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1.
Methyl esters of higher fatty acids were detected from the healthy bark of Thujopsis dolabrata var. hondae but not from the bark of the resinous stem canker of T. dolabrata var. hondae. This difference enabled us to distinguish healthy trees from diseased ones. Fourteen diterpenes were also isolated from the n-hexane extracts of the bark-glued resin taken from the resinous stem canker of T. dolabrata var. hondae. Of these diterpenes, abietane diterpenes [abieta-7,13-diene (1), abietinol (2), dehydroabietinol (4)], pimarane diterpene [sandaracopimaric acid (8)], and labdane diterpenes [manool (10), torulosol (11), torulosal (12), cupressic acid (13)] were first isolated from T. dolabrata var. hondae.Part of this paper was presented at the 47th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Tokyo, April 1999 相似文献
2.
Nobuyasu Hanari Hiroshi Yamamoto Takashi Ooi Takenori Kusumi Ken -ichi Kuroda 《Journal of Wood Science》2001,47(1):36-40
This paper describes characterization of diterpenes of the bark of Japanese cypress,Chamaecyparis obtusa (S. and Z.) Endl, without the resinous stem canker to learn the difference between the cypress bark affected with the canker. A diterpene dimer and two diterpenes, 6,12-dihydroxyabieta-8,11,13-trien-7-one and 6,12-dihydroxyabieta-5,8,11, 13-tetraen-7-one, were firstly isolated from Japanese cypress. The dimer, 6-(abieta-6,8,11, 13-tetraenyl-12-oxy)-7-methoxyabieta-8,11,13-trien-12-ol, was a new compound. It is a terpene indicative ofC. obtusa not infected with the resinous stem canker. Five known diterpenes were also isolated. 相似文献
3.
Yasuo Suto 《Journal of Forest Research》1997,2(1):59-65
In order to confirm the pathogenicity ofCistella japonica, inoculation experiments were conducted onto several coniferous trees. Resinous lesions similar to those of the resinous
stem canker developed by the inoculation withCi. japonica only onChamaecyparis obtusa. Chamaecyparis trees were heavily affected when inoculated with the fungus in November, but slightly in May and August. Resin flows occurred
when inocula ofCi. japonica were put into the holes made on stem barks and on pruning scars. Isolates ofCi. japonica varied greatly in the pathogenicity. On the lesions caused by the fungus, resinous and necrotic areas expanded in fusiform
or oblong shape, and resin cysts were formed in inner barks. Beneath some necrotic inner barks, sapwood was suppressed in
growth for the damages in cambial cells and stained.Ci. japonica was reisolated from the inoculated lesion tissues, though isolation frequency of the fungus became lower in some lesions
two or more years after the inoculation. The results of these inoculations proved thatCi. japonica was the causal agent of the resinous stem canker ofCh. obtusa. 相似文献
4.
Yasuo Suto 《Journal of Forest Research》1998,3(2):99-102
In the resinous lesion development caused by the inoculation withCistella japonica onChamaecyparis obtusa stem, numerous traumatic resin-canals were formed at certain radial intervals in the secondary phloem. These formation started
in the ring grown in the current or the previous year of inoculation and the resin-canals were subsequently formed in the
newly grown rings. The resin-canals were arranged in tangential series in one to two lines in an annual-ring. Artificially
induced resin-canal formation was similar to that in naturally infected resinous stem canker. The results from the present
study reconfirmed thatCi. japonica is the causal agent of the disease. 相似文献
5.
Six kinds of extracts drawn fromAjuga multiflora andA. multiflora var.brevispicata and A. multiflora var.serotina using methanol and acetone were used in this experiment to test their killing activity to the second instar larvae ofHyphantria cunea and their influence on its natural enemies. The average death rate caused by those extracts on the second instar larvae was
85.70%. The mortality rate caused by the extracts drawn with methanol was from 88.89% to 96.33%, which was significantly higher
than that caused by acetone extracts. Those extracts were safe toTrichogramma dendrolimi, Coccinella septempunctata, the natural enemies ofH. cunea. We did not found any evidence shown that those extracts had any influence the emergence and the development ofT. dendrolimi. Those methanolic extracts gotten fromA. multiflora andA. multiflora var.brevispicata had no significant effects on the mortality of the larvae and adults ofC. septempunctata. Those extracts could be used in the control ofH. cunea safely.
