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1.
Daidzein is widely used in farmed animals as a dietary additive. However, limited information is available about its use in aquaculture. The effects of daidzein inclusion in the diet of gibel carp was assessed in terms of growth performance, immune response, disease resistance, antioxidant activity, hormone levels, daidzein tissue residues, as well as intestinal and liver morphology. The dietary daidzein inclusion levels were 0, 40, 200 and 400 mg kg?1 and six replicates of 30 fish were used for each group. No mortality was observed during the 80‐day feeding trial. The growth performance of experimental fish was not significantly affected by dietary daidzein supplementation. However, the non‐specific immune responses, resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila, antioxidant activities, 17β‐oestradiol level, vitellogenin concentration, gonadosomatic index (GSI) and intestinal morphology were significantly affected by dietary daidzein. A dietary dose of 400 mg kg?1 daidzein significantly decreased the GSI, increased 17β‐oestradiol and vitellogenin concentrations, and impaired the intestinal structure. The daidzein residue in muscle of gibel carp was increased by the high level (400 mg kg?1) of dietary daidzein. Equol was not detected in fish muscle among all treatments. The present study proved that 40 mg kg?1 daidzein was safe to be included in diets of gibel carp, and a safety margin of 5 folds of the use‐level (40 mg kg?1) was determined.  相似文献   

2.
The effect of dietary β‐glucan on the bacterial community in the gut of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was examined after oral application of Aeromonas hydrophila. Carp received either feed supplemented with 1% MacroGard®, a β‐1,3/1,6‐glucan, or a β‐glucan‐free diet. Fourteen days after feeding, half of the carp from each group were intubated with 109 colony‐forming units (CFU) of a pathogenic strain of A. hydrophila. Gut samples were taken 12 hr to 7 days after application and analysed using microbiological and molecular biological techniques (NGS, RT‐PCR‐DGGE). The reaction of the mucosa and the microbiota to an A. hydrophila intubation differed in carp fed with β‐glucan compared to carp from the control group. In β‐glucan fed carp, the total bacterial amount was lower but the number of bacterial species was higher. Bacterial composition was different for carp from both treatment groups. The number of mucin filled goblet cells was reduced in carp fed the β‐glucan diet. Mucus was obviously released from the goblet cells and was probably washed out of the gut together with high numbers of bacteria. This might be protective against pathogenic bacteria and, therefore, feeding with β‐glucan may provide protection against infections of the gut in carp.  相似文献   

3.
The comparative effects of Freund's and Aloe vera gel as adjuvants on the expression of IL‐1β and TNF‐α genes were studied in vaccinated common carp (Cyprinus carpio) with Aeromonas hydrophila bacterin. Fishes were intraperitoneally immunized with A. hydrophila bacterin in combination with Aloe vera gel or Freund's and also without any adjuvant. At day 28 after immunization, all groups were challenged by lethal dose of A. hydrophila (107 cells/fish). Changes in the expression of IL‐1β and TNF‐α genes were evaluated in anterior kidney before challenge and 12, 24, 72 and 7 days postchallenge using quantitative real‐time PCR. Higher expression levels of both genes were observed in all vaccinated groups compared with non‐immunized group. Fishes which received Aloe vera gel showed higher expression of IL‐1β and TNF‐α in relation to animals which vaccinated with or without Freund's adjuvant. We concluded that Aloe vera gel in compared with Freund's adjuvant had a more stimulatory effect on the expression of immune‐related genes in vaccinated common carp and it can use as a novel adjuvant in aquaculture.  相似文献   

