首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
To correlate the clinical course of mycoplasma mastitis with its immune response, right mammary glands of 15 lactating goats were inoculating with 1010 colony-forming units (cfu) of Mycoplasma agalactiae (Ma). Before sacrificing the animals at 5, 15 or 45 days post-inoculation (dpi), blood Ma antibody titres and milk mycoplasma colony and somatic cell counts were monitored. Ma colonised the mammary gland and milk counts increased to over 1012 cfu/ml within 5 dpi. During this period, an innate immune response involving neutrophils and macrophages was observed, and Ma antigen appeared in the degenerated acinar epithelium. From 7 dpi, a specific antibody response coincided with reduced viable mycoplasmas in milk. The humoral immune response was limited; by 37 dpi, all animals scored negative for anti-Ma antibodies, and around 108 cfu/ml were shed. Results indicate an early immune response to Ma inoculation unable to control mycoplasmal invasion. An ensuing humoral response, despite reducing the mycoplasma burden, leads to chronic, persistent infection.  相似文献   

2.
Infection of the Bovine Udder with Bovine Herpesvirus   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis — infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (bovine herpesvirus) grown in tissue culture was used as inoculum in trials to infect the lactating bovine udder. Six experiments were undertaken in which one or more quarters were infused with 1 ml. of tissue culture fluids containing 106 to 107 tissue culture infectious doses (TCID) of virus. In four of the experiments the inoculated quarters showed marked evidence of infection in the form of acute inflammation, swelling, reduced milk secretion and profound changes in the physical appearance of the milk. In each case virus was recovered in high titres in the milk from about the second until the tenth to fifteenth days following exposure. Uninfected quarters remained normal in appearance and virus could not be recovered from the milk.

In three of the experiments it was shown that serum and milk antibodies appeared shortly after the disappearance of virus from the milk. One experiment involving two animals showed that about 1000 TCID of virus were required to produce infection. In one experiment a cow having a pre-inoculation serum titre for bovine herpesvirus proved resistant to infection.

The experiments indicate that the bovine udder is readily susceptible to bovine herpesvirus in non-immune animals, and that the virus produces an acute, limited infection leading to a temporary disfunction of the gland. It appears that natural invasion of the udder through the teat canal is not readily accomplished by the virus.

  相似文献   

3.
The occurrence of protothecosis in a dairy herd quarantined under the National Brucellosis Eradication Program is reported. Infection was detected by milk culture and the presence of serum precipitins to a culture filtrate antigen preparation of Prototheca zopfi. The alga was always cultured from the milk when serum precipitins were present. Whey antibodies were demonstrated in infected quarters. Consumption of colostrum from an infected cow may have accounted for the brief appearance of serum precipitins in young calves. A naturally infected cow was monitored for 20 months. Serum antibodies disappeared six months after lactation ended but reappeared following parturition, with both algal cells and antibodies in the colostrum. Prototheca zopfi survived a 13 month dry period. There was no spread of infection to the calf. An experimental infection of a healthy cow was short lived but the presence of both serum and whey antibodies was demonstrated. Cross-reactions between Prototheca and Brucella abortus antigens were not observed, and the association between the diseases was found to be coincidental.  相似文献   

4.
The aim of the present study was to compare endotoxin activities detected in raw milk samples obtained from cattle by a commercially available portable test system (PTS) and traditional microplate limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL)-based assay, which determined activities using a kinetic turbidimetric (KT) assay. Raw milk samples were obtained from 53 and 12 dairy cattle without and with clinical mastitis, respectively. Comparison between the KT and PTS was performed by the Friedman test. The Pearson product moment correlation coefficients were calculated to evaluate associations between any two continuous variables. Linear regression model analysis was also performed to obtain the equation describing the relationship between PTS and KT assay. The endotoxin activities detected in 200- or 400-fold diluted milk samples were similar between PTS and KT assay, whereas a significant difference was observed in 100-fold diluted milk (P<0.001). The results obtained from 200- (r2=0.778, P<0.001) and 400-fold diluted milk samples (r2=0.945, P<0.001) using PTS correlated with those using KT assay. The median milk endotoxin activities in Gram-positive and Gram-negative clinical mastitis cows were 0.655 and 11,523.5 EU/ml, respectively. The results of the present study suggest that PTS as a simple and easy test to assess endotoxin activity in raw milk is efficient, simple and reproducible.  相似文献   

