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1.
The effectiveness of the polyethylene stretch‐film barrier to air infiltration is the major factor affecting the preservation of silage in bales. Three separate experiments investigated the effects of the number of layers of stretch‐film cover, film colour, stretch extent, film type and frequency of bale handling on gas composition, surface mould growth and conservation characteristics of baled grass silages. Monitoring gas composition in bales during ensiling proved useful for assessing the success with which wrapped bales were stored anaerobically. Under good storage conditions the early stages of ensiling were characterized by the rapid reduction of O2 concentration in the bale and the creation of a CO2‐rich environment. However, wrapping bales in only two layers of stretch‐film failed to create the anaerobic conditions required for a successful fermentation and the inhibition of visible fungal growth. In contrast, a minimum of four layers of stretch‐film were required to achieve suitably anaerobic conditions, but the additional benefits of applying more layers were relatively small. Under temperate climatic conditions with moderate solar radiation, film colour had little effect on the gas composition in baled silage. Likewise, the extent of stretching applied to the film at wrapping and film type had no influence on gas composition, baled silage quality or mould development. However, frequent mechanical handling of bales after wrapping had a negative effect on gas composition and surface mould growth, and thus should be kept to a minimum. 相似文献
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B. G. C. Homem I. M. Ferreira M. P. Gionbelli T. F. Bernardes D. R. Casagrande M. A. S. Lara 《Grass and Forage Science》2017,72(3):481-488
Refining mathematical models may decrease labour and generate accurate estimates of leaf area in warm‐season perennial legumes. The aim of this study was to assess the use of mathematical models to determine the leaf area of four tropical forage legumes. Perennial legumes (Arachis pintoi, Stylosanthes spp., Calopogonium mucunoides and Neonotonia wightii) were collected, and an elliptical model and a corrected elliptical model were used to estimate leaf area. For comparison, linear models were also generated based on the leaflet area. The elliptical model was suitable for the initial forage peanut leaflets, while the corrected elliptical model proved suitable for estimating the area of the initial leaflets of all species as well as the terminal leaflets of forage peanut and stylo. The elliptical model could be used to estimate the area of both the initial and terminal leaflets only in stylo. Models were generated to estimate leaf area of all legumes requiring only the measurement of length and width from a single initial leaflet. In all of the studied legumes, the leaflet pairs were symmetrical, meaning the corrected elliptical model allows for the estimation of the leaflet area of each plant. 相似文献
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Wide variation in nitrification activity in soil associated with different forage plant cultivars and genotypes 
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下载免费PDF全文 S. Bowatte P. C. D. Newton C. J. Hoogendoorn D. E. Hume A. V. Stewart S. C. Brock P. W. Theobald 《Grass and Forage Science》2016,71(1):160-171
There is a growing interest in using plants to manipulate the nitrification rate in soils with the object of reducing losses of nitrogen from the soil–plant system – lower rates of nitrification being associated with reduced leaching of nitrate and reduced emissions of nitrous oxide. Here we screened the potential nitrification rate in soil associated with 126 cultivars from 26 species representing three functional groups used in temperate managed grassland. Plants were grown in pots, and the nitrification was measured using two approaches: (i) a measure of potential nitrification carried out in the laboratory on soil samples and (ii) a measure of nitrification in the presence of the growing plants using the ratio of nitrate to ammonium () measured on in situ ion exchange membranes after the application of urine. There was about a twofold difference among cultivars in nitrification measured using the potential assay and a 10‐fold difference using the ratio approach. The ranking of nitrification was different using the two approaches perhaps suggesting that the presence of plants in the ratio approach had an effect on the outcome although further work will be necessary to confirm this. Irrespective of the method used, the results demonstrate substantial differences between cultivars but also within cultivars offering the possibility of selection to enhance plant effects on nitrification. 相似文献
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Influence of plant growth and root architecture of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) on N recovery during winter 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 B. J. Malcolm J. L. Moir K. C. Cameron H. J. Di G. R. Edwards 《Grass and Forage Science》2015,70(4):600-610
