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辽宁省玉米镰孢穗腐病病原菌的鉴定与分布 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为明确辽宁省玉米镰孢穗腐病的病原菌种类及其分布特征,采用形态学与分子生物学鉴定方法,对2015年9月采自辽宁省13个地区的84份玉米穗腐病样品进行分离鉴定,同时依据镰孢菌分离频率确定其在辽宁省玉米生态区的分布特征。结果表明,从辽宁省84个玉米穗腐病样分离物中鉴定出3个种,即拟轮枝镰孢菌Fusarium verticillioides、禾谷镰孢菌F.graminearum和层出镰孢菌F.proliferatum,分别为67、9和8株,占79.77%、10.71%和9.52%。按照柯赫式法则,验证了3种镰孢菌代表菌株FV-39、FG-1和FP-2是玉米品种郑单958穗腐病的致病菌。拟轮枝镰孢菌为辽宁省玉米镰孢穗腐病的优势致病菌,广泛分布于辽东、辽南、辽中、辽北和辽西5个玉米生态区,分别占16.67%、11.90%、21.42%、10.72%和19.05%;禾谷镰孢菌主要分布于辽西地区,层出镰孢菌主要分布于辽中和辽北地区。 相似文献
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春玉米区穗腐病病原菌组成、分布及禾谷镰孢复合种的鉴定 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本研究对2015年收集的春玉米区玉米穗腐病样本的病原菌进行了分离鉴定。结果表明,禾谷镰孢复合种(Fusarium graminearum species complex)的总分离频率最高,为35.90%,为优势菌。进一步分析显示,山西、河北、吉林和黑龙江省以禾谷镰孢复合种为主,分离频率分别为81.25%、 75.00%、 44.00%和44.44%;内蒙古以拟轮枝镰孢菌(F. verticillioides)为主,分离频率为56.25%;辽宁省拟轮枝镰孢菌和哈茨木霉(Trichoderma harzianum)的分离频率分别为34.48%和31.03%;而在陕西省,禾谷镰孢复合种、拟轮枝镰孢菌和亚粘团镰孢菌(F. subglutinans)分离频率均为28.57%。以禾谷镰孢复合种的EF-1α基因序列为基础构建系统发生树,进一步对分离到的禾谷镰孢复合种进行亚种鉴定。结果表明,春玉米区禾谷镰孢复合种为禾谷镰孢菌和布氏镰孢菌,且以布氏镰孢菌为主。 相似文献
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重庆及周边地区玉米穗腐病致病镰孢菌的分离与鉴定 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
为明确重庆及周边地区玉米穗腐病致病镰孢菌的种群组成及其分布,于2014—2015年在32个区县98个乡镇采集玉米穗腐病样品,采用种子健康检测法分离病原物,通过形态学特性、培养特征和分子生物学等方法鉴定镰孢菌种。结果表明,在获得的111个镰孢菌分离物中鉴定出10种致病镰孢菌,分别为拟轮枝镰孢、层出镰孢、禾谷镰孢复合种、尖镰孢复合种、藤仓镰孢、木贼镰孢、黄色镰孢、变红镰孢、九州镰孢和茄镰孢,其总分离频率依次为38.70%、17.10%、17.10%、11.70%、7.20%、3.60%、1.80%、0.90%、0.90%和0.90%;除渝东南区域外,在其它区域拟轮枝镰孢的分离频率最高,其次为层出镰孢和禾谷镰孢复合种;对禾谷镰孢复合种分离物的翻译延伸因子TEF-1α基因测序比对发现,该复合种由南方镰孢和亚洲镰孢组成。研究表明,重庆地区玉米穗腐病优势致病镰孢菌为拟轮枝镰孢、禾谷镰孢复合种和层出镰孢。 相似文献
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为获得对玉米茎基腐病具有良好防效的拮抗菌株,从玉米根际土壤中分离以玉米茎基腐病拟轮枝镰孢菌Fusarium verticillioides为靶标菌的拮抗放线菌菌株。采用平板对峙法测定不同菌株的抑菌活性,用抑菌圈法筛选效果良好的拮抗菌株并进行种类鉴定、抑菌谱和防效测定。结果表明,从土壤中分离并筛选获得1株对拟轮枝镰孢菌具有明显抑制作用的菌株SM3-7。经形态学、生理生化特征和16S rDNA系统发育分析,将菌株SM3-7鉴定为核粒链霉菌Streptomyces sclerogranulatus。该菌株抑菌谱广,对玉米上的8种植物病原菌有良好的抑制作用,对拟轮枝镰孢菌抑菌圈直径可达（28.03±0.45mm）。盆栽防效结果表明,菌株SM3-7发酵液对抗病品种“良玉99”和感病品种“全玉1233”的玉米茎基腐病14d防效分别达77.28%和76.12%,21d防效达72.20%和71.89%。核粒链霉菌菌株SM3-7发酵液可有效防治玉米茎基腐病,为利用微生物防治玉米茎基腐病拟轮枝镰孢菌提供参考。 相似文献