5.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA )‐rich microalgae, Aurantiochytrium limacinum (AURA ), on a variety of health and productivity parameters in lactating cows. Twenty‐four cows were blocked by parity and number of days in milk and then randomly assigned to a control (CON ; n  = 12) group with no algal supplementation, or a treatment group (AURA ; n  = 12) provided with 100 g AURA  cow?1 day?1 or 16 g DHA  cow?1 day?1. A variety of health and productivity measurements were taken, and results indicated that supplementation had no negative effects on animal health in terms of somatic cell count, haematological and biochemical blood parameters, while body condition was marginally improved by algal supplementation. No differences were found for the various production parameters measured; however, a tendency towards increased milk production was observed for the AURA group during the final stage of the study (+4.5 kg cow?1 day?1, day 78–84). The fatty acid profile of milk was improved by supplementation, with significantly lower saturated fatty acids, significantly higher omega‐3 fatty acids and an improved omega‐3/omega‐6 ratio observed when compared to the control group. The amount of DHA in the milk of cows provided 105 g AURA  head?1 day?1 was 4.7 mg/100 g milk with a peak transfer efficiency from feed to milk at day 49 of 8.3%. These results indicate that supplementation with 105 g AURA  head?1 day?1 resulted in the successful enrichment of milk with DHA without negatively impacting the health or productivity of the animals.  相似文献   

6.
Natural antibodies (NAb) are defined as antibodies that circulate in normal healthy individuals under the absence of deliberate antigenic stimulation. Two types of NAb are distinguished: NAb towards exogenous antigens and NAb towards autoantigens (N(A)Ab). The objectives of the current study were threefold. First, we studied the relation between metabolic health and concentrations of NAb binding keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in milk and plasma of dairy cows in early lactation. Second, we determined the presence of N(A)Ab binding transferrin, myosin and thyroglobulin in bovine milk. Third, we studied the relation between N(A)Ab in bovine milk and mammary health. For the first objective, dairy cows were either fed a control (C) (n = 8) or a diet where 2 kg of concentrates were replaced by an iso-energetic concentrate containing marine algae (ALG) from week −3 till 8 postpartum (experiment 1). Plasma and milk samples were analyzed weekly for NAb binding either KLH or LPS. Plasma was analyzed for glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA). For the second and third objective, milk samples were collected weekly from 96 dairy cows from week 2 till 9 postpartum and analyzed for milk composition and N(A)Ab binding myosin, transferrin and thyroglobulin (experiment 2). For both datasets, N(A)Ab titers are expressed as 2log values of the highest dilution giving a positive reaction. Data are expressed as means ± SEM. Repeated observations were analyzed in a mixed model. In experiment 1, no diet effect (P > 0.05) was observed on NAb binding LPS in plasma or milk, NAb binding KLH in milk was greater (P = 0.05) for cows fed the control diet. Concentration of NAb binding KLH and LPS in plasma was negatively related to plasma NEFA concentration (P < 0.05). In experiment 2, NAb binding myosin (5.66 ± 0.06), thyroglobulin (4.85 ± 0.06), and transferrin (5.76 ± 0.07) were identified in milk. Clinical mastitis incidence (9%) tended to be positively related to concentration of NAb binding myosin (P = 0.06) and negatively related to Nab binding transferrin (P = 0.08). In conclusion, NAb binding KLH and LPS in plasma and milk are related to metabolic health, as indicated by plasma NEFA concentration. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the presence of N(A)Ab in bovine milk and shows trends for a relation between N(A)Ab binding auto-antigens and mastitis. Future studies should confirm these trends and shed light on the predictive value of N(A)Ab in bovine milk for mammary health.  相似文献   