The research was sponsored by National Nature Science Fundation (39470586)
(Responsible Editor: Chai Ruihai) 相似文献
6.
Sanro Tachibana Etsuko Watanabe Junichiro Ueno Kiyoka Tokubuchi Kazutaka Itoh 《Journal of Wood Science》2005,51(2):176-180
From methanolic extracts of leaves of kyaraboku, Taxus cuspidata var. nana, phenylisoserine methyl ester (3) was isolated along with taxinine (1), taxol (2), sciadopitysin (4), ginkgetin (5), isorhamnetin (6), and quercetin (7). This is the first time that phenylisoserine methyl ester has been isolated from T. cuspidata var. nana. Compound 3 was also isolated from the ethanolic extracts of leaves of T. cuspidata var. nana. Furthermore, compound 3 was identified in methanolic extracts from the bark of this tree. 相似文献
7.
Mayumi Sato Kazuto Seki Kazuhito Kita Yoshinari Moriguchi Makoto Hashimoto Keita Yunoki Masao Ohnishi 《Journal of Wood Science》2009,55(1):32-40
The diterpene compositions in the bark of branches were investigated for two families of the F1 hybrid, Kurile larch (Larix gmelinii var. japonica Pilg.) × Japanese larch [Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carr.] (hereafter F1) and their parents clones. 13-Epimanool, larixol, larixyl acetate, 13-epitorulosyl acetate (not detected in L. gmelinii var. japonica), isopimaric acid, abietic acid, dehydroabietic acid, and neoabietic acid were detected. Larixol and abietic acid represented
more than 50% of the diterpene content in L. gmelinii var. japonica and L. kaempferi, respectively. Larixol and abietic acid were the predominant diterpene components in the F1, and the proportions of these diterpenes were between those of the parental species. Therefore, the diterpene compositions
in the F1 were hereditarily infl uenced by their parents. The ratios of labdane, pimarane, and abietane diterpenes suggested that the
main diterpene biosynthesis pathway in L. gmelinii var. japonica was from copalyl diphosphate (CDP) to labdane-type diterpenes, and that in L. kaempferi was from CDP to abietane-type diterpenes via pimarane type. Furthermore, linear discriminant analysis suggested that the
diterpene contents are effective indices for the discrimination of the hybrid seedlings.
Part of this article was presented at the Annual Meetings of the Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Agrochemistry
in Kyoto, March 2006, and in Tokyo, March 2007 相似文献
8.
The ascomycete Cistella japonica was cultured on potato dextrose agar medium (PDA) for inoculation into Chamaecyparis obtusa, enabling the development of an inoculation method suitable for use in a breeding programme aimed at selecting for families of Ch. obtusa resistant to resinous stem canker. Using PDA to generate the inoculum resolved the problems encountered with the previously used mixed medium of rice bran and wheat bran, including unfavourable characteristics, uncertain growth of Ci. japonica mycelia, and a complex culturing operation. The inoculation test induced resin exudation similar to that observed in natural infections, and reproduced clonal differences with regard to damage severity. 相似文献
9.