4.
This study evaluated the growth and immune response of gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) cultured under no feed addition biofloc technology (BFT) system at different total suspended solid (TSS) concentrations (10, 300, 600, 800 and 1,000 mg/L for group BF0‐NF, BF300‐NF, BF600‐NF, BF800‐NF and BF1000‐NF) for 30 days. The results demonstrated that bioflocs contained rich nutrients, and gibel carp eaten bioflocs showed higher weight gain, specific growth and survival. Digestive enzyme activities such as pepsin and amylase increased significantly in BF300/600/800/1000‐NF groups than those in BF0‐NF group. Antioxidant response including superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity in serum and skin mucus was also enhanced significantly (p < .05). In addition, six immune‐related genes were examined by RT‐qPCR. Compared with BF0‐NF group, expression levels of immune genes intelectin (ITLN), dual specificity phosphatase 1 (DUSP 1), keratin 8 (KRT 8), myeloid‐specific‐peroxidase (MPO), c‐type lysozyme (c‐lys) and interleukin‐11 (IL‐11) were up‐regulated by 78.1‐, 23.9‐, 13.8‐, 138.8‐, 401.8‐ and 91.1‐fold, respectively. The highest expression values were observed at TSS of 600–800 mg/L. This study suggested that bioflocs can be uptaken by gibel carp as a food source, and have a potential to be used as a supplemental food for aquaculture.  相似文献   

5.
During a 3‐month period from June to the end of August 2016, ~5% mortalities were observed in a farm with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) and one farm of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in Bulgaria. The disease was manifested by gill ulcers/rot, asphyxiation and bloody ascites. Aeromonas hydrophila was isolated from the internal organs of all the diseased fish. Bacillus mycoides or B. pseudomycoides were recovered from the gill lesions on diseased carp and rainbow trout, respectively, with identification achieved by conventional phenotyping and by sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. In vivo experiments confirmed that all three organisms were pathogenic to rainbow trout.  相似文献   

6.
The current study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary soy isoflavones (SI) on growth performance, antioxidant status, immune response and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Six diets were formulated to contain 0 (control), 10, 50, 100, 500 or 1,000 mg SI per kg feed. Each diet was randomly allotted to triplicate net cages, and each net cage was stocked with 30 fish. The fish were fed one of the experimental diets to satiation twice per day for 60 days. The results showed that the WGR and DGC of the 500 mg/kg SI‐supplemented group were significantly higher than those of the non‐SI‐supplemented group (p < .05). Serum LZM and IgM activities in the SI‐supplemented groups were improved compared to the control group. SOD and GSH‐Px levels of fish fed the diet containing 500 mg/kg SI were significantly enhanced compared to those of fish fed the control diet (p < .05). Additionally, serum CAT, GSH‐Px and AKP activities in 50, 100 and 500 mg/kg SI‐supplemented groups were significantly higher than that in the control group (p < .05). The expression of most immune‐related genes (including IFN‐γ2, TNF‐α, M‐CSF2, IL‐6, IL‐12p40 and IL‐4) was significantly affected by dietary supplementation of SI. The group fed with 500 mg/kg SI had the highest 7‐day cumulative survival rate after challenge test (p < .05). The current results revealed that dietary inclusion of SI could improve the immune response and resistance against A. hydrophila and the supplementation level is suggested to be 500 mg/kg diet.  相似文献   

7.
Argulus siamensis is a major pathogen in freshwater aquaculture. The immune responses of Indian major carp, Labeo rohita to experimental infection of A. siamensis was evaluated by quantitation of immune‐relevant gene expression in head kidney and skin, and serum innate immune parameters through the course of infection. In skin of infected fish, antioxidant genes like natural killer cell enhancing factor (NKEF‐B) and superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) were significantly up‐regulated in addition to lysozyme G and β2 microglobulin (β2M). Both tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) and toll‐like receptor 22 (TLR22) genes were significantly down‐regulated in skin during early phases of the infection. Most of the genes exhibited significant down‐regulation in head kidney; immunoglobulin (IgM) and β2M genes being the exceptions which were significantly up‐regulated at 12 h and 3 days post infection. Most of the innate immune parameters like serum complement activity and ceruloplasmin levels showed significant reduction in infected fish. The observed results are indicative of A. siamensis modulating the immune response of rohu by down‐regulation of many immune factors which may explain the susceptibility of rohu to A. siamensis infection. The interaction of this parasite with the host need to be further explored to understand its pathogenesis.  相似文献   