7.
The objectives of this study were to identify risk factors associated with i) a Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP)-antibody milk enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MAP milk ELISA)-positive herd status, and ii) the within-herd MAP milk ELISA-positive prevalence in Canadian dairy herds. This prospective cohort study was conducted between 2005 and 2009 on 226 herds in Ontario and western Canada, which participated in a voluntary risk assessment (RA)-based Johne’s disease control program. Two MAP milk ELISA and risk assessments and a previsit survey were available per herd. The overall farm RA scores alone could not be used to predict whether a herd would test positive for MAP antibodies. However, the results of this study indicated that increasing the likelihood of exposing calves to MAP through certain management practices, as assessed with the RA, increased the likelihood of a herd being test-positive for MAP antibodies.  相似文献   

8.

Background

Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii. Prevalence data in ruminant species are important to support risk assessments regarding public and animal health. The aim was to investigate the presence of or exposure to C. burnetii in cattle, sheep, goats and moose, and to compare two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). National surveys of antibodies against C. burnetii were performed for dairy cattle (n=1537), dairy goats (n=58) and sheep (n=518). Bovine samples consisted of bulk milk, caprine of pooled milk, and ovine of pooled serum. Antibodies were investigated in moose samples (n=99) from three regions. A one-year regional cattle bulk milk survey was performed on the Isle of Gotland (n=119, four occasions). Cattle, sheep and goat samples were analysed with indirect ELISA and moose samples with complement fixation test. For the sheep, goat, and parts of the cattle survey, samples were run in parallel by ELISAs based on antigens from infected ruminants and ticks. Bulk milk samples from the regional cattle survey and vaginal swabs from a subset of the sheep herds (n=80) were analysed for the agent by polymerase chain reaction. Spatial clustering was investigated in the national cattle survey.

Results

The prevalence of antibodies in dairy herds was 8.2% with large regional differences. High risk clusters were identified in the southern regions. The prevalence among dairy herds on the Isle of Gotland varied from 55.9% to 64.6% and 46.4% to 58.9.0% for antibodies and agent, respectively, overall agreement between agent and antibodies was 85.2%. The prevalence of antibodies in sheep was 0.6%, the agent was not detected the vaginal swabs. Antibodies were not detected in goats or moose, although parts of the moose samples were collected in an area with high prevalence in cattle. The overall agreement between the two ELISAs was 90.4%.

Conclusions

The prevalence of antibodies against C. burnetii in dairy cattle in Sweden shows large regional differences. The results suggest that C. burnetii is a rare pathogen among Swedish moose, dairy goat and sheep. ELISAs based on ruminant and tick antigen performed in a similar manner under Swedish conditions.  相似文献   

9.
In a cross-sectional study of bluetongue virus (BTV) and Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) infections, a sample of 572 California dairy cows was tested for the presence of antibodies to answer the question: Is it possible to identify and to assess quantitatively the associations between positive antibody test and production? Serum samples collected from these cows during December 1986 were tested for the presence of antibodies to BTV and M. bovis using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data on milk production were extracted from individual cow sheets of the California Dairy Herd Improvement Association (DHIA) record-keeping system and interfaced with percentage ELISA results for analysis. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses, using the X 2 test for categorical variables or Student's t-test for continuous variables and multiple logistic regression respectively, were carried out to evaluate for possible associations between positive antibody tests to each agent and each production variable of interest. Complete data on all variables studied were obtained for 289 (50.5%) cows for M. bovis and 423 (74%) cows for BTV. For cows with complete data on all variables, estimates of the point prevalence of antibodies to BTV and M. bovis were 70.5% and 66.1%, respectively. Results of this study indicated that Guernsey cows were more likely to have a positive BTV test than Holstein cows and that cows in higher lactations were more likely to test positive to BTV ELISA than those in lower lactations (p<0.05). Because all cows except those on one farm were Holstein, our confidence in the effect of breed is limited. The association between lactation number and BTV seropositive test may be an age factor identified earlier in the study. For M. bovis, the results of the analysis indicated that seropositive cows were more likely to produce less milk, on a mature equivalent basis (ORadj=0.96, p=0.034), and that they had less extended 305 day milk production potential (ORadj=0.90, p<0.0001) than seronegative cows.  相似文献   

