northwestern Ontario stored most of the SO4 2? received annually from precipitation, runoff and experimental additions. The S budget was determined for a small fen spray irrigated with H2SO4 and HNO3. Annual S retention was greatest during the first year of experimental addition of H2SO4 (73% of input in 1983). Retention was lowest (22%) in 1984, a year of lower than average precipitation with a long hot summer. During years with hot, dry summers, SO4 2? was produced from the reoxidation of reduced S compounds in the peat and released to surface waters. The autumn SO4 2? pulse was accompanied by the release of Ca and Mg but was not accompanied by a H+ release as has been detected in eastern Ontario and southern Norway, areas which receive more acidic precipitation.  相似文献   

9.
Time-dependent uptake of 35S]SO42? from surface water overlying cores of peat occurred by passive diffusion along a concentration gradient set up by SO42? metabolism in the peat. The limiting rate constant of SO42? uptake was related to concentration according to Michaelis-Menten kinetics. In peat cores taken from an area of mire submerged by surface water biologically-mediated uptake began immediately. But in cores taken from an adjacent area where the water table was about 5 cm below the peat surface, SO42? metabolism was slower and developed after a lag of about 2.3–4.0 days. Only about 2.2% of [35S]SO42? taken up by peat cores remained in the water-soluble pool, while about 11% was associated with acid-volatile H2S. Most of the remainder appeared to be incorporated into organic matter. Less than 0.3% was released as H2S into the gas phase. The experimental results are consistent with a flux into the peat of 3.28–7.71 g S m?2yr?1, comparable with 4.76–6.06 g S m?2yr?1 indicated by measurements of S content and age of the peat. The results suggest that uptake and metabolism of dissolved SO42? may be the major route of S incorporation into peat.  相似文献   

10.
华北低平原区有着巨大的粮食增产潜力,同时也是粮食生产和农业水资源矛盾突出的地区。外来调水与浅层微咸水的联合利用是解决区域水资源问题的有效途径之一,同时也将引起区域水循环和水环境的改变。为明确外来调水对华北低平原区地表水和地下水水化学特征的影响,本研究在华北低平原区河北省南皮县域内对调水后不同季节地表水和地下水进行调查和采样,利用水文地球化学和氢氧(d~2H、d~(18)O)稳定同位素相结合的方法,研究外来调水对地表水和地下水转化及其水化学特征的影响。研究结果表明,11月至翌年7月,受蒸发作用的影响,地表水电导率(EC)和钠吸附比(SAR)增加,d2H、d18O同位素不断富集;由于地表水和周围土壤的交换吸附作用使其水化学类型向Na~+、Cl~-和SO_4~(2-)增加、HCO_3~-减少的咸水转变。调水改变了地表水和浅层地下水之间的补给关系,11月至翌年3月,沟渠附近浅层地下水受外来调水直接或者灌溉补给,使得3月浅层地下水EC降低,埋深变浅,部分采样点分布在外来调水的SAR-EC区域。受调水影响,3月沟渠附近浅层地下水水化学类型为Na·Mg·Ca-Cl·SO_4、Na·Mg-Cl·SO_4·HCO_3、Na·Mg-SO_4·Cl·HCO_3等,是11月调水(Na·Mg·CaSO_4·HCO_3·Cl)和浅层地下水(Na·Mg-Cl·SO_4)的过渡类型。3月至7月浅层地下水补给沟渠水,地下水埋深变深,7月浅层地下水水化学类型与3月相似。调水可以季节性地改善区域内沟渠水及其附近的浅层地下水水质,而对深层地下水和坑塘水的水质无改善作用。调水对沟渠水水质的改善体现在调水季节,对浅层地下水水质的改善存在滞后性,2014年11月调水之后,2015年3月浅层地下水的水质得到改善。因此,采用调水和浅层地下水、坑塘水混合灌溉,对合理开发利用区域咸淡水资源以及深层地下水压采,恢复地下水位意义重大。  相似文献   