Nitrate () leaching is an environmental and health concern. In grazed pasture systems, leaching primarily occurs beneath animal urine patch areas due to high nitrogen (N) loading and the inability of pasture plants to capture all of this N. This study investigated the relative importance of plant growth and root architecture to recover soil N. Herbage N recovery, dry matter (DM) yield and root architecture, following injections of 15N‐enriched urea at different soil depths (5, 25 and 45 cm), were measured for Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) grown in soil monolith lysimeters (18 cm diameter × 70 cm depth) under simulated South Island, New Zealand winter temperature and light levels. Total herbage N uptake and DM yield were on average 24 and 48% greater in L. multiflorum than F. arundinacea respectively. Root length density (cm cm?3 soil) in the 5‐ to 25‐cm‐depth horizon was similar between species. In the 25‐ to 45‐cm‐depth horizon, F. arundinacea roots were found at higher densities than L. multiflorum. In the 45‐ to 65‐cm‐depth horizon, root length density was fourfold to ninefold higher for F. arundinacea than L. multiflorum, but N uptake efficiency was greater in L. multiflorum (0·48 mg 15N m?1 root) than F. arundinacea (0·09 mg 15N m?1 root). The results suggest that deep F. arundinacea roots are relatively inactive during the winter period and confirm that plant growth is more important than root architecture (e.g. deep roots) to recover soil N and ultimately reduce nitrate leaching losses. 相似文献
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R. M. Simeão G. M. L. Assis D. B. Montagner R. C. U. Ferreira 《Grass and Forage Science》2017,72(2):322-332
Forage peanut improvement for use in grass–legume mixtures is expected to have a great impact on the sustainability of Brazilian livestock production. Eighteen cloned Arachis spp. ecotypes were evaluated under clipping in a Brazilian Cerrado region and results analysed using a mixed model methodology. The objective was to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters and to select the best ecotypes based on selection index applied on their predicted genotypic value. The traits of total dry‐matter (DM) and leaf DM yield presented moderate (0·30 < < 0·50) to high (>0·50) broad‐sense heritability, in contrast to the low genetic variability in nutritional quality‐associated traits. Ecotypes of Arachis spp. contained average crude protein concentrations of 224 g kg?1 DM in leaves and 138 g kg?1 DM in stems, supporting the potential role of these species to overcome the low protein content in Cerrado pastures. The correlations between yield traits and traits associated with low nutritional value in leaves were consistently significant and positive. Genetic correlations among all the yield traits evaluated during the rainy or dry seasons were significant and positive. The ecotypes were ranked based on selection index. The next step is to validate long‐term selection of grass–Arachis in combination with pastures under competition and adjusted grazing in the Cerrado region. 相似文献
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The intensification of grazed pasture systems in New Zealand has resulted in increased nitrate () leaching and associated significant reductions in water quality, resulting from high N loading in the cow urine patch. A glasshouse soil column experiment was conducted at Lincoln University examining the N uptake capacities and leaching losses of sixteen commercial and ‘weed’ pasture grasses, comprising thirteen species. Three dairy cow urine N treatments (N loading rates) were applied in May 2010: 0 (N0), 300 (N300) and 700 (N700) kg N ha?1. Grass was harvested at 21‐d intervals, leachates collected to quantify N leaching losses and root mass measured. Shoot yield, root mass, N uptake and N leaching loss varied significantly between species (P < 0·001) and were strongly driven by N loading rate. The highest yielding species at N700 were Lolium multiflorum ‘Feast 2’ and ‘Tama’ (782 and 743 g DM m?2), while Festuca arundinacea ‘Flecha’ and Lolium perenne ‘Alto' were lowest yielding (375 and 419 g DM m?2). Plant N uptake and root mass followed a similar trend, and only moderate increases in total plant N uptake were observed for most species when urine N application rate was increased from N300 to N700. N leaching loss was highest at N700 for F. arundinacea ‘Flecha’ (378 kg N ha?1) and lowest for L. multiflorum ‘Feast 2’ and ‘Tama’ (134 and 130 kg N ha?1). Strong negative linear relationships were observed between N leaching loss, plant N uptake and root mass. The results indicate that species such as L. multiflorum may play a critical role in reducing pasture N leaching losses, while traditionally sown L. perenne, and also F. arundinacea, may be less suitable. 相似文献
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Jessica Schenck Cecilia Müller Annika Djurle Dan Funck Jensen Martin O&#x;Brien Astrid Johansen Peter Have Rasmussen Rolf Sprndly 《Grass and Forage Science》2019,74(4):613-625
