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巩留野核桃林土壤的形成及其特征特性 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6
本文研究了我国唯一的野核桃自然保护区的野核桃林土壤的形成条件、形成过程、剖面特片及理化特性。野核桃在巩留凯特明山前峡谷的繁衍生息，并发育着野核桃林土壤，是特殊的地质历史条件和小气候等综合作用的结果，野核桃土壤在长期特定的生物、气候条件下，其腐殖化过程和钙积化过程明显，粘化过程较弱。土壤剖面含硅铝高，但分异明显，具有特色。ＡＳ和Ａ１层质地适中，土体温润，结构良好，富含有机质和养分，春肥力较高，林木自 相似文献
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关中旱地小麦生育期土壤速效养分时空变异特征研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了揭示旱塬地区土壤主要养分的动态变化规律,探明其时空有效性,在较为精确的时空尺度条件下研究了关中地区小麦生育期间土壤剖面0～100 cm范围内硝态氮、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾动态变化特征.结果表明:土壤硝态氮在0～100 cm范围内空间分布特征较为明显,在30～40 cm处为硝态氮累积峰值,第90～150天范围为剖面上硝态氮素快速消耗期;土壤碱解氮在0～100 cm范围内存在着二元变异结构,0～40 cm空间变异特征较明显,而40 cm以下则时间变异特征更为突出;土壤速效磷空间梯度变异明显,表现为从上至下速效磷含量递减,小麦生育期间土壤剖面速效磷几乎是同步递减;土壤速效钾则是时间变异特征比空间变异特征更显著,小麦生育期间剖面上各层土壤速效钾含量降低幅度均在50 mg/kg左右. 相似文献
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伊犁新垦区土壤盐分垂直分异特征研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
土壤盐分垂直分异特征的定量研究是农业生产、管理以及环境治理的重要内容。采用经典统计分析和层次聚类分析等方法,选择Pearson相关系数和欧氏距离作为聚类统计量,分析伊犁新垦区土壤剖面盐分的垂直分布特征。结果表明:伊犁新垦区土壤盐分存在很强的变异性,各层盐分的变异系数皆大于1,土壤剖面可分为表聚型盐分剖面、中聚型盐分剖面和底聚型盐分剖面等三种类型,根据盐分的数值大小,进一步可划分为非盐化土、表聚盐化土、中聚盐化土和底聚盐化土等四种类型,各占剖面总数的66%、5%、10%和19%。空间上伊犁新垦区土壤盐分垂直变化特征的差异性大,四种类型的盐化土皆有所分布,中聚盐化土和底聚盐化土分布的地区容易发生次生盐渍化,是农业生产和环境治理需要重点关注的区域。 相似文献
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以陇中地区典型结皮盐土(HY)、荒漠盐土(XQ)、绿洲农田土壤(YC)为研究对象,分析了土壤垂直剖面(表土层A (0-20cm),心土层B (20-40cm),底土层E (40-80cm))中可溶性盐离子含量、细菌和真菌多样性与群落结构的分布特征,探讨了水盐变化与微生物群落分布的关系。结果表明：土壤盐分呈表层积聚特征,总盐度>6.0g·kg-1,属于重度硫酸盐型盐碱土壤,盐碱化程度为HY> YC> XQ。16S rDNA、ITS扩增子高通量测序结果表明盐碱土壤及剖面中放线菌门、变形菌门、绿弯菌门、厚壁菌门为细菌优势群落;子囊菌门、担子菌门为真菌优势群落。沿土壤剖面,细菌多样性呈直线递减、“U”型和单峰模式分布,真菌多样性呈直线下降,较细菌下降更为明显。群落分布特征与长期水盐运移过程形成的土壤剖面异质性相关,其中含水量是剖面微生物群落分布的决定性生态因子,与总盐度、pH共同塑造了特定的群落结构。研究结果阐明了黄土盐碱化过程中微生物群落剖面变化特征,对干旱区黄土的可持续利用及生态修复具有实际指导意义。 相似文献
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为探究影响红寺堡扬黄灌区土壤盐渍化的主要影响因素，采用相关性分析法和主成分分析法对0～100 cm土壤剖面盐渍化特征进行研究，结果表明：(1)研究区土壤整体为强碱性土，下层20～100 cm土壤pH值显著高于上层0～20 cm土壤p H值(P<0.05)，并随着土壤深度的增加而增加，土壤全盐含量同样随土壤深度的增加而增加，呈底层高表层低的底聚型剖面特征，各层土壤全盐含量差异性不显著(P<0.05)，各层土壤pH值均属于弱变异性，在空间上分布较为均匀，土壤全盐在上层0～20 cm深度属于中等变异性，在下层20～100 cm深度属于强变异性，空间分布上随着深度的变化出现差异。(2)研究区内主要阳离子为Na++K+，各阳离子间含量差异性显著(P<0.05)，阴离子主要为SO42-，相较于其他阴离子含量差异性显著(P<0.05)，各离子含量SO42->Na++K+> Ca2+... 相似文献
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浑善达克沙地流沙与四种主要植物群落土壤水分时空变化的研究 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：10
本文采用定位取样与烘干法,测定了浑善达克沙地流动沙地与平沙地四种主要植物群落土壤含水量的时空变化。结果表明:流动沙地与平沙地各植物群落土壤含水量在空间上由剖面上部而下可划分为水分活跃层、水分次活跃层和水分相对稳定层三层,水分活跃层的变化与其根系分布层密切相关,深根系的植物其水分活跃层分布较深。各样地土壤水分时间动态变化明显,整个生长季土壤水分干湿变化呈“S”形,土壤含水量按其季节变化可分为三个时期,4~5月降水贮存期,6月~9月中旬水分消耗期、9月下旬~10月水分缓慢恢复期。土壤水分的时空变化受立地条件、植被等诸多因子的影响,各样地因土壤机械组成和地表覆盖不同而引起水分在时间与空间上的分异。 相似文献
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土壤盐分对干旱区盐渍土壤碳垂直分布的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以新疆玛纳斯县盐渍土壤盐分和碳为研究对象,通过野外实地采样调查,分析干旱区盐渍土条件下的土壤盐分、有机碳、无机碳的垂直分布(0~300 cm)特征,探究土壤盐分对土壤碳垂直分布的影响。结果表明:土壤盐分含量随剖面深度增加呈"先增后降"的趋势,有机碳(SOC)含量随剖面深度增加呈下降趋势,无机碳(SIC)含量随剖面深度增加无明显变化规律。土壤剖面中,盐分与有机碳(SOC)含量及密度呈显著正相关(P0.05),在0~100cm土体中相关性最高(r=0.53);盐分与无机碳(SIC)含量及密度在整个土体中呈负相关关系,相关性不显著。 相似文献