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河北省玉米穗腐病病原菌鉴定及潜在产伏马毒素镰孢菌系统发育分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为明确河北省夏玉米区玉米穗腐病的发生情况、病原菌组成及地区对病原菌种类的影响,本团队于2016年和2017年在玉米收获前期对玉米穗腐病的发生情况进行调查,并通过生物学方法对随机采回的样本进行分离鉴定。田间调查结果表明,与2016年相比,2017年河北省玉米种植面积有所减少,玉米穗腐病的发病率有所下降。分离鉴定结果表明,引起河北省夏玉米区穗腐病的优势病原菌为拟轮枝镰孢菌(Fusarium verticillioides),分离频率为63.49%,其他病原菌如层出镰孢菌(F. proliferatum)、禾谷镰孢菌(F. graminearum)、变红镰孢菌(F. incarnatum)、黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)、黄曲霉(A. flavus)、草酸青霉(Penicillium oxalicum)和哈茨木霉(Trichoderma harzianum)的分离频率分别为19.05%、6.35%、1.59%、14.29%、3.17%、9.52%和1.59%。为明确伏马毒素基因在潜在产伏马毒素镰孢菌鉴定中的作用,拟轮枝镰孢菌、层出镰孢菌和藤仓镰孢菌(F. fujikuroi)分别以EF-1α和FUM1基因序列为基础构建系统发育树。结果表明,两个系统发育树拓扑结构相似,伏马毒素基因可用于潜在产伏马毒素镰孢菌种的鉴定,基于FUM1基因的种间遗传距离大于基于EF-1α基因的种间遗传距离,而种内遗传距离的结论则与之相反。 相似文献
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拟轮枝镰孢对多菌灵的敏感性及抗性菌株生物学性状和交互抗性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为评价玉米穗腐病主要致病菌拟轮枝镰孢Fusarium verticillioides对多菌灵的敏感性,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了采自山东、河北、河南、四川、甘肃、辽宁及宁夏7省(自治区)的168株玉米穗腐病拟轮枝镰孢对多菌灵的敏感性,并对经药剂驯化获得的拟轮枝镰孢抗多菌灵菌株主要生物学性状和交互抗性进行了研究。结果表明:多菌灵抑制拟轮枝镰孢菌丝生长的EC50值在0.013 2~0.774 0 mg/L之间,平均EC50值为(0.220 8 ± 0.143 7) mg/L。敏感性频率分布显示,供试病原菌群体中已出现对多菌灵敏感性下降的亚群体,但其中仍有35.71%的菌株对多菌灵的敏感性频率呈正态分布,因此可将此部分菌株的平均EC50值 (0.081 4 ± 0.028 9) mg/L作为拟轮枝镰孢对多菌灵的相对敏感基线。药剂驯化共获得6株抗性菌株,抗性倍数在5.05~12.22之间。抗性菌株的菌丝生长速率及菌丝干重均低于亲本菌株,表明其抗性菌株的生物适合度有所降低,同时发现其抗药性均不能稳定遗传。室内交互抗性测定结果表明,拟轮枝镰孢对多菌灵的抗性与咪鲜胺、戊唑醇、三唑酮及吡唑醚菌酯之间均不存在交互抗性关系。 相似文献
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为明确新疆维吾尔自治区（简称新疆）绿洲灌溉玉米产区玉米茎腐病优势病原菌的种类组成及时空变化差异,于2020年和2021年在新疆主要玉米种植区共采集335株病样,获得601个分离物,通过形态学结合分子生物学技术对各代表菌株的rDNA-ITS和TEF-1α基因序列进行扩增和同源率比对鉴定。结果表明,镰孢菌共560株,占比93.18%,其中拟轮枝镰孢菌Fusarium verticillioides、层出镰孢菌F. proliferatum、禾谷镰孢菌F. graminearum、尖孢镰孢菌F. oxysporum和腐皮镰孢菌F. solani为主要致病菌,2020年分离频率依次为44.10%、29.77%、9.77%、5.69%和5.23%,2021年分离频率依次为50.95%、38.22%、0、2.55%和0。拟轮枝镰孢菌和层出镰孢菌在5个地州均有分布,且总分离频率显著高于其他病原菌。苗期接种结果表明,禾谷镰孢菌致病率（86.30%）、病情指数（35.33）显著高于其他4种病原菌,为强致病菌;层出镰孢菌和拟轮枝镰孢菌的致病率和病情指数分别为63.33%、16.00和55.00%、11.6... 相似文献
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杀菌剂对玉米穗腐病菌的毒力及毒素产生的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
为筛选防治玉米穗腐病同时减少病原菌毒素积累的化学药剂,采用菌丝生长速率法、涂布平板法分别测定了4种药剂多菌灵、百菌清、吡唑醚菌酯和氰烯菌酯对玉米穗腐病的3种主要致病镰孢菌拟轮生镰孢菌、层出镰孢菌和禾谷镰孢菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发的影响,并采用高效液相色谱法测定了4种药剂对其毒素积累的影响。结果表明:层出镰孢菌菌株127-1和禾谷镰孢菌菌株125-3的最佳产毒时间为第10天。供试4种药剂对3种镰孢菌菌丝生长的EC50值范围为0.18~5.71μg/m L,对孢子萌发的EC50值范围为0.02~8.14μg/m L,均表现出一定的抑制作用。但对3种镰孢菌产伏马毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮和脱氧雪腐镰孢菌烯醇的影响不尽相同,吡唑醚菌酯浓度在1~500μg/m L时能够抑制拟轮生镰孢菌和层出镰孢菌产生伏马毒素,氰烯菌酯能够在0.05~0.8μg/m L浓度范围内显著抑制禾谷镰孢菌产生玉米赤霉烯酮,当多菌灵浓度为0.05~0.5μg/m L时,几乎可以完全抑制禾谷镰孢菌产生脱氧雪腐镰孢菌烯醇。 相似文献