[目的]了解环境因子对毛红椿适生区分布的影响,为其资源保护、引种及其人工林的发展提供参考。[方法]基于MaxEnt模型能利用现存不完整、小样本、离散型分布数据构建物种适生区预测模型,用受试者工作曲线线下面积(AUC)检验预测模型的精度,面积越大精度越高等优点,本研究应用毛红椿在云南的分布数据及1个地型因子和6个气候因子,来构建其适生区分布模型。[结果]毛红椿适生区分布MaxEnt模型平均训练AUC和平均测试AUC分别为0.891、0.885,说明对毛红椿适生区的预测是可靠的;降水量变异系数和最干季度降水量是决定毛红椿适生区分布的主要因子,年均气温变化范围、最冷季度平均气温、最湿季度降水量、最冷季度降水量是次要因子。在当代和未来(2050S、2070S)气候变暖条件下(RCP2.6情景),云南省和全国适生区面积计算结果直观、定量的反应了全球变暖对毛红椿适生区变迁的影响。[结论]预测云南省及全国的毛红椿适生区随全球变暖而小幅萎缩。 相似文献
10.
Effects of different forest floor vegetation types in secondary forest and of conversion to plantation on the quality and
quantity of ectomycorrhizas are mostly unknown.Betula platyphylla var.japonica seedlings were used for bioassays of ectomycorrhizal fungal inoculum using soils from four 50-year-oldB. platyphylla var.japonica forests that had different types of forest floor vegetation: two with shrub types, one with aSasa type, and one with a grass type. Seedlings were also grown in soil from a nearby monospecific plantation ofChamaecyparis obtusa. Ectomycorrhizas formed 13 to 26% of root length of seedlings grown in soil from the five different sites. The maximum percentage
of ectomycorrhizal formation was obtained from the grass-type forest. The dominant type of ectomycorrhiza in the two shrub-type
forest soils was the same as that in theSasa-type forest soil. The dominant types of ectomycorrhizas in the grass-type forest soil and in theC. obtusa plantation soil were different from that in the two shrub-type forest soils and in theSasa-type forest soil. The results of this investigation suggest that the type of forest floor vegetation, accompanied with changes
in thickness of the A0 horizon, might affect the ectomycorrhizal fungi in the soils ofB. platyphylla var.japonica forests. Establishment of artificial plantations ofC. obtusa might change the ectomycorrhizal fungi that could associate withB. platyphylla var.japonica seedlings in soil. 相似文献
11.
We examined the influence of nursery soil cover on germination of Thujopsis dolabrata var. hondai. Seeds were sown under seeding bed conditions: (1) nursery soil (andosol) without soil cover, (2) Kanuma pumice without soil
cover, (3) nursery soil with nursery soil cover, and (4) nursery soil with sterilized sand cover. Germination percentages
were compared between these conditions. The germination percentage (8.8%) at 10 weeks after sowing under condition 3 was significantly
lower than under conditions 1, 2, and 4 (56.8%, 52.0%, and 47.2%, respectively). Of the nongerminated seeds under condition
3, 75.0% were decayed and several fungi were isolated from decayed seeds. An inoculation test of isolated fungi Cylindrocarpon tenue, Cylindrocarpon sp., Fusarium oxysporum, and Botrytis sp. to seeds showed that these fungi caused seed decay. Our results indicated that nursery soil cover may not be suitable
for T. dolabrata var. hondai seeds sown in nursery soil because of seed decay by pathogens. 相似文献
12.
[目的]对南方红豆杉产地试验林分别在不同年份进行全林生长性状测定,评估南方红豆杉产地早期选择的准确性和可靠性。[方法]在浙江龙泉和浙江安吉两地同时开展了南方红豆杉产地试验,通过对24个产地南方红豆杉树高、胸径和冠幅等生长性状的10 a跟踪观测,以明确早期选择的准确性并优选出一批生长优良的产地。[结果]浙江龙泉和浙江安吉两地点24个产地南方红豆杉10年生树高、胸径和冠幅变异系数分别达6.58%、15.14%、11.18%和9.17%、17.18%、17.14%。浙江龙泉点不同产地南方红豆杉10年生树高和胸径均值分别比浙江安吉点高29.02%和10.88%。浙江安吉和浙江龙泉两地点24个产地南方红豆杉7年生树高与10年生树高的相关系数分别为0.780(P0.01)和0.769(P0.01),均大于两地点4年生树高与10年生树高的相关系数0.479(P0.05)和0.649(P0.01)。[结论]南方红豆杉生长性状具有显著的产地、地点以及产地×地点的互作效应。以10年生树高、胸径以及7 10年生树高和胸径生长量均值为筛选标准,采用独立淘汰法分别从龙泉点和安吉点选出7个和3个速生优良产地。 相似文献
13.