8.
We studied the effects of Bacillus coagulans on growth, nonspecific immune parameters, and disease resistance in juvenile gibel carp. The fish were randomly divided into five groups: a control group fed a basic diet and four treated groups fed the basic diet supplemented with 125, 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg B. coagulans, respectively, for 8 wk. Growth; plasma lysozyme activity; respiratory burst activity of phagocytes (RBAP); and the activity of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), and antioxidant enzymes were determined. The group that received 250 mg/kg B. coagulans showed an improved protein efficiency ratio, plasma lysozyme activity, superoxide dismutase, and superoxide anion radical scavenging activity and heat shock protein (HSP70) gene expression compared with the control group. Moreover, the 250 mg/kg B. coagulans group had a reduced feeding rate, feed conversion ratio, and plasma malondialdehyde content compared with the control group. The weight gain rate, protein efficiency ratio, plasma lysozyme, RBAP, TNF‐α, and superoxide anion radical scavenging activity and HSP70 gene expression were significantly increased, whereas the feed conversion ratio was significantly reduced, in the group supplemented with 500 mg/kg B. coagulans compared with the control. Artificial infection with Aeromonas hydrophila revealed a cumulative mortality in the control group that was higher than that in the 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg B. coagulans groups. The results suggest that feed supplementation with 250–500 mg/kg B. coagulans has the potential to stimulate immunity, increase resistance against pathogenic infection, and promote growth in gibel carp.  相似文献   

9.
An 84‐day feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of aqueous Psidium guajava leaf extract (PGE) on growth, intestinal morphology, physiology, immune response and susceptibility of Oreochromis niloticus to Aeromonas hydrophila. Diets containing 0% (P0), 0.25% (P1), 0.50% (P2), 0.75% (P3) and 1.00% (P4) PGE were fed to triplicate groups of fish (mean weight; 1.32 ± 0.04 g) for 84 days. After the 84‐day feeding trial, test fish were injected with pathogenic A. hydrophila and then fed for 14 days. More feed were consumed in groups of fish fed PGE‐treated diets and resulted in significantly higher weight gain and feed intake. Incidentally, there was an increase in the calculated area of absorption of fish fed PGE diets, as accounted for by marginally higher villi length and width. Antioxidant and immune response were improved with PGE inclusion in diets as total protein, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S‐transferase significantly increased (p < 0.05) in fish fed PGE diets. Results of the challenge test with A. hydrophila revealed that the highest mortality (100%) was recorded in P0. This study revealed that inclusion of P. guajava extract in the diet of O. niloticus improved growth, nutrient utilization, immune system and survival of O. niloticus fingerlings.  相似文献   

10.
A 60‐day growth experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary replacement of fishmeal by Spirulina platensis on growth performance, digestion and physiological parameters in juvenile gibel carp (5.0 ± 1.0 g). Four diets were formulated to replace 0 (SP0), 50% (SP50), 75% (SP75) and 100% (SP100) of dietary fishmeal protein by S. platensis respectively. Other two diets based on SP100 were supplemented with 2% dicalcium phosphate (SP100 + P) or 0.28% coated lysine (SP100 + Lys). The results showed that no significant differences of specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency (FE), feeding rate (FR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were observed between SP0 group and the replacement groups (SP50, SP75 and SP100). FE and PER of fish‐fed SP100 + Lys diet were significantly higher than the fish‐fed SP100 diet (p < .05). Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, protein, energy and phosphorus increased significantly with the increasing S. platensis inclusion. Meanwhile, fish from SP100 + P or SP100 + Lys group had higher ADCs of nutrients compared to the SP100 group (p < .05). Compared with SP0 diet, fish‐fed S. platensis diets had higher activities of plasma superoxide dismutase, hepatopancreas total antioxidant capacity, plasma alkaline phosphatase and plasma lysozyme, as well as the lower content of plasma malondialdehyde. The present results indicated that dietary fishmeal could be fully replaced by S. platensis without any negative effects on growth performance of gibel carp. Supplementation of lysine in the S. platensis replacement diet could further improve the feed utilization of gibel carp.  相似文献   