11.
An extended water regime model was used for calculating the evapotranspiration, groundwater recharge, and peat mineralization (CO2 and N release) for various fen locations with grassland utilization in dependence on the groundwater level. The results show that an increasing groundwater level leads to a strong decline of the actual evapotranspiration Et. For example, increasing the groundwater level from 30 to 120 cm diminishes the Et by up to 230 mm a—1. A positive groundwater recharge only takes place at groundwater levels of 90 cm and more. At smaller distances the capillary rise into the rooting zone during the summer months is greater than the water seepage during the winter months, so that a negative groundwater recharge‐balance is reached in the course of a year. The CO2‐ and the N‐release, as well as the annual decline in peat thickness, increase significantly with rising groundwater levels. The results show, that varying the groundwater level can influence the water regime and the peat mineralization significantly. The lower the groundwater level the less is the peat decomposition. The demand for a groundwater level as small as possible is, however, limited by an agricultural utilization of the fens. Choosing the optimum groundwater level should consider the aims (1) peat mineralization, (2) gas emission (CO2, CH4, N2O), and (3) crop production. If a grassland utilization is supposed to be made possible and all three aims above are given equal importance, the groundwater level should be maintained at 30 cm. At this distance, about 90 % of the optimum plant output can be reached. The peat mineralization can be reduced to 30 to 40 % of the maximum peat mineralization. The gas emission amounts to 50—60 % of the maximum value.  相似文献   

12.
以克拉玛依人工碳汇林区的土壤可溶性盐分离子、地下水矿化度和植被为研究对象, 综合运用描述性统计和相关性分析等方法, 研究其景观地球化学特征, 旨在通过对克拉玛依人工碳汇林区的景观地球化学特征的研究, 为这一地区盐渍化土壤改良和沙漠化防治提供理论依据。结果表明: 克拉玛依人工碳汇林区土壤Cl-、SO42-、Ca2+在0~80 cm范围内变异系数较大, 80~100 cm范围内, 土壤总盐和各离子变异系数相对较小; 盐分表聚现象严重; 该地区盐土类型主要是硫酸盐型, 其中SO42-和Na++K+为土壤可溶性盐的主要成分。研究区地下水呈弱碱性, 除HCO3-外, 其他离子和矿化度表现出较强的变异性; 地下水的化学类型主要为Cl·SO4-Na, 矿化度和Cl-、SO42-、Na++K+相关系数较为显著。种植人工碳汇林后, 除土壤HCO3-含量有轻微上升外, 其他离子均有所下降, 其中SO42-含量的降低趋势最为明显。俄罗斯杨林分土壤含盐量随种植年限的增长明显降低, 种植后的土壤盐渍化状况有明显改善。  相似文献   

13.
In the Vosges Mountains (NE of France), integrated plot-catchment studies have been carried out since 1985 in the Strengbach basin to study the influence of acid atmospheric inputs on surface water quality and element budgets. In this paper, available mid-term time series (1985–1991) have been considered to detect obvious trends, if any, in surface water chemistry and element budgets. Air quality data showed a slight decline for SO2, whereas NO2 slightly increased over the period, but these trends are not very significant. This is in agreement with increased N concentration (mainly as NH 4 + ) and with the stability of SO 4 2? in open field precipitation. Because of a significant decrease in rainfall amount over the period, only inputs of NH 4 + increased significantly whereas H+ and SO 4 2+ inputs declined. In spring and streamwaters, pH and dissolved Si concentration increased mainly as a result of a reduced flow. Na+, K+, Cl? and HCO-3~? concentrations remained stable whereas Ca2+, Mg2+ and SO 4 2+ concentrations declined significantly. Only NO 3 ? concentration increased significantly in springwaters. The catchment budgets revealed significant losses of base cations, Si and SO 4 2? . These losses decreased over the period. Nitrogen was retained in the ecosystem. However, a longer record is needed to determine whether or not changes in surface water chemistry have resulted from short-term flow reductions or long-term changes in input-output ion budgets. This is specially true with N because the decline in SO 4 2? output was accompanied by N accumulation.  相似文献   