10.
Some animals routinely endure serious injuries from predators or during intraspecific territorial conflicts. Such is the case for Amphiuma tridactylum, an aquatic salamander that lives in an environment rich in potentially infectious microbes, apparently with rare or no pathogenic infection. Some vertebrates possess innate immune mechanisms, but whether this is the case for Amphiuma is unknown. To assess this potential, plasma from 19 A. tridactylum was pooled and used for characterisation of serum complement activity. The ability of A. tridactylum plasma to hemolyse unsensitised sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) was titer-dependent, with low activity observed even at high plasma titers. The kinetic characterisation of SRBC hemolysis revealed that significant activity could be measured within 10 min of incubation, and maximal activity occurred within 60 min. The SRBC hemolysis by A. tridactylum plasma was also temperature-dependent, with maximal activity at 30 °C. In addition, this activity was sensitive to mild heat treatment, with 96% of activity inhibited by incubation at 56 °C for 30 min. The SRBC hemolysis could also be inactivated by pretreatment of the plasma with proteases, indicating that this activity was protein dependent. The activity required divalent metals ions, with activity inhibited by EDTA, citrate, or phosphate. However, the chelator-inhibited activity could be restored by the addition of excess Ca2+ or Mg2+, but not Cu2+ or Ba2+, indicating specificity of the divalent metal ion requirement. The sensitivity to heat, proteases, and divalent metal ion chelators strongly suggests that A. tridactylum plasma-mediated hemolysis of SRBCs is mediated by the serum complement system of proteins.  相似文献   

11.
Anaplasma marginale is endemic in tropical and subtropical areas around the world. Some studies have suggested that cows during peripartum may present a transient immunosuppression state and development of clinical signs of anaplasmosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between some risk factors and the seroprevalence of A. marginale in dairy cows during peripartum in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The risk factors analyzed in association with the prevalence of antibodies against A. marginale in dairy cows were calving season, reproductive experience, breed standard, tick infestations, stocking density, and milk yield. The antibodies against A. marginale were tested in indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. A primary screening using a 2 × k contingency table of the exposed variables with the outcomes was performed. All variables for which p?<?0.20 were included in a fixed effects log regression. The risk factors investigated to anaplasmosis were calving (OR 2.61, IC 1.08–7.63), breed standard (OR 3.83, IC 0.08–0.28), reproductive experience (OR 33.7, IC 2.14–5.16), milk yield (OR 3.9, IC 2.24–7.03), Rhipicephalus microplus infestations (OR 10.3, IC 0.05–0.17), and stocking density (OR 22.3, IC 0.05–0.17). Low titers of antibodies against A. marginale during peripartum had been characterized as a period previous to development of clinical anaplasmosis. Thus, studies on anaplasmosis should consider each farm as an epidemiological unit, where environmental and immunological factors may influence the endemic status of the pathogen.  相似文献   