11.
Vibrio harveyi, a luminescent Gram‐negative motile marine bacterium, is an important pathogen responsible for causing severe diseases in shrimp, finfish and molluscs leading to severe economic losses. Non‐luminescent V. harveyi obtained by culturing luminescent strains under static and dark condition were reported to alter the levels of virulence factors and metalloprotease gene and luxR expression when compared to their luminescent variants. Presently, we conducted an in vitro study aiming at the characterization of virulence‐related phenotypic traits of the wild‐type V. harveyi BB120 strain and its isogenic quorum sensing mutants before and after switching to the non‐luminescent status. We measured the production of caseinase, haemolysin and elastase and examined swimming motility and biofilm formation. Our results showed that switching from the bioluminescent to the non‐luminescent state changed the phenotypic physiology or behaviour of V. harveyi resulting in alterations in caseinase and haemolytic activities, swimming motility and biofilm formation. The switching capacity was to a large extent independent from the quorum sensing status, in that quorum sensing mutants were equally capable of making the phenotypic switch.  相似文献   

12.
The outer membrane protein of Aeromonas hydrophila is a potential candidate for vaccine development. In this study, after cloning and expression of ompTS, 270 common carp, weighing 44 ± 5.7 g divided into five groups, were injected intraperitoneally twice with 3‐week intervals. Groups included the following: PBS, PBS plus Freund's adjuvant, recombinant protein, recombinant protein plus Freund's adjuvant and 20 fish as negative control. Two weeks after the second injection, 30 fish of each group were challenged with a dose of 2 × LD50 of Aeromonas hydrophila and RPS was measured. The antibody level was measured using ELISA test. The protection of recombinant protein in the immunized fish with and without adjuvant, respectively, was about 82.61% and 78.26% (the protection of recombinant protein electroeluted from an SDS–PAGE with and without adjuvant, respectively, was about 78.62% and 69.57%). The average of antibody level in recombinant protein with and without adjuvant was significantly higher than the PBS group (p < .05). The ability of recombinant ompTS to increase the antibody level and to protect the fish from challenge by A. hydrophila demonstrated that recombinant ompTS protein injection can be used to immunize common carp against A. hydrophila infection.  相似文献   

13.
A 75‐day experiment was conducted with juvenile gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) (4.80 ± 0.01 g) to evaluate effects of dietary chitosan on fish growth performance, haematology, intestine morphology and immune response. Six isonitrogenous (crude protein: 383 g kg?1), isolipid (97.5 g kg?1) and isocaloric (gross energy: 16.7 kJ g?1) diets were formulated to contain 0, 1800, 4000, 7500, 10 000, 20 000 mg kg?1 chitosan, respectively. The results showed that the growth was depressed when the fish fed with 10 000 mg kg?1 chitosan. Serum cholesterol, triglyceride and low‐density lipoprotein decreased in 10 000 and 20 000 mg kg?1 chitosan. On day 75, blood leucocyte phagocytic activity respiratory burst and alternative pathway of complement haemolytic activity were enhanced in 4000 mg kg?1 chitosan. The number of goblet cell, intraepithelial lymphocyte of mid‐intestine and microvilli height of distal intestine increased at 4000 mg kg?1 dietary chitosan. Dietary chitosan modulated intestine microbiota, depressed pathogen bacteria Aeromonas veronii‐like and improved Cellulomonas hominis‐like, Bacillus oceanisediminis‐like and two uncultured bacterium‐like species on day 75. Dietary 7500 and 10 000 mg kg?1 chitosan enhanced the protection against Aeromonas hydrophila infection. In conclusion, oral administration of dietary 7500 mg kg?1 chitosan for 75 days is recommended for the survival of gibel carp.  相似文献   

14.
In this study, the use of Lactobacillus acidophilus as a probiotic for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) culture was studied. Fish survival and the expression of some genes involved in the immune response were assessed. Diet supplementation with L. acidophilus for 15 days caused a significant increase in fish survival during a challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila and variations in immune response related to IL‐1β and transferrin expression in Nile tilapia spleen and kidney. Moreover, extracellular products (ECPs) of L. acidophilus showed high antibacterial activity against fish pathogens such as A. hydrophila and Streptococcus agalactiae in vitro. It was also observed that viable L. acidophilus was able to disrupt quorum sensing activity in Chromobacterium violaceum.  相似文献   