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为了解短密木霉Trichoderma brevicompactum对植物病害的生防作用及其生物学特性,利用稀释平板分离法从甘肃省景泰县马铃薯连作田植株根际土壤中分离获得1株木霉菌株GAS1-1,经形态观察、rDNA-ITS和EF-1α序列分析明确其分类地位;用生物学方法研究该菌的营养生长和产孢条件;采用对峙培养法测定该菌株对5种植物病原真菌的抑制作用。结果表明,基于形态学特征和基因序列分析结果,菌株GAS1-1被鉴定为短密木霉Trichoderma brevicompactum,为甘肃省木霉新记录种。该菌株对玉米镰孢茎腐病菌Fusarium graminearum、玉米穗腐病菌F. verticillioides、棉花枯萎病菌F. oxysporum、玉米腐霉茎腐病菌Pythium inflatum和灰葡萄孢霉Botrytis cinerea均具有较好的拮抗效果,尤其对玉米腐霉茎腐病菌的抑制作用最好,抑菌率达100.00%。该菌株营养生长和产孢的最适碳源和氮源分别为葡萄糖和酵母膏;其在15～35℃均可生长,菌丝最适生长温度为30℃,最佳产孢温度为25℃;在pH 5～12的培养基上菌丝均可生长,菌丝最适生长和产孢的pH均为5;24 h黑暗条件下菌丝营养生长最快,12 h光暗交替条件有利于产孢;孢子致死温度为69℃,10 min。表明短密木霉菌株GAS1-1具有较好的生防应用潜力。 相似文献
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Gary P. Munkvold 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2003,109(7):705-713
Fusarium species cause two distinct diseases on ears of maize, Fusarium ear rot (or pink ear rot) and Gibberella ear rot (or red ear rot), both of which can result in mycotoxin contamination of maize grain. The primary causal agent for Fusarium ear rot is Fusarium verticillioides, but F. subglutinans and F. proliferatum are also important. Gibberella ear rot is caused primarily by F. graminearum, but F. culmorum can also be important, especially in Europe. Aspects of the epidemiology of both diseases have been studied for decades, but only recently have efforts been made to synthesize this information into comprehensive models of disease development. Much of the work on F. graminearum has focused on Fusarium head blight of small-grain crops, but some of the results obtained are also relevant to maize. The primary mycotoxins produced by these fungi, fumonisins and deoxynivalenol, have differing roles in the disease-cycle, and these roles are not completely understood, especially in the case of fumonisins. Progress is being made toward accurate models for risk assessment of both diseases, but key challenges remain in terms of integrating models of pre- and post-infection events, quantifying the roles of insects in these diseases, and characterizing interactions among competing fungi and the environment. 相似文献
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R.H. Proctor A.E. Desjardins S.P. McCormick R.D. Plattner N.J. Alexander D.W. Brown 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2002,108(7):691-698