14.
The recovery potential of stream acidification from years of acidic deposition is dependent on biogeochemical processes and varies among different acid-sensitive regions. Studies that investigate long-term trends and seasonal variability of stream chemistry in the context of atmospheric deposition and watershed setting provide crucial assessments on governing biogeochemical processes. In this study, water chemistries were investigated in Noland Divide watershed (NDW), a high-elevation watershed in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GRSM) of the southern Appalachian region. Monitoring data from 1991 to 2007 for deposition and stream water chemistries were statistically analyzed for long-term trends and seasonal patterns by using Seasonal Kendall Tau tests. Precipitation declined over this study period, where throughfall (TF) declined significantly by 5.76?cm?year?1. Precipitation patterns play a key role in the fate and transport of acid pollutants. On a monthly volume-weighted basis, pH of TF and wet deposition, and stream water did not significantly change over time remaining around 4.3, 4.7, and 5.8, respectively. Per NDW area, TF SO4 2- flux declined 356.16?eq?year?1 and SO4 2- concentrations did not change significantly over time. Stream SO4 2- remained about 30???eq L?1 exhibiting no long-term trends or seasonal patterns. SO4 2- retention was generally greater during drier months. TF monthly volume-weighted NH4 + and NO3 - concentrations significantly increased by 0.80???eq L?1?year?1 and 1.24???eq L?1?year?1, respectively. TF NH4 + fluxes increased by 95.76?eq?year?1. Most of NH4 + was retained in the watershed, and NO3 - retention was much lower than NH4 +. Stream monthly volume-weighted NO3 - concentrations and fluxes significantly declined by 0.56???eq L?1?year?1 and 139.56?eq?year?1, respectively. Overall, in NDW, inorganic nitrogen was exported before 1999 and retained since then, presumably from forest regrowth after Frazer fir die-off in the 1970s from balsam wooly adelgid infestation. Stream export of NO3 - was greater during winter than summer months. During the period from 1999 to 2007, stream base cations did not exhibit significant changes, apparently regulated by soil supply. Statistical models predicting stream pH, ANC, SO4 2-, and NO3 - concentrations were largely correlated with stream discharge and number of dry days between precipitation events and SO4 2- deposition. Dependent on precipitation, governing biogeochemical processes in NDW appear to be SO4 2- adsorption, nitrification, and NO3 - forest uptake. This study provided essential information to aid the GRSM management for developing predictive models of the future water quality and potential impacts from climate change.  相似文献   

15.
To assess links between hydroclimatological factors and NO3 - concentrations in streamflow from boreal forests with shallow soils, data from two catchments were analyzed. TOPMODEL was used to calculate the surface runoff fraction, daily dynamics of soil moisture, groundwater levels, and extensions of saturated areas. The stable isotope 18O was used for isotopic hydrograph separation (IHS) during one snowmelt season. Air-temperature and flow increase were the dominating factors explaining annual NO3 -dynamics. Correlation also was found between NO3 - concentrations and the surface runoff fraction. Increased concentrations during times of shallow groundwater were found both during cold and warm periods in one catchment. In the other, shallow groundwater was correlated to decreasing concentrations during cold periods, and increasing concentrations during warm periods. A two component model of event and pre-event water fractions and corresponding NO3 - concentrations was set up for the snowmelt season. Model predictions mirrored NO3 - concentrations during the first five days of the snowmelt. After that, the model overestimated NO3 - concentrations, which indicates retention of NO3 - in the event water fraction, originating from the snowmelt. The highest concentrations occurred during the initiations of flow increase, which indicates flushing of surficial NO3 -.  相似文献   

16.
The reversibility of acidification is being investigated in a full scale catchment manipulation experiment at Lake Gårdsjön on the Swedish west coast using isotopes as environmental tracers. A 6300 m2 roof over the catchment enables researchers to control depositional variables. Stable S isotope values were determined in bulk deposition, throughfall, runoff, groundwater and soil-extracted water during one year prior to and two years of experimental control. Data collected prior to experimental control suggest that the inorganic SO 4 2? pool within the catchment has a homogeneousδ 34S value of about+5.5‰. Sprinkling of water spiked with small amounts of sea-water derived SO 4 2? started in April 1991. Theδ 34S value of this SO 4 2? is around+19.5‰. Since April 1991, the SO 4 2? concentration in runoff has decreased by some 30%, however, theδ 34S value have increased by only 0.5‰. This suggests mixing of sprinkling water S with a large reservoir of S in the catchment. Oxygen isotopes in SO 4 2? suggest that less than one third of the SO 4 2? in runoff is secondary SO 4 2? formed within the soil profile. This is, however, no evidence for net mineralization of S. The SO 4 2? in runoff in the roofed catchment is a mixture of SO 4 2? previously adsorbed in the soil, mineralized organic S and SO 4 2? from the sprinkler water. Calculations based on isotope data indicate that the turnover time of S within the catchment is on the order of decades. Since SO 4 2? facilitates base cation flow, the acidification reversal will take a much longer time than concentration decreases of SO 4 2? would suggest.  相似文献   