The incidence and severity of resinous stem canker disease were investigated in hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) and sawara (C. pisifera) at a progeny test located in Yamatsuri Town, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. Symptoms of the disease were observed in 307 trees
out of 933 investigated trees (32.9%). The damage was more severe on lower slopes than on upper slopes, indicating that micro-environmental
factors are causally associated with the occurrence of the disease. The severity of the disease varied both among nine open-pollinated
progenies derived from hinoki plus-tree clones and among 13 progenies derived from pollination between hinoki plus-tree clones
and the mixed-pollen of hinoki plus-tree clones. The severity of the disease also varied with height above the ground. This
tendency was most obvious where the disease was most severe. An estimation of the narrow sense heritability,h
2, of 0.214, was obtained from analysis of the 13 progenies derived from pollination with mixed-pollen. The heritability derived
from material that had not been subjected to selection against the disease, indicated that breeding to enhance resistance
would be possible to control the disease. The interaction between environments and progenies in relation to severity of the
disease is also discussed.
Ms. Setsuko Chiba and Mr. Mamoru Ueta gave us vigorous supports, and Mr. Haruki Orita, Dr. Tomiyasu Miyaura, and Dr. Shinichiro
Ito gave us many helpful comments. We deeply appreciated their cooperation. The study was supported by a grant from the Ministry
of Agriculture, Forestry. and Fisheries of Japan. 相似文献
14.
[目的]研究毛红椿天然群体遗传多样性取样策略,为其种质资源收集、保存和遗传多样性保护等提供参考依据。[方法]利用8对微卫星分子标记进行毛红椿天然群体遗传多样性和空间自相关分析,综合制定其天然群体合理取样策略。[结果]毛红椿天然群体等位基因数平均为7.5个,期望杂合度(H_e)和多态性信息指数(PIC)均值分别为0.643 7和0.636 0,基因分化系数(G_(ST))均值为0.290 7。在遗传多样性取样策略方面,提出了根据毛红椿群体基因分化系数来确定取样群体遗传变异所占总变异比例的运算公式为1-(G_(ST))~(n-1),其中,n为取样群体的数量。当取样群体达到4个时,基本上能包括该树种97.5%的遗传变异;同时确定了目标群体的选择方法,应选择与其它群体间基因分化系数均值较大的4个群体,即贵州册亨(CH)、浙江遂昌(SC)、浙江仙居(XJ)和云南师宗(SZ)。通过构建云南宾川(BC)、云南师宗(SZ)和江西宜丰(YF)群体内取样单株数量与基因多样性和等位基因之间的捕获曲线,确定了群体内取样单株数量应达到15个以上;毛红椿天然群体内300～520 m范围内的单株间存在相似关系,超出此范围个体间差别较大,说明在进行群体内单株取样时,单株间距应大于520 m。[结论]取样群体数量、群体间遗传分化系数、群体内单株数量以及单株间距离等影响了毛红椿取样群体的遗传多样性。毛红椿天然群体遗传多样性取样策略为取样群体4个、每个群体最少取样15个单株,单株间距大于520 m。 相似文献
15.
Seasonal development of resinous stem canker was determined in Chamaecyparis obtusa trees wound‐inoculated with Cistella japonica in January 1996. Samples for anatomical analysis were harvested on 20 May, 9 July and 6 August in the second year of inoculation, and the sections were observed under light microscope. Resin exudation was most abundant in the second year, decreasing in the third. All new resin exudation in the second year was recognized at the May observation. New traumatic resin canal formation was observed in the August samples, and an expansion of necrotic lesions was observed mainly in summer samples in the inoculated trees and in naturally affected trees. Cistella japonica was re‐isolated from all bark lesions or inoculated wounds examined. These results suggest that the activity of Ci. japonica in the tree affects the seasonal development of resinous stem canker during the growing season of the trees. 相似文献
16.