12.
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), which comprise over 70% of the somatic cells in goat milk, are a major cellular component of innate immunity in the goat mammary gland. However, the function of milk PMNs is modified after diapedesis compared to PMNs in blood. As many aspects of PMN activity depend directly on intracellular Ca2+ concentration ((Ca2+)i), the present study aimed to determine the changes in Ca2+ homeostasis of milk PMNs from lactating goats compared to autologous blood PMNs, and to examine the significance of these variations to the immuno-competency of milk PMNs. The intracellular Ca2+ store of freshly prepared milk cells was estimated from the elevation of (Ca2+)i after ionomycin treatment, which was found to be significantly less than blood PMNs. Replenishment of the intracellular Ca2+ store in milk cells after intracellular Ca2+ depletion by Bapta-AM followed by spiking with 2.5 mM Ca2+ for 20 min was also compared to that of blood PMNs, showing that after depletion/spiking the intracellular Ca2+ store in milk cells was much less than blood PMNs. The production of superoxide anion (O2?) in vitro in response to (Ca2+)i-dependent or (Ca2+)i-independent modulators was used to evaluate the relevance of altered Ca2+ homeostasis on the immuno-competency of milk cells compared to blood PMNs. The results indicated that milk cells produced similarly low levels of O2? as blood PMNs when treated with ionomycin. However, the amount of O2? produced by milk cells in response to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) stimulation, although greater than ionomycin treatment, was significantly less than that of blood PMNs. The capacity for O2? production by both cell types in response to PMA reverted to the resting state with use of the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, staurosporine. In conclusion, the current study demonstrated an irreversible shortage of intracellular Ca2+ in the milk PMNs of lactating goats compared to blood PMNs. It also showed that preliminary O2–production, primed by ionomycin treatment, remained unchanged in milk PMNs, despite the shortage in intracellular Ca2+, but decreased O2? production capacity, mediated via the PKC pathway, in milk PMN. It is suggested that the defects in Ca2+ homeostasis in milk PMNs of lactating goats is partially attributable for the post-diapedesis functionality modifications.  相似文献   

13.
Serum and milk samples from 1229 cows on 22 Ontario dairy farms were individually tested for antibodies specific for bovine leukosis virus (BLV) and Neospora caninum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Antibodies against BLV were present in 361 serum samples (29.4%) and 369 milk samples (30.0%). Comparing the 2 tests, agreement was almost perfect (k = 0.86; 95% CI = 0.83 to 0.90) and the proportions of samples positive were not significantly different (P = 0.56). Both tests identified the same 3 herds free of bovine leukosis virus. Antibodies against N. caninum were detected in 138 serum samples (11.2%), and 111 milk samples (9.0%). Agreement between the 2 tests was moderate (k = 0.52; 95% CI = 0.43 to 0.59). Four herds were free of neosporosis by the serum test, while 10 herds were negative by the milk test. The ELISA on milk samples facilitates sample collection to classify herds free of BLV; the milk N. caninum ELISA was less reliable in predicting herd-level infection.  相似文献   

14.
After administration of sulphanilamide to goats and cows, sulphanilamide is excreted into milk. The concentrations of sulphanilamide in ultrafiltrate of milk (M. Ultr.) and blood plasma (P. Ultr.) are equal and the ratio M. Ultr./P. Ultr. is 1.0. The pKa of sulphanilamide is 10.4 and thus, sulphanilamide is un-ionized in both milk and blood plasma. Therefore, sulphanilamide is excreted into milk in accordance to the theory of passive diffusion of the non-protein-bound and un-ionized fraction in blood plasma (Rasmussen 1958, 1966; Miller et al. 1967). A similar ratio was expected for acetylated sulphanilamide with a pKa of 10.3. However, the concentration of the acetylated derivative is always found higher in milk than in plasma. This might be due to formation of acetylated sulphanilamide in the mammary tissue, as demonstrated by Rasmussen & Linzell (1967) or active excretion of the compound just as in the case of N4-acetylated p-aminohip-puric acid (Rasmussen 1969).  相似文献   