A study was conducted on 124 farms in Sweden and Norway where fungal (all farms) and mycotoxin (100 of the 124 farms) presence was examined in wrapped forage bales. Samples were also analysed for chemical composition, and data on the bale production and storage system on each farm were collected. Fungi, analysed by three common sampling methods, were found in bales from 89% of the visited farms (110 farms). The most frequently isolated fungal species from the bale surface was Penicillium roqueforti. Mycotoxins were present in 39% of the 100 samples analysed. The most common mycotoxins present were enniatin B (14 farms) followed by deoxynivalenol (12 farms). The risk of finding fungi in baled forage samples was higher with odds ratio (OR) of 5.1 when less than eight layers of stretch film were applied, low seal integrity of wrapping (OR 172 at <10 s of seal integrity), higher dry‐matter content (OR 1.17–1.56 per % unit DM) and higher concentrations of acetic acid (OR 47.5 per g DM) and ethanol (OR 3.4 per g DM). Mycotoxin presence was not found to be correlated with any of the chemical characteristics of the baled forage, or with any forage production and management factors. A positive correlation was present between total fungal counts and general mycotoxin presence, but not between specific mycotoxins and the toxin‐producing fungal species. 相似文献
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A farm-scale trial to compare the effectiveness of polythene bags and wrapping of big bale silage was monitored for Listeria monocytogenes contamination. There was no significant difference between the level of L. monocytogenes found in wrapped and bagged big bale silage, but the work confirmed that big bale silage is prone to contamination by Listeria organisms, and that the degree of Listeria contamination could be significantly reduced by the removal of obviously spoiled material prior to feeding. 相似文献
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C. E. Müller 《Grass and Forage Science》2005,60(2):109-118
The fermentation quality of small‐bale silage and haylage for feeding to horses in Sweden, and using a conventional high‐density hay baler, was investigated in two experiments. Treatments studied were use of additives (inoculants containing lactic acid bacteria and a chemical additive consisting of hexamethylenetetramine, sodium nitrate, sodium benzoate and sodium propionate), the influence of dry‐matter (DM) content of wilted herbage and the effect of number of stretch film layers on fermentation pattern and aerobic stability. All silages and haylages were made from predominantly Timothy swards and were well fermented as indicated by low levels of ammonia and butyric acid. Values of pH were higher and concentrations of organic acids were lower in haylages than in the silages. This was not considered to be indicative of a poor fermentation in the haylage but of a restricted fermentation due to the high DM content of the herbage. The additives enhanced aerobic storage stability because of inhibition of mould growth. The only statistically significant effect of varying the number of stretch film layers was a higher content of CO2 inside the bales when ten layers of stretch film were applied compared with six layers. 相似文献
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Fungal contamination of big-bale grass silage on Irish farms: predominant mould and yeast species and features of bales and silage 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The extent of visible fungal growth and the identity of the predominant fungi causing spoilage of baled grass silage were recorded on 180 farms in Ireland. Fungal growth was evident on bales on 174 of the 180 farms visited and on 331 of the 360 bales examined. The mean proportion of surface area of bale, that was affected, was 0·06. Silage‐making method, storage characteristics and geographical location were significantly associated with the level of fungal contamination on bales. Fungal contamination was higher (P < 0·001) in bales where the surrounding polythene stretch‐film was visibly damaged compared with bales where the film appeared intact. A strong positive relationship was found between polythene film damage and dry‐matter content of the silage. The predominant fungus affecting the largest numbers of bales was Penicillium roqueforti. Other fungi frequently isolated included Schizophyllum commune, Pichia fermentans and Penicillium paneum. The distribution of individual fungi on bales was associated with geographical location, weather at harvest, and lactic and butyric acid concentrations of the silage. Penicillium roqueforti and P. paneum were more common on bales harvested in dry weather and with higher concentrations of butyric and propionic acids in the silage. Overall, a high incidence of visible fungal growth was recorded on bales throughout the country and the extent of colonization and fungal species occurring were not random. 相似文献
11.
