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1.
A six‐week growth trial was conducted to evaluate the optimum dietary isoleucine requirement of juvenile hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂). Seven isoenergetic (3,400 kcal/kg of dry matter), isoproteic (496 g/kg of dry matter) and isolipidic (70 g/kg of dry matter) diets were formulated to contain graded Ile levels (7.3, 11.3, 15.7, 19.6, 23.5, 26.8 and 30.8 g/kg, dry‐matter basis). Each experimental diet was fed to triplicate groups of 12 hybrid grouper juveniles (average initial body weight: 6.00 ± 0.01 g/fish). Experimental fish were randomly distributed into 21 glass tanks (L 60 × W 45 × H 50 cm) connected to mechanical and biological water filters as a recycling system. Fish were fed twice daily (08:00 and 16:00) to apparent satiation. After the sampling of the growth trial, the remaining fish in each group were fed their corresponding diets for 2 d and then exposed to 4 mg Cu2+ · L?1 water for 24 hr. Results showed that growth performance and feed utilization were significantly affected by different dietary Ile levels (p < .05). Weight gain percentage (WG%), protein productive value (PPV), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and feed efficiency (FE) were increased as dietary Ile level increased, reaching a peak value at 19.6 g/kg dietary Ile, and thereafter, these four parameters declined as dietary Ile level continued to increase. Daily feed intake (DFI) showed an opposite tendency of variations as FE. The quadratic regression analysis of WG%, PPV, PER and FE against dietary Ile levels indicated that the optimum dietary Ile requirement for hybrid grouper was estimated to be 19.8, 20.8, 19.4 and 19.1 g/kg dry matter, respectively. Among all experimental treatments, fish fed 19.6 g/kg dietary Ile had the highest expression of growth and protein synthesis‐related genes, including growth hormone (GH) in pituitary, insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1), growth hormone receptor 1 (GHR1), target of rapamycin (TOR) and S6‐kinase 1 (S6K1) in liver. Gut micromorphology was significantly influenced by dietary Ile levels. After the exposure to 4 mg Cu2+ · L?1 water for 24 hr, fish fed 19.6 g/kg dietary Ile had the highest survival and the best immunologic manifestation among all experimental treatments. Generally, the optimum dietary Ile requirement for maximum growth of hybrid grouper was estimated to be 19.8 g/kg dry matter, corresponding to 39.9 g/kg dietary protein.  相似文献   

2.
Hybrid grouper juveniles (body weight, 6.1 ± 0.7 g) (brown‐marbled grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × giant grouper, E. lanceolatus) were fed with six isoproteic (50% crude protein) and isolipidic (12% crude lipid) feeds containing different levels of soy protein concentrate (SPC) in replacement of fish meal (SPC at 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 60% protein) and control feed (SPC0) for 6 weeks. Hybrid grouper juveniles were cultured in 100‐L fibreglass tank equipped with flow‐through water system and fed twice a day to apparent satiation level. The highest and lowest growth was recorded in fish fed SPC20 and SPC60 respectively. However, growth of SPC20 was not significantly higher than those fed SPC0, SPC30, SPC40 and SPC50 (p > .05). A decreasing growth trend was observed with the increasing level of SPC from feed SPC40 to SPC60. A noticeable better feed utilization was also observed in fish fed SPC0, SPC20, SPC30, SPC40 and SPC50 compared to fish fed SPC60 (p < .05). The fish condition factor, hepatosomatic index, viscerosomatic index and whole body proximate content of the fish were not affected by the graded levels of SPC. However, the body lipid content was significantly lower in fish fed SPC40 to SPC60 (p < .05). The apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of protein and lipid was significantly higher in fish fed SPC0 and SPC20 compared to other dietary treatments (p < .05). Based on the regression analysis on specific growth rate, the study suggests that the hybrid grouper grow best at 21.4% and can utilize up to 50% inclusion level of SPC in protein without significantly affect their growth and its body condition.  相似文献   

3.
O‐GlcNAc transferase gene (OGT) was considered as the sole rate‐limiting enzyme in the O‐GlcNAc modification. In the present study, the OGT gene of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × E. lanceolatus ♂) was cloned and characterized, and its expression in response to dietary carbohydrate level and acute glucose treatment was investigated. The full‐length of OGT (GenBank accession no. KY656469 ) was 4,063 bp, including a 302 bp 5′untranslated terminal region (UTR), a 3,165 bp coding region that encoded 1,054 amino acids residues and a 596 bp 3′ UTR. The highly conservation of OGT gene between fish and mammals was also observed through multiple sequences alignment and phylogenetic analysis. O‐GlcNAc transferase gene was ubiquitously expressed in all detected tissues with highest expressions in brain and liver, to a lesser degree, in eye, heart, kidney and intestine. The increasing dietary carbohydrate from 8.02% to 16.08% had no significant effect on the mRNA expression of OGT. However, the expression of OGT was slightly elevated at 6 hr post‐glucose injection, and the elevation became significant at 24 hr time‐point. These data may enhance our understanding on the nutritional regulation of OGT and O‐GlcNAc modification in fish species.  相似文献   

4.
Hybridization was used to take advantage of desirable traits in offspring. In the present study, we applied the cryopreserved Epinephelus lanceolatus sperm into interspecific hybridization with E. moara. Successful hybridization between these two species was achieved and cultured in 23–24°C seawater (34‰). There was no difference in survival rate between hybrid (E. moara ♀ × E. lanceolatus ♂) and non‐hybrid (E. moara ♀ × E. moara ♂) at 24 hrs post hatch (HPH), but less hybrid (14.35 ± 8.02%) hatched than non‐hybrid (93.60 ± 1.65%), which might be due to irregularity cell cleavage and skeletal deformities from the formation of embryonic body to the later embryonic development. Similar phenomenon was found in hybrid embryos from fertilization with fresh sperm, indicating that species variations between parents, rather than cryopreserved sperm, resulted in deformities in embryos. Mean hatch time of the hybrid was 1 hr faster than that of E. moara. The hybrid was 1.95 ± 0.06 mm in total length when newly hatched and reached 38.00 mm at 58 days post hatch (DPH), which showed faster growth than E. moara (recorded in the previous study). Considering its faster growth, E. moara × E. lanceolatus hybrid was a potential breeding production in aquaculture. Over 212,000,000 larvae have been produced and launched in the market since 2015. The results of this study also shed some lights on further comparative studies in grouper hybrid performance.  相似文献   

5.
This study seeks to identify the optimal combination of temperature and salinity for the embryo development of the hybrid groupers, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (♀) × Epinephelus polyphekadion (♂), using the central composite design and response surface methodology. Results have shown that the low hatching rates of fertilized eggs and high deformity rates of larvae were the result of lower or higher temperature/salinity levels. The linear effects of temperature and salinity were significant in both hatching rates and deformity rates (p < .01). Similar results were observed in the quadratic effects of temperature and salinity (p < .01). Effects of temperature were positively related to salinity effects (p < .05). Salinity effects were more remarkable than temperature on hatching rates, but not the same on deformity rates. Model equations were established for temperature and salinity effects on hatching rates and deformity rates. A high coefficient of determination (R2 > .97) was found for the adequacy and predictive capability of model equations, indicating that these models can be applied to prediction. The optimal combination of temperature and salinity was 27.58°C/30.94, which was derived from the statistical optimization approach. In this condition, the hatching rate was the highest at 85.73%, and the deformity rate was the lowest at 5.96%, with a high desirability function of 0.957. The results of this study can be applied to improve hatching and decrease deformity in future cultures of hybrid groupers.  相似文献   

6.
Effects of Bacillus cereus BC‐01, Lactobacillus acidophilus LAG01, Clostridium butyricum CBG01 and their combinations as supplementation on the growth performance, digestive enzyme activities and serum non‐specific immunity of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂×E. fuscoguttatus ♀) were assessed. Seven different diets, that is one control diet (basal feed without any probiotics, CT) and six treatment diets containing single B. cereus (Bs), L. acidophilus (Ls) and C. butyricum (Cs) at 1.0 × 109 cfu/kg feed, and also their combinations in equal proportion at 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 × 109 cfu/kg feed (BLC1, BLC2 and BLC3) were prepared respectively. After 60‐day feeding trial, the final weight, specific growth rate,food consumption, food conversion efficiency and apparent digestibility coefficient of fish in Ls and BLC3 were significantly higher compared with the control (p < .05). The activities of pepsin and trypsin in the intestine of fish for Ls and BLC3 were significantly higher relative to the control (p < .05). Relative to controls, significantly enhanced amylase and lipase activities in proximal intestine except for Cs and BLC1 and lipase activities in distal intestine except for Cs were observed (p < .05). Meanwhile, activities of superoxide dismutase in the serum of fish for all treatments, lysozyme and catalase in Ls and BLC3, and glutathione peroxidase except for Cs were significantly enhanced (p < .05). Based on the above, dietary supplementation of single L. acidophilus at 1.0 × 109 cfu/kg or combination of three strains at 3.0 × 109 cfu/kg for hybrid grouper is recommended.  相似文献   

7.
The glucose transporters (GLUTs) play vital role in mediating the glucose uptake process, the movement of glucose across plasma membranes. In this study, three GLUTs, GLUT1, GLUT2 and GLUT4 were cloned and characterized form pearl gentian grouper, a hybrid grouper, and their expressions in response to dietary carbohydrate level (8.02%, 11.89% and 16.08%) were investigated after feeding. The full‐length cDNA of GLUT1, GLUT2 and GLUT4 were 2,104, 3,759 and 2,815 bp, respectively, encoding a putative protein of 491, 508 and 505 amino acids respectively. The results of sequence and phylogenetic analysis revealed that grouper GLUTs were highly conserved and clustered together with their corresponding teleost orthologues, rather than mammals. In addition, GLUT1 was ubiquitously expressed in all detected tissues with relative high expressions in heart and brain. GLUT2 is relatively abundant in some certain tissues that release glucose, such as liver and intestine, and GLUT4 was expressed primarily in muscle and eye. The elevated dietary carbohydrate level had no significant difference on the expression of GLUT1 in grouper liver. The expression of GLUT2 in grouper liver was significantly up‐regulated with the increasing dietary carbohydrate from 8.02% to 11.89%, and therefore down‐regulated significantly. Meanwhile, the expression of GLUT4 in grouper muscle increased significantly with increasing dietary carbohydrate. Results of this study indicate that the up‐regulation of GLUTs in fish contribute to maintain glucose equilibrium to some extent when fish were fed with high carbohydrate diets.  相似文献   

8.
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9.
Diploid and triploid hybrids of large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea, Pc) and Miiuy croaker