The phytotoxicity of the Fusarium trichothecene and fumonisin mycotoxins has led to speculation that both toxins are involved in plant pathogenesis. This subject has been addressed by examining virulence of trichothecene and fumonisin-nonproducing mutants of Fusarium in field tests. Mutants were generated by transformation-mediated disruption of genes encoding enzymes that catalyze early steps in the biosynthesis of each toxin. Two economically important species of Fusarium were selected for these studies: the trichothecene-producing species Fusarium graminearum, which causes wheat head blight and maize ear rot, and the fumonisin-producing species F. verticillioides, which causes maize ear rot. Trichothecene-non-producing mutants of F. graminearum caused less disease than the wild-type strain from which they were derived on both wheat and maize, although differences in virulence on maize were not observed under hot and dry environmental conditions. Genetic analyses of the mutants demonstrated that the reduced virulence on wheat was caused by the loss of trichothecene production rather than by a non-target mutation induced by the gene disruption procedure. Although the analyses of virulence of fumonisin-non-producing mutants of F. verticillioides are not complete, to date, the mutants have been as virulent on maize ears as their wild-type progenitor strains. The finding that trichothecene production contributes to the virulence of F. graminearum suggests that it may be possible to generate plants that are resistant to this fungus by increasing their resistance to trichothecenes. As a result, several researchers are trying to identify trichothecene resistance genes and transfer them to crop species. 相似文献
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河南省玉米茎基部镰刀菌的形态和分子鉴定 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
为明确河南省玉米茎基部镰刀菌(Fusarium spp.)的种群组成及分布, 2011和2012年, 我们采集了河南省14个地市42个县(区)的玉米茎基腐病病样, 分离得到163个镰刀菌单孢菌株。首先对菌株进行了形态学鉴定, 在此基础上使用镰刀菌种特异性引物进行了PCR检测;对于部分PCR检测未能确认的菌株进行了Translation elongation factor 1-α(TEF-1α)基因片段测序及BLAST分析, 最终将163个菌株鉴定到种。结果表明在163个菌株中, 禾谷镰刀菌F. graminearum为优势种, 占44.2%(72株), 其次为层出镰刀菌F. proliferatum和轮枝镰刀菌F. verticillioides, 分别占28.8%(47株)和27.0%(44株)。豫西北的焦作(47.6%)、洛阳(50.0%)及豫中的许昌(45.5%)均以F. verticillioides为主, 豫东的商丘(42.9%)、开封(57.1%)以F. proliferatum为主, 豫北的安阳(66.7%)、濮阳(71.4%)、新乡(62.5%)和豫南的南阳(57.1%)、驻马店(45.0%)以及中部的郑州(57.1%)、漯河(66.7%)则均以F. graminearum为优势种。 相似文献
14.