Jessica Schenck Annika Djurle Dan Funck Jensen Cecilia Müller Martin O'Brien Rolf Sprndly 《Grass and Forage Science》2019,74(1):29-41
The use of wrapped forage bales with high dry‐matter (DM) content implies risk of fungal growth inside the wrapping, and impaired feed quality. Since fungi may be unevenly distributed in bales, the method of sampling can influence the outcome of the analysis. Three common sampling methods for detection of fungi in wrapped forage were compared: direct plating of visible mouldy patches on bale surfaces (Method I), direct plating of pieces of foliage from drilled core samples (Method II) and quantitative analysis dilution series of drilled core samples (Method III). All samples were cultured on two media at two temperatures. Samples were collected from 124 farms in Sweden and Norway. Using Methods I, II and III, fungi were detected on 52%, 77% and 56% of the farms respectively. Fifty‐two fungal species were identified using a combination of culturing and molecular methods. The most predominant species were Arthrinium spp., found on 55% of the farms, followed by Penicillium roqueforti at 48% of the farms. Incubation at 25°C resulted in higher numbers of all genera, except Aspergillus, compared to incubation at 37°C. The different methods of sampling and culturing did not identify the same fungal species within the same bale. Analysing one bale per farm resulted in detection of less than half the number of species compared to analysing three bales. Of the sampling and culturing methods compared, direct plating of drilled core samples cultivated at malt extract agar at 25°C performed best in terms of qualitative analysis of fungi species. 相似文献
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不同覆膜方式对春玉米超高产群体冠层垂直结构的影响 总被引：10，自引：4，他引：6
在不同覆膜方式下对春玉米超高产田的冠层垂直结构与产量进行了系统研究。结果表明：行间覆膜可使春玉米超高产群体的植株叶片功能期延长、LAI和LAD增大、Pn和叶绿素提高,冠层内光分布均匀合理,能截获更多的光合有效辐射量,透光率增大,避免下层叶片早衰,提高光合能力,获得更大产量。不同覆膜处理在冠层各层中对叶片功能期、LAI、LAD、Pn、光合有效辐射量及透光率均表现为行间覆膜>行上覆膜>不覆膜,这一规律与各处理对产量的影响一致。 相似文献
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降解地膜在玉米膜下滴灌栽培中的应用研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
研究田间滴灌条件下降解地膜的降解性能和水、热效应以及对玉米产量性状的影响。结果表明, 降解地膜在玉米生育前期降解速度明显快于中、后期, 覆盖150 d降解至5级, 质量损失率51.37%;降解地膜具有普通地膜相当的保墒增温作用, 且克服了普通地膜在玉米生育中、后期对雨水的阻碍作用, 能促进雨水入渗吸收, 0～20 cm土壤含水量比普通地膜高1.08%～3.90%, 21～40 cm土壤含水量比普通地膜高0.91%～2.13%;6月末地膜裂解后, 土壤温度低于普通地膜, 避免高温对根系的伤害, 有利于玉米根系的生长;降解地膜处理产量比普通地膜低0.34%, 差异不显著;比不覆膜(CK)增产17.37%, 差异显著。 相似文献
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Edible films have been used for decades on fresh produce to create a semipermeable membrane on the surface to suppress respiration, control moisture loss, and more recently to provide a delivery mechanism for the inclusion of functional components. Scientists at the Southern Regional Research Center (SRRC) have previously demonstrated that a thin biodegradable film can be produced from soapstock, an underused byproduct from the vegetable oil industry. After physical and chemical treatments, a thin film was produced from various soapstocks (cottonseed and safflower). Different hydration ratios were tested since the initial soapstock