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土地利用方式对盐渍化农田土壤理化特性的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
在甘肃河西地区选择种植大麦和苜蓿的不同程度盐渍化农田为研究对象,研究了土地利用方式对干旱区盐渍化农田土壤理化特性的影响。结果表明:(1)在0-10 cm耕作层土壤有机质和碱解氮含量,在大麦地的大小顺序为非盐渍化农田(S0)轻度盐渍化农田(S1)中度盐渍化农田(S2)重度盐渍化农田(S3)严重盐渍化农田(S4),在苜蓿地为S1S0S2S3S4,且两种利用方式各梯度农田间的差异不同;(2)在生长季,大麦农田土壤水分的剧烈变化层只在0-20cm土壤层,苜蓿农田土壤剖面水分剧烈变化层在0-80cm;虽然沿盐渍化梯度的降低,两种农田土壤剖面含水量随时间的变异均增加,但大麦地各梯度农田增加的幅度小于苜蓿地各梯度农田;(3)两种利用方式下不同程度盐渍化农田的土壤含盐量的垂直分布和峰值出现的位置不同。在可溶性盐离子的组成和比例上,两种利用方式下相同程度盐渍化农田之间近似,但大麦地中S0和S1的Cl-、Na++K+浓度明显高于苜蓿地中对应盐渍化农田,且沿盐渍化梯度各离子的浓度变化幅度小于苜蓿农田。 相似文献
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对海南岛西南干旱区发育典型的5个土壤剖面的稀土元素组成特征及其垂向变化规律进行研究,结果表明:成土母质决定着土壤中稀土元素的最初含量,同一土壤剖面上下层之间的稀土元素具有一定的继承性。由花岗岩风化而成的土壤的稀土元素含量大于砂页岩风化而成的土壤,土壤表层强烈的淋溶作用又导致由土壤剖面深部至浅部∑REE逐步减少。成土母质决定了土壤中呈现的轻稀土富集的特点。区内特殊的自然地理条件、Eu自身的地球化学特性及成土母质决定了Eu亏损的特点。土壤剖面表层氧化和水解作用导致Ce在土壤表层中的富集,并导致由剖面深部至浅部,Ce呈现出由负异常向正异常演化的趋势。 相似文献
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中国半湿润、半干旱、干旱地区某些土壤的氧化还原状况 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
用新的电化学方法原位考察了褐土、灰钙土、棕漠土、黑土、风沙土、灌淤土、盐土、碱土、亚高山草甸土、灰褐土、水稻土和旱地土壤的氧化还原状况.综合已有原位测定结果,地带性土壤的电位(Eh)由南向北的空间分异与其水平地带谱相应;亚高山草甸土和灰褐土的氧化还原状况随山体高度和植物群落而呈垂直分异趋势.比较了自然土壤、旱作土壤和水稻土的电位(Eh)差异和特征,水稻土中的氧化还原过程远较自然土壤和旱作土壤中者为甚,其强度和速度不逊于南方地区水稻土.新的电化学方法的原位测定贴近于自然. 相似文献
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Rates of chlorsulfuron degradation in three Brazilian oxisols 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The degradation of chlorsulfuron was studied in laboratory experiments in three oxisols from south and south–east Brazil. Three soil profiles were sampled by horizon, and classified according to USDA soil taxonomy and the Brazilian system. Degradation assays were made to evaluate the influence of temperature, humidity and liming on chlorsulfuron decomposition. Further experiments were set up to study enhanced biodegradation. Abiotic degradation was also studied in sterile soils, to evaluate, by comparison with non–sterile soils, the role of microorganisms in degradation. The degradation always followed first–order kinetics and was generally faster in samples from A than B horizons. An increase in temperature (from 25 to 40°C) increased chlorsulfuron degradation. Further, an increase in moisture content increased chlorsulfuron degradation in samples from the A horizons of all soils, whereas for two out of three soils, degradation in samples from the B horizon was greater at lower water content. The biotic contribution to degradation was significant only for the soil with higher fertility. Soil liming significantly increased chlorsulfuron half–life in all samples. Significant enhancement of degradation (decrease in half–life on reapplication) was observed only in soil from A horizons, where a higher microbial activity was likely. 相似文献