15.
Aeromonas hydrophila is a pathogen infecting farmed hybrid catfish, Clarias macrocephalus (Günther, 1864) × Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) which incurs substantial economic losses in Thailand. The study aimed at a genetic tracking of A. hydrophila infection and the in vitro assessment of the efficacy of antibiotics against its virulent strains. Five clinical strains from catfishes and Nile tilapia were employed. They were 3‐passage re‐isolated through healthy hybrid catfish and the cytolytic enterotoxin gene (AHCYTOEN) of individuals was traced. Each of the re‐isolates at a dose of ~6.67 × 105 CFU/g was intraperitoneally injected into ~15 g‐healthy hybrid catfish and their pathogenicity were observed for 7 days. It was found that AHCYTOEN was carried over whereas typical signs of motile aeromonas septicaemia were found in the specimens. The bacterial strains of Nile tilapia origin did not induce mortality but those of catfish origins (80%–100% rate of mortality). The strains were susceptible to the tetracycline antibiotics, and oxytetracycline produced MIC50 and MBC as low as 0.007–0.031 μg/ml and 1–8 μg/ml respectively. As oxytetracycline specifically inhibited pathogenic A. hydrophila in vitro, it is recommended that an appropriate dosage regimen of the drug should be established.  相似文献   

16.
A 6‐week growth trial was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with maggot meal (MGM) and soybean meal (SBM) on the growth performance and antioxidant responses of gibel carp (GC) and darkbarbel catfish (DC). The basal diet was formulated to contain 114 g kg−1 fish meal (FM) and 200 g kg−1 SBM. The basal diet was supplemented with either 280 g kg−1 FM (Control), 390 g kg−1 MGM or 450 g kg−1 SBM to obtain three isonitrogenous (crude protein: 380 g kg−1) and isocaloric (gross energy: 16 kJ g−1) diets. For GC, a significant decrease in specific growth rate (SGR) was only observed in fish fed the SBM diet compared with the control (P < 0.05). Principal components analysis (PCA) of GC showed a higher similarity in antioxidant response to dietary supplementation with MGM and SBM proteins between liver and intestine, but the DC did not. The present results suggest that supplementing 390 g kg−1 MGM protein to basal diet cause an enhancement of the antioxidant capacity in GC, but supplementing 390 g kg−1 MGM and 450 g kg−1 SBM proteins to basal diets resulted in a significant attenuation of the antioxidant capacity in DC.  相似文献   

17.
The present trial was performed to evaluate the effect of dietary incorporation of dried Spirulina, Chlorella and their mixture on the immune status of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) before and after artificial infection with pathogenic bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila). Two hundred and forty fish were divided into four groups: (a) a control group fed on a basal diet only, (b) a second group fed on a diet containing Spirulina 15%, (c) a third group fed on a diet containing Chlorella 15%, and (d) a fourth group fed on a diet containing a mixture of both Spirulina 15% and Chlorella 15%. At the end of the experiment (9 weeks), the four groups were experimentally infected with A. hydrophila for 7 days. Antioxidant enzymes, lysozyme and bactericidal activities and histopathological changes were determined just before the challenge test and 7 days post‐challenge. Significant (p ≤ 0.05) increases in fish body protein% before the challenge test and increases in serum antioxidant enzymes, lysozyme and bactericidal activity in the Chlorella and algal mixture groups before and after the challenge test were observed. Spirulina, Chlorella and their mixture groups significantly decreased serum malondialdehyde compared to the control group before and after the challenge test. Using Spirulina, Chlorella and their mixture mitigated the necrotic and degenerative changes induced by A. hydrophila and revealed well‐developed and multiple melanomacrophage centres. Thus, dietary Spirulina, Chlorella and their mixture inclusion in Nile tilapia fish proved to have a protective effect against A. hydrophila infection.  相似文献   