黄淮海夏玉米主产区穗腐病病原菌的分离鉴定 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
为明确我国黄淮海夏玉米主产区玉米穗腐病的病原菌种类、优势种群及虫害、年度、省份对病原菌的影响,以形态学为基础,结合分子生物学方法对2013、2015年随机采自河南、河北、山东3省的155份玉米穗腐病样品进行分离鉴定。结果表明,引起黄淮海夏玉米主产区玉米穗腐病的主要致病菌为镰孢菌Fusarium spp.,包括拟轮枝镰孢F.verticillioides、禾谷镰孢F.graminearum、层出镰孢F.proliferatum、木贼镰孢F.equiseti及藤仓镰孢F.fujikuroi,分离频率分别为49.7%、28.4%、12.3%、3.9%和1.3%;其次为木霉菌Trichoderma spp.,包括哈茨木霉T.harzianum、绿色木霉T.viride和棘孢木霉T.asperellum,分离频率分别为8.4%、3.2%和5.2%;青霉菌Penicillium spp.分离频率较低,为14.2%;曲霉菌Aspergillus spp.包括黑曲霉A.niger和黄曲霉A.flavus,分离频率分别为2.6%和1.9%。研究表明,黄淮海主产区玉米穗腐病优势病原菌为拟轮枝镰孢、禾谷镰孢和木霉菌,不同省份不同年度间病原菌种类及优势病原菌存在差异,虫害能加重玉米穗腐病的发生。 相似文献
15.
亚洲玉米螟与串珠镰孢菌复合侵染对玉米产量损失的影响 总被引：12，自引：4，他引：8
在玉米吐丝、灌浆和乳熟期,以亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée)为试虫,以串珠镰孢菌Fusarium verticillioides为供试菌种,研究玉米雌穗不同发育期亚洲玉米螟与串珠镰孢菌复合侵染对玉米产量的影响.结果表明:串珠镰孢菌与玉米螟复合侵染危害后玉米雌穗穗长缩短、籽粒数减少、穗粒腐病加重,使得玉米的产量性状发生改变,导致玉米产量和品质下降;接虫处理和复合处理均以玉米吐丝期对玉米产量构成因素影响最大,吐丝期复合处理单穗损失率为40.84%,在灌浆和乳熟期分别为27.92%和11.10%;在单独接菌条件下以灌浆期危害最重,单穗损失率为6.62%,而在吐丝和乳熟期分别为4.13%和0.65%. 相似文献
16.
为明确糖苷水解酶16（glycoside hydrolase,GH16）家族基因在拟轮枝镰孢菌Fusarium verticillioides生长发育和致病过程中的作用,利用生物信息学分析软件对其GH16家族成员进行鉴定,采用转录组分析及实时荧光定量PCR技术对GH16家族成员在不同培养温度下的表达水平进行检测,并通过遗传转化法对家族成员FvGH16-2基因进行敲除及回补,分析其在拟轮枝镰孢菌生长发育及致病过程中的作用。结果显示,在拟轮枝镰孢菌基因组中共鉴定到23个GH16家族基因,其中FvCH16-2、FvCH16-4和FvCH16-12等多个上调表达基因与病菌的生长和抗逆性相关。敲除FvGH16-2基因导致拟轮枝镰孢菌的生长速率及产孢能力降低,细胞壁完整性受损,对H2O2更加敏感,同时对玉米籽粒和茎秆的致病力减弱。表明FvGH16-2基因在拟轮枝镰孢菌生长发育和致病过程中发挥着重要作用,是拟轮枝镰孢菌细胞壁完整性和致病性所必需的。 相似文献
17.