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Herbicide movement in soils: principles, pathways and processes 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Carter 《Weed Research》2000,40(1):113-122
European legislation concerning ground- and surface-water quality and the protection of non-target organisms in surface-water from pesticide contamination has initiated more stringent data requirements from regulatory authorities concerning the movement of all pesticides in soils. Other interested parties, such as water companies, environment agencies and consumer-driven organizations, have sought to influence the use of herbicides and their impact on the environment. The resulting studies and associated research have led to a better understanding of the fate and behaviour of herbicides in the soil environment. The amount of herbicide that moves away from the area of application will depend on the physico-chemical properties of the chemical and the agroclimatic characteristics of the target site. Under average conditions, the amount of herbicide lost by movement from a soil profile is typically <0.1% to 1% of the applied mass but, under certain localized circumstances, can reach up to 5% or greater. Leaching, drain-flow and surface run-off are the main pathways responsible for herbicide movement within soils. The soil/herbicide processes determining the losses are also variable in both time and space. It is therefore necessary to understand the spatial characteristics of soils, their hydrology and the associated herbicide use patterns. 相似文献
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Pesticides in soil are subject to a number of processes that result in transformation and biodegradation, sorption to and desorption from soil components, and diffusion and leaching. Pesticides leaching through a soil profile will be exposed to changing environmental conditions as different horizons with distinct physical, chemical and biological properties are encountered. The many ways in which soil properties influence pesticide retention and degradation need to be addressed to allow accurate predictions of environmental fate and the potential for groundwater pollution. Degradation and sorption processes were investigated in a long-term (100 days) study of the chloroacetanilide herbicide, acetochlor. Soil cores were collected from a clay soil profile and samples taken from 0-30 cm (surface), 1.0-1.3 m (mid) and 2.7-3.0 m (deep) and treated with acetochlor (2.5, 1.25, 0.67 microg acetochlor g(-1) dry wt soil, respectively). In sterile and non-sterile conditions, acetochlor concentration in the aqueous phase declined rapidly from the surface and subsoil layers, predominantly through nonextractable residue (NER) formation on soil surfaces, but also through biodegradation and biotic transformation. Abiotic transformation was also evident in the sterile soils. Several metabolites were produced, including acetochlor-ethane