17.
Based on studies of high-elevation, Sierra Nevada catchments during the period from 1983 through 1996, we describe temporal variations in the concentrations of NO3 - and SO4 2- in surface waters. During snowmelt, some catchments had a pattern of NO3 - increase to a plateau between the start of snowmelt and some weeks before runoff peaked, and a decline as runoff increased to its maximum. In other catchments, NO3 - concentrations peaked during the autumn and winter. Long-term trends in surface water chemistry were evident in only two catchments: an increase in SO4 2- concentrations in surface waters of the Ruby Lake basin, and a lowering of annual maxima and minima of NO3 - concentrations at Emerald Lake. From October 1987 through April 1994, SO4 2- concentrations increased from about 6 µeq L-1 to about 12 µeq L-1 in Ruby Lake, and in Emerald Lake, NO3 - maxima declined by 25-50 %.  相似文献   

18.
Information on atmospheric inputs, water chemistry and hydrology were combined to evaluate elemental mass balances and assess temporal changes in elemental transport from 1983 through 1992 for the Arbutus Lake watershed. This watershed is located within a northern hardwood ecosystem at the Huntington Forest within the central Adirondack Mountains of New York (USA). Changes in water chemistry, including increasing NO3 ? concentrations (1.1 μmol c , L?1 yr-1), have been detected during this study period. Starting in 1991 hydrological flow has been measured from Arbutus Lake and these measurements were compared with predicted flow using the BROOK2 hydrological simulation model. The model adequately (r2=0.79) simulated flow from this catchment and was used to estimate drainage for earlier periods when direct hydrological measurements were not available. Modeled drainage water losses coupled with estimates of wet and dry atmospheric deposition were used to calculate solute budgets. Export of SO4 2? (831 mol c ha?1 yr?1) from the greater Arbutus Lake watershed exceeded estimates of atmospheric deposition in an adjacent hardwood stand suggesting an additional source of S. These large drainage losses of SO4 2? also contributed to the drainage fluxes of basic cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and Na+). Most of the atmospheric inputs of inorganic N were retained (average of 74% of wet precipitation and 85% total deposition) in the watershed. There were differences among years (56 to 228 mol ha?1 yr?1) in drainage water losses of N with greatest losses occurring during a warm, wet period (1989–1991).  相似文献   

19.
Ion concentrations in water collected within a forest of sugar maple and yellow birch at the Turkey Lakes Watershed near Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario were examined from 1982 to 1984 to determine sources of acidity and the extent of cation leaching from forest floor horizons. Volume-weighted concentrations and ion fluxes in throughfall and forest-floor percolate during the growing and dormant seasons were calculated. Hydrogen ion content of the forest-floor percolate decreased in relation to that of throughfall in the dormant season and increased in the growing season. Hydrogen ion deposition in throughfall could account for 100% of the flux of H+ through the forest floor in the dormant period, and 40% of the flux during the growing season. In forest-floor percolate, Ca2+ concentrations were positively correlated with those of SO4 2-, NO3 - and organic anions during both dormant and growing seasons. Sources of NO3 - and organic anions within the ecosystem and major external inputs of NO3 - and SO4 2- were critical factors that influenced cation mobility in the forest floor.  相似文献   

20.
Ambient particle and gas concentrations, wet deposition and dry deposition were measured in Warren, MI between December 18, 1983 and April 6, 1984. Dry deposition was measured to various surfaces in a cutoff bucket, including a snow surface, a snow/water surface during melting and a deionized water surface. Dry deposition velocities were calculated for various species from the ratio of the dry flux to the ambient concentrations. The dry deposition velocities measured to a snow surface were 0.082 cm s?1 SO2 2.0 for HNO3, 0.083 for NH4 +, 2.0 for Ca++ and 4.3 for Cl?. The values were not significantly different for a snow/water surface during melting compared to a snow surface. However, higher values of 0.69 cm s?1 for SO2, 6.2 for HNO3, 0.33 for NH4 +, and 4.2 for Ca++ were found to a deionized water surface in the spring. These higher values could be due to the higher air temperature, the pH of the liquid or to increased atmospheric mixing during this period.  相似文献   

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