[目的]通过对思茅松自由授粉子代测试林的生长与形质性状遗传参数的估计,进行优良家系选择,为建立思茅松高世代种子园及培育优良无性系苗木提供种质资源。[方法]采用随机区组试验设计,在214个思茅松自由授粉家系子代测试林中选择胸径、地径、树高、枝下高、冠幅、通直度、树干圆满度、树冠圆满度、材积及地上生物量等生长与形质性状,利用线性混合模型进行遗传参数的估计,进行优良家系筛选。[结果]思茅松自由授粉子代测试林生长与形质性状的遗传参数在家系间差异极显著。各性状的家系遗传力较高,其中,地径的家系遗传力最大(1.105)。材积的预期遗传增益高于地上生物量,利用家系/家系内选择方法进行优良家系的筛选,材积的预期遗传增益为60.75%,入选家系为60个;地上生物量的预期遗传增益为44.22%,入选家系为66个。轮盘数、通直度和树干圆满度对材积和地上生物量都有显著影响。[结论]在早期选择中,形质性状的遗传变异对思茅松自由授粉优良家系的选择有重要参考作用,4年生思茅松自由授粉家系子代测试林中各性状存在着丰富的遗传变异,在早期选择中可以筛选出适合不同培育目标的优良家系,最大限度挖掘其遗传潜力。 相似文献
17.
[目的]研究缓释肥N/P养分配比及加载量对南方红豆杉、浙江楠和浙江樟苗木生长发育的影响,以科学指导大规格容器苗的高效培育。[方法]试验采用析因设计,研究N/P养分配比(1.75∶1、2.25∶1、2.75∶1和3.25∶1)及其加载量(1.5 kg·m~(-3)、2.5 kg·m~(-3)、3.5 kg·m~(-3)和4.5 kg·m~(-3))对3种珍贵树种2年生容器苗生长、株高生长节律、干物质积累及叶片SPAD值等影响。[结果]缓释肥N/P养分配比及加载量对3个树种容器苗生长及SPAD值影响不一。南方红豆杉、浙江楠和浙江樟干物质积累及根冠比在不同N/P养分配比间差异不大,浙江樟苗木生长受N/P养分配比影响较小,随着N/P养分配比增加,明显促进了浙江楠容器苗生长,却抑制了南方红豆杉的生长。缓释肥加载量对3个树种2年生容器苗生长和干物质积累的影响均达到极显著水平,随着缓释肥加载量增加可明显地促进3种树种株高、地径生长及干物质积累,增加了浙江楠地上干物质积累及南方红豆杉地下干物质积累,而对浙江樟根冠比影响未达统计学显著水平,但均显示加载量在3.5 kg·m~(-3)时达到最大值。N/P养分配比及与加载量的互作对3个树种苗木生长和干物质积累影响不明显,说明N/P养分配比对3个树种容器苗生长和质量的影响不因加载量的改变而变化或变化不大,反之亦然。随着缓释肥N/P养分配比的增加,可明显地延长南方红豆杉苗木株高的线性生长期,提高浙江楠株高的线性生长量,但对浙江樟株高的线性生长影响不明显。3种树种苗木叶片SPAD值差异很大,N/P养分配比及加载量并未改变3种树种叶片SPAD值动态变化规律,但随着N/P养分配比提高使南方红豆杉和浙江樟叶片SPAD值的起伏强度增大,3个树种SPAD值动态变化均随加载量增加而增大。[结论]南方红豆杉大规格容器苗培育较适宜的N/P养分配比为A1(1.75∶1)或A2(2.25∶1),而浙江楠和浙江樟为A3(2.75∶1),加载较高量的缓释肥F3(3.5 kg·m~(-3))可明显促进3种树种大规格容器苗的生长及SPAD值的提高,但加载量超过一定限度后,反而影响苗木的生长发育。 相似文献
18.