sulphonic acid and acetochlor-oxanilic acid. Transformation was principally microbial in origin, as shown by the differences between non-sterile and sterile soils. NER formation increased rapidly over the first 21 days in all soils and was mainly associated with the macroaggregate (>2000 microm diameter) size fractions. It is likely that acetochlor is incorporated into the macroaggregates through oxidative coupling, as humification of particulate organic matter progresses. The dissipation (ie total loss of acetochlor) half-life values were 9.3 (surface), 12.3 (mid) and 12.6 days (deep) in the non-sterile soils, compared with 20.9 [surface], 23.5 [mid], and 24 days [deep] in the sterile soils, demonstrating the importance of microbially driven processes in the rapid dissipation of acetochlor in soil. 相似文献
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Soudamini Panda M. Sharmila K. Ramanand D. Panda N. Sethunathan 《Pest management science》1988,23(3):199-207
The persistence of carbofuran (2, 3-dihydro-2, 2-dimethylbenzofuran-7-yl methylcarbamate) and the β- and γ-isomers of HCH (hexachlorocyclohexane) applied to surface (oxidised) and sub-surface (reduced) layers of a flooded soil was studied using radiolabelled insecticides. In one experiment, these compounds were placed in the surface (2–5 mm) and sub-surface (10–15 cm) layers of 10-day flooded soil columns. HCH isomers were unstable under flooded soil conditions irrespective of their placement, but disappeared slightly faster when applied to the sub-surface layer, possibly due to the more reduced conditions prevailing. In contrast, sub-surface-applied carbofuran was more stable than surface-applied carbofuran. The decreased stability of surface-applied carbofuran may be due to a relatively higher pH in the surface layer and in the flood water which was in immediate contact with the surface layer. In another experiment, surface and sub-surface soil samples were collected from a rice field which had been flooded for 30 days. These soils were then again flooded under laboratory conditions prior to addition of carbofuran and β-HCH. Upon submergence, both surface and sub-surface soil samples attained almost equally reduced conditions. In flooded surface soil samples, more rapid degradation not only of carbofuran but also of β-HCH occurred, compared with similarly incubated sub-surface soil samples. 相似文献
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以延安碾庄沟小流域为研究对象,对该小流域内梯田地与坝地的土壤水分特征进行分析.结果表明,梯田地与坝地的土壤水分垂直分布有着相似的特点,梯田地和坝地土壤水分的垂直变化可以分为4个层次:土壤水分剧变层;土壤水分活跃层;土壤水分次活跃层;土壤水分相对稳定层.坝地的土壤含水量高于梯田地,且不同的作物类型可以引起土壤水分的变化,说明作物类型与土壤水分状况有一定的关系. 相似文献
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采用亮蓝(Brilliant blue,FCF)野外染色示踪实验和图像分析技术,研究了陇中黄土高原安家坡流域典型植物种群下土壤大孔隙分布特征及其与植物种群和土壤物理性质的关系。结果表明:6种植物种群下土壤中的大孔隙流不同,大孔隙流使水分在土壤中的运移深度提高了2～3倍;随着土层深度的加深,6种植物种群下土壤的染色面积均呈减小趋势;6种植物种群下土壤中各级别大孔隙以2、3级大孔隙最多,平均占染色面积的29.3%和29.4%,其次是1级和4级大孔隙,分别占17%和19.8%,5级特大孔隙最低,占4.5%。大孔隙分布特征与土壤有机质含量和容重有关。 相似文献