solutions were rather viscous. To examine the potential use of an oilseed-derived lipid film for the extension of shelf life, different types of the oilseed-derived soapstocks were utilized to produce lipid films with different hydration ratios, and containing 0, 5, and 10% of paraffin wax for application on ‘Camelot’ bell peppers. Control bell peppers lost almost 25% weight per unit surface area (SA) in 78 h when stored under ambient conditions. Cottonseed film-coated peppers, hydrated at 1:4, lost only about 5% moisture per unit SA after 78 h and minimized weight loss by up to 79% compared to the control. However, since a 1:4 hydration ratio remained rather viscous, 1:8 was preferred and these cottonseed films reduced weight loss per unit SA by up to 48% during storage. Safflower-derived soapstock film resulted in the least effective water retention of the films and ratios tested, with roughly 21–25% reduction in weight loss per SA compared to controls. Safflower-derived soapstock was higher in unsaturated fatty acids, which are less efficient to control moisture migration because they are more polar than saturated lipid materials, as contained in cottonseed-derived materials. Addition of wax to the cottonseed-derived films decreased water loss slightly, similar to previous reports in the literature. An ANOVA supported the conclusion that the oilseed-derived lipid films significantly reduced moisture loss across the produce epidermis. To avoid potential allergenicity concerns in cottonseed soapstock, additional cleanup steps and tests with commonly used edible coating additives would be required before attaining food grade status. 相似文献
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安定区地膜马铃薯不同覆盖方式集雨保墒增产试验 总被引：13，自引：3，他引：10
安定区是全国最大的马铃薯生产县区之一,通过对地膜马铃薯不同覆盖方式集雨节水保墒增产的试验研究,选择适宜安定区马铃薯栽培的地膜覆盖方式,研究了地膜不同覆盖方式对马铃薯生物性状和产量的影响,以双垄全膜覆盖侧播处理增产保水保墒效果为最好。与对照(CK)相比,其株粒数、株粒重、大薯率分别增加1.5个、0.3 kg、62.5%;各处理产量以双垄全膜覆盖侧播的产量为最高,11 725 kg/hm2,比对照增产2 125 kg,增产率为22.14%。 相似文献
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松嫩平原是北方春玉米带的主要分布区,当前主要存在3种主要玉米种植模式,分别是均匀垄种植模式、大垄双行覆膜种植模式和膜下滴灌水肥一体化种植模式。在构建评价指标体系基础上,以乾安县为例,运用可拓优度评价法对3种玉米种植模式进行评价。结果表明,在乾安县现有的3种玉米种植模式中,从节本增效效果看,膜下滴灌水肥一体化种植模式优于大垄双行覆膜种植模式,大垄双行覆膜种植模式优于均匀垄种植模式。膜下滴灌水肥一体化模式在推进玉米节本增效方面具有显著比较优势,综合效益尤其是生态效益凸显,可加大推广力度,促进松嫩平原玉米种植模式转型升级。 相似文献
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A new technique of cotton bale management using clustering algorithm has been proposed. The method is based on the grouping cotton bales of similar kind into respective categories using k-mean square clustering algorithm. A set of 500 cotton bales were clustered into 5 categories by minimizing the total within-group squared Euclidean distance around the 5 centroids. In order to cluster bales of different categories, 8 fibre properties, viz., strength, elongation, upper half mean length, length uniformity, short fibre content, micronaire, reflectance and yellowness of each bale have been considered. Once the bales are clustered into different categories, it is possible to prepare consistent bale mix for consecutive laydowns on the basis of frequency relative picking method. 相似文献