[目的]通过不同群落毛红椿天然林林地土壤及其真菌对种子萌发和幼苗存活影响的研究,探讨影响毛红椿天然更新的障碍因素。[方法]在江西九连山国家级自然保护区内的3个毛红椿天然优势群落中,分别取距离毛红椿母树3个不同距离(2.5、5.0、7.5 m)处的根区土壤和远离毛红椿母树(25 m以外)的非根区土壤,以非林地土为对照开展室内模拟播种和以根区土壤真菌的水或根系分泌物悬液对毛红椿幼苗进行灌根接种,观察种子萌发、幼苗存活和幼苗感病情况。[结果]各群落土壤中种子发芽均呈先上升后下降规律,且基本在第8 10天达到高峰;林地土与非林地土种子发芽率差异不显著,但林地根区土幼苗的存活率极显著低于非林地土和林地非根区土;距母树3个不同距离根区土的幼苗存活率差异不显著。灌根接种不同处理间幼苗存活率差异极显著,具体表现为接种RS2、RS5根区真菌的幼苗感病率显著高于根系分泌物及无菌水空白对照,且RS2真菌的根系分泌物悬浮液幼苗感病率显著高于其无菌水悬浮液。[结论]毛红椿种子萌发不受土壤环境的影响,但幼苗建成受根区范围内土壤的影响,根系分泌物和致病菌的互作显著降低幼苗保存率。由此推断,毛红椿根区土壤内存在幼苗的潜在致病菌及根系分泌物可增强其致病性。 相似文献
19.
The effect of volatile matter from various wood chips on house dust mites and their influence on human comfort were measured.
To investigate the effect of volatile matter on the mite speciesDermatophagoides pteronyssinus, the activity of the mites was observed after exposure to volatile matter from six species of wood chips. The degree of activity
of the mites was classified into two categories: (1) walking or moving and (2) immobilized. To measure their influence on
human comfort, the smells of those wood chips were evaluated by the subjects. Among softwoods, volatile matter fromChamaecyparis obtusa andThujopsis dolabrata var.hondai chips suppressed the activity of the mites highly and made the subjects feel refreshed and unexcited.Cryptomeria japonica showed slight suppression of the mites and was considered to be refreshing, natural, and unexciting by the subjects. Among
hardwoods,Cinnamomum camphora highly suppressed mites activity and was considered to be non-refreshing and exciting by the subjects.
Part of this paper was presented at the 49th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Tokyo, April 1999 相似文献
20.
Naohiro Takaku Dr. Don-Ha Choi Keigo Mikame Tomoya Okunishi Shiro Suzuki Hideo Ohashi Toshiaki Umezawa Mikio Shimada 《Journal of Wood Science》2001,47(6):476-482
Heartwood ofChamaecyparis obtusa contains significant amounts of a dibenzylbutyrolactone lignan, hinokinin (8). This investigation demonstrated that the contents of 8 and a norlignan, hinokiresinol (12), were higher in the heartwood region than in the sapwood, indicating their nature of being heartwood extractives. Eleven lignans — xanthoxylol (1), 7-oxohinokinin (2), savinin (3), dihydrosesamin (4), isoactifolin (5), sesamin (6), piperitol (7), hinokinin (8), pluviatolide (9), haplomyrfolin (10), and rnatairesinol (11) — were isolated from young shoots ofChamaecyparis obtusa cv. Breviramea. Eight lignans (1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9,10, and11) were isolated from this plant for the first time. Chiral high-performance liquid Chromatographie analysis showed that8, 9, 10, and11, were found to be levorotatory and optically pure (>99% e.e.). Based on the chemical structures of the isolated lignans, possible biosynthetic pathways of8 are discussed.Parts of this report were presented at the 44th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Nara, April 1994; the 46th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kumamoto, April 1996; and the 44th Lignin Symposium, Gifu, October 1999 相似文献