15.
The aim of the present study was to determine whether an ELISA based on a 38‐kDa surface antigen (NcSRS2) of Neospora caninum tachyzoites could be used to examine bovine milk for antibodies against N. caninum. A total of 797 undiluted milk samples from N. caninum‐infected herds were examined in the p38‐ELISA. Milk results of individual animals were compared with those obtained by the same ELISA for the corresponding serum samples. The linear correlation between milk and serum antibody results of individual animals was characterized by an adjusted R2 of 0.644. The examination of the two‐graph receiver‐operating characteristics revealed an optimal cut‐off of 0.150 to obtain similar results in the examination of milk and serum. With this cut‐off, the test had a specificity and a sensitivity relative to the serum results of 93%. Using this cut‐off, excellent agreement was observed between milk and serum results (Kappa 0.85; 95% CI, 0.781–0.920). A cut‐off of 0.450 resulted in a specificity of 99% relative to the serum results. At this cut‐off, the sensitivity of the test was 80% relative to the serum‐ELISA and agreement was slightly lower (Kappa = 0.82; 95%CI, 0.749–0.887). An optimized linear regression model suggests that, in addition to the result in the p38‐serum‐ELISA, the variables abortion risk (ABRISK) (abortion between 100 and 269 days pregnant) and the age of the animal (AGE) affected the result of the p38‐milk‐ELISA. The optimized linear regression model had an adjusted R2 of 0.8501.  相似文献   

16.

Background

The main objective of this study was to estimate the effect of supplementation with Saccaromyces cerevisiae (SC) (Yea-Sacc® 1026) on milk production, metabolic parameters and the resumption of ovarian activity in early lactation dairy cows.

Methods

The experiment was conducted during 2005/2006 in a commercial tied-house farm with an average of 200 milking Estonian Holstein Friesian cows. The late pregnant multiparous cows (n = 46) were randomly divided into two groups; one group received 10 g yeast culture from two weeks before to 14 weeks after calving. The groups were fed a total mixed ration with silages and concentrates. Milk recording data and blood samples for plasma metabolites were taken. Resumption of luteal activity was determined using milk progesterone (P4) measurements. Uterine bacteriology and ovarian ultrasonography (US) were performed and body condition scores (BCS) and clinical disease occurrences were recorded. For analysis, the statistical software Stata 9.2 and R were used to compute Cox proportional hazard and linear mixed models.

Results

The average milk production per cow did not differ between the groups (32.7 ± 6.4 vs 30.7 ± 5.3 kg/day in the SC and control groups respectively), but the production of milk fat (P < 0.001) and milk protein (P < 0.001) were higher in the SC group. There was no effect of treatment on BCS. The analysis of energy-related metabolites in early lactation showed no significant differences between the groups. In both groups higher levels of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) appeared from days 14 to 28 after parturition and the concentration of non-esterfied fatty acid (NEFA) was higher from days 1–7 post partum (PP). According to US and P4 results, all cows in both groups ovulated during the experimental period. The resumption of ovarian activity (first ovulations) and time required for elimination of bacteria from the uterus did not differ between the groups.

Conclusion

Supplementation with SC had an effect on milk protein and fat production, but did not influence the milk yield. No effects on PP metabolic status, bacterial elimination from the uterus nor the resumption of ovarian activity were found.  相似文献   

17.
The effects of time of feed delivery (14.00 hours; 14.00 and 20.00 hours; 16.00 and 18.00 hours) on the physiological parameters, ingestive behavior, nutrient intake and production of lactating cows maintained in a semi‐arid region during the hot season were evaluated. Regardless of treatment, all animals received the first feeding supply at 06.00 hours. Eight cows with an average body weight of 600 kg, average milk yield of 20 kg/day and 80 days in milk were utilized. The rectal temperature, respiratory rate and sweating rate were not affected (P > 0.05), with average values of 38.5°C, 53.8 movements/min and 104 g/m2/h respectively. There was no effect (P > 0.05) on the eating time (314 min/day), ruminating time (564 min/day), drinking time (61 min/day) and idle time (502 min/day). Similarly, the intake of nutrients and performance of lactating cows were not affected (P > 0.05), with average dry matter intake of 19.8 kg/day, 4% fat‐corrected milk of 20.6 kg/day and milk fat concentration of 4.03 g/100 g. Since the behavior and performance have not altered, any times of feed delivery evaluated could be used to crossbred Holstein × Zebu cows maintained on a feedlot in semi‐arid regions during the hot season.  相似文献   