18.
Dried distiller's grain (DDG) is considered as an alternative ingredient of dietary feed due to its high contents of protein, fibre and fat. In this study, 60 g kg‐1 of DDG was used to feed grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), bluntnose black bream (Megalobrama amblycephala), gibel carp (Carassius gibelio) and black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) for 8 weeks, and its effect on fish production and gut allochthonous microbiota was investigated for the development of a suitable fish feed high in nutrients and low in cost for polyculture freshwater fish. DDG supplementation resulted in the less weight gain and higher feed conversion ratio of black carp (P < 0.05), but had no significant effects on other fish or parameters. PCR–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis indicated that all four fish species had some common and unique bacteria in their digestive tracts, and the gut microbiota of bluntnose black and gibel carp fed the control diet and DDG diets were very similar (Cs > 91%); of them, the total counts of intestinal bacteria studied by qPCR increased in grass carp (P < 0.05) and depressed in black carp (P < 0.05) when fed dietary DDG. Thus, we assumed that dietary DDG modulated production and gut microbiota of fish in a host‐specific way.  相似文献   

19.
Under experimental challenges, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of fish has been proposed as an infectious route of several pathogenic bacteria. Is this also the case for diseased fishponds? A field research was conducted to verify this hypothesis. A crucian carp (Carassius carassius) reared fishpond with motile Aeromonas septicaemia outbreak was sampled in this study. A total of 62 strains of Aeromonas hydrophila were isolated and identified. The clonal relationship among these strains was determined by sequencing the gyrB gene, ERIC‐PCR, RAPD‐PCR, and the presence of seven virulence genes. Strains with identical genotypes were further confirmed as the same clone by multilocus sequence typing analysis. Experimental infection assays were also conducted in zebrafish (Danio rerio). The results show that the same clone strains identical to those in the blood of diseased fish existed in the intestinal digesta of diseased and uninfected fish. Regardless of their origins, all these strains were highly pathogenic to zebrafish. The result indicates that pathogenic strains of A. hydrophila had existed in the GI tract of fish before the infection occurred. This increases our knowledge on infectious route of A. hydrophila in crucian carp.  相似文献   

20.
Different antibiotic‐based drugs are being used for the treatment of Aeromonas hydrophila infection in rainbow trout, and several studies emphasize the use of medicinal plants as immunostimulants for prophylactic measure against Aeromoniasis disease. However, therapeutic effects of aqueous methanolic extracts of tetra (Cotinus coggygria) against A. hydrophila in rainbow trout were not investigated. Four different concentrations of tetra extract (0 [control], 4, 8 and 12 mg/100 µl) and also two different positive control groups (florfenicol and doxycycline antibiotics) were administered orally using feeding needles to individual rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss of all experimental groups twice a day after intramuscular inoculation of A. hydrophila. The study period was for 10 days. On 0th, 3rd, 7th and 10th day, blood and tissues were collected from the fish and changes in humoral immune responses, haematology and immune‐related gene expressions were determined. In the study, superoxide radical production was decreased generally in all experimental groups except in 12 mg tetra and florfenicol treatments compared to control (p < .05). Lysozyme activity was generally decreased (p < .05), or no differences were observed in all experimental groups compared to the control. Myeloperoxidase activity was significantly increased in florfenicol‐treated fish group on 7th day (p < .05). Generally, myeloperoxidase activity showed an increase in almost all tetra‐treated groups. Haematological parameters increased but were not significantly high enough in treatments. Almost all immune‐related gene expressions were significantly enhanced on 3rd and 10th day of the study. Survival rate of 53.33% was found in control group. There were no significant differences in survival between control and 4 mg tetra‐treated group (p > .05). All the other groups' survival rate was significantly increased compared to control. The highest survival rate was found in florfenicol group (80%). In 12 mg tetra‐, doxycycline‐ and 8 mg tetra‐treated groups, survival rate was recorded as 74.44%, 70% and 70%, respectively. Our results suggest that tetra methanolic extract is an effective therapeutic remedy against A. hydrophila infection in rainbow trout at the dose of 24 mg/32.34 g body weight/day.  相似文献   

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