为开发可用于拟轮枝镰孢菌Fusarium verticillioides及其近缘种遗传多样性分析的SSR引物,利用生物信息学方法和PCR技术,通过对从NCBI下载的87 086条拟轮枝镰孢菌的EST序列信息进行分析,设计EST-SSR引物,检测其在拟轮枝镰孢菌及其近缘种中的扩增情况,并用筛选出的多态性引物对15株拟轮枝镰孢菌进行SSR遗传多样性分析。结果表明,在EST序列中,共查找到11 952个SSR位点,592种重复基元,SSR出现频率为1.09%,重复基元出现数量最多的为三核苷酸(54.00%),其中(CAA/TTG)n基元出现频率最高。设计的25对EST-SSR引物在拟轮枝镰孢菌种内的有效扩增率和多态率分别为80.00%与32.00%,对5种近缘镰孢菌种的通用率和多态率分别为40.00%和8.00%。遗传多样性分析结果表明,在相似系数为0.664水平下,供试菌株可划分为4个SSR类群,但类群的划分与菌株的地理来源无关;不同菌株间存在明显的遗传分化。表明基于拟轮枝镰孢菌EST序列开发的SSR引物可用于拟轮枝镰孢菌及其近缘种的遗传多样性分析。 相似文献
18.
T. Miedaner C. Bolduan A. E. Melchinger 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2010,127(1):113-123
Fusarium graminearum and F. verticillioides are among the most important pathogens causing ear rot of maize in Central Europe. Our objectives were to (1) compare eight
isolates of each species on two susceptible inbred lines for their variation in ear rot rating and mycotoxin production across
3 years, and (2) analyse two susceptible and three resistant inbred lines for potential isolate x line interactions across
2 years by silk-channel inoculation. Ear rot rating, zearalenone (ZEA) and deoxynivalenol (DON) concentrations were evaluated
for all F. graminearum isolates. In addition, nivalenol (NIV) concentrations were analysed for two NIV producers. Fumonisin (FUM) concentrations
were measured for all F. verticillioides isolates. Mean ear rot severity was highest for DON producers of F. graminearum (62.9% of the ear covered by mycelium), followed by NIV producers of the same species (24.2%) and lowest for F. verticillioides isolates (9.8%). For the latter species, ear rot severities differed highly among years (2006: 24%, 2007: 3%, 2008: 7%). Mycotoxin concentrations among isolates showed
a broad range (DON: 100–284 mg kg−1, NIV: 15–38 mg kg−1, ZEA: 1.1–49.5 mg kg−1, FUM: 14.5–57.5 mg kg−1). Genotypic variances were significant for isolates and inbred lines in all traits and for both species. Isolate x line interactions
were significant only for ear rot rating (P < 0.01) and DON concentration (P < 0.05) of the F. graminearum isolates, but no rank reversals occurred. Most isolates were capable of differentiating the susceptible from the resistant
lines for ear rot severity. For resistance screening, a sufficiently aggressive isolate should be used to warrant maximal
differentiation among inbred lines. With respect to F. verticillioides infections, high FUM concentrations were found in grains from ears with minimal disease symptoms. 相似文献
19.
A. Logrieco G. Mulè A. Moretti A. Bottalico 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2002,108(7):597-609
Several Fusarium species occurring worldwide on maize as causal agents of ear rot, are capable of producing mycotoxins in infected kernels, some of which have a notable impact on human and animal health. The main groups of Fusarium toxins commonly found are: trichothecenes, zearalenones, fumonisins, and moniliformin. In addition, beauvericin and fusaproliferin have been found in Fusarium-infected maize ears. Zearalenone and deoxynivalenol are commonly found in maize red ear rot, which is essentially caused by species of the Discolour section, particularly F. graminearum. Moreover, nivalenol and fusarenone-X were often found associated with the occasional occurrence of F. cerealis, and diacetoxyscirpenol and T-2 toxin with the occurrence of F. poae and F. sporotrichioides, respectively. In addition, the occurrence of F. avenaceum and F. subglutinans usually led to the accumulation of moniliformin. In maize pink ear rot, which is mainly caused by F. verticillioides, there is increasing evidence of the wide occurrence of fumonisin B1. This carcinogenic toxin is usually found in association with moniliformin, beauvericin, and fusaproliferin, both in central Europe due to the co-occurrence of F. subglutinans, and in southern Europe where the spread of F. verticillioides is reinforced by the widespread presence of F. proliferatum capable of producing fumonisin B1, moniliformin, beauvericin, and fusaproliferin. 相似文献