18.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiota of normal milk in dairy cows and their relationship with host factors, such as the age of the cow (Age), somatic cell counts in milk (SCCs), and days in milk (DIM). We investigated 48 milk samples from 22 cows with no systemic or local clinical signs using MinIONTM nanopore sequencing for a 16S rRNA gene amplicon. Bacterial richness was positively correlated with the DIM (P=0.043), and both the Shannon-Wiener Index and Simpson’s Index, which are metrics of alpha-diversity, were also significantly positively correlated with the SCC (P<0.001). The composition ratios of both Actinobacteria at the phylum level and Kocuria spp. at the genus level in the milk microbiota were significantly correlated with the SCC (P<0.001 and P<0.001, respectively). In the beta-diversity test, the one-way analysis of similarities test showed a significant difference (P=0.0051) between the low- and high-SCC groups. This study clarified that the composition of the normal milk microbiota in this herd was related to the SCC. It also raised the possibility of variations in bacterial genera in the normal milk microbiota between the low- and high-SCC groups. However, to clarify the actual condition of the milk microbiota and to elucidate the relationship with the SCC, it is necessary to perform further analyses taking into account not only the relative abundance, but also the absolute abundance of microbes.  相似文献   

19.
Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) are frequently run as endpoint ELISAs (e-ELISAs). However, kinetic ELISAs (k-ELISAs) have certain advantages over e-ELISAs. The objective of this study was to understand the relationship between e-ELISA and k-ELISA results. Specifically, to determine whether it was possible to run both k-ELISA and e-ELISA on the same plate and establish an appropriate time interval for k-ELISA measurements. A normalization method for k-ELISA slopes (slope ratio) is proposed. Using an indirect e-ELISA test measuring antibodies against Ostertagia ostertagi in milk from dairy cattle, we found that running a k-ELISA had no effect on optical density ratio results of an e-ELISA on the same plate, and that agreement was very strong at 10, 15, and 28 min, allowing for a reduction in the total processing time for ELISA tests.  相似文献   

20.
Effects of grain source and dietary oil supplement on dry matter intake (DMI), feeding, chewing behavior, and production performance of lactating dairy cows were evaluated using eight multiparous Holstein cows (77±22.1 days in milk; mean±SD) in a duplicated 4×4 Latin square design with a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Experimental diets contained either ground barley or ground corn supplemented with either fish oil or soybean oil at 2% of dietary dry matter (DM). Geometric mean particle size of dietary treatments was 4.1 mm. Dry matter intake tended (P=0.09) to be greater for barley- vs. corn-based diets (23.2 vs. 22.3 kg/d), but was reduced for the fish oil compared to soybean oil supplemented diets (21.1 vs. 24.3 kg/d; P<0.001). This reduction in DMI was attributed to smaller meal size (1.24 vs. 1.55 kg of DM; P=0.004) and slower eating rate (0.082 vs. 0.098 kg of DM/min; P<0.001) for fish oil compared to soybean oil supplemented diets. Main treatment effects interacted (P=0.005) for DMI of particles retained on 19 mm sieve but not for sorting index. Eating rate (0.090 kg of DM/min) was similar between barley- and corn-based diets, however, rumination time was greater for barley- compared to corn-based diets as result of longer rumination bout duration (32.5 vs. 28.5 min/bout; P=0.01). Barley- compared to corn-based diets increased total chewing time by 71 min (709 vs. 638 min) for cows fed fish oil, but not for cows fed soybean oil. Grain source did not affect milk yield or milk composition. Compared to soybean oil, fish oil negatively affected milk yield (40.4 vs. 43.4 kg/d; P=0.01), and thereby, both milk fat (0.91 vs. 1.26 kg/d; P<0.001) and protein (1.23 vs. 1.33 kg/d; P=0.007) production. However, feed efficiency (milk yield/DMI) was greater in fish oil compared to soybean oil supplemented diets (1.94 vs. 1.80; P=0.003). Results indicated that grain source and oil supplement can interact to affect feeding and chewing behavior, but not lactational performance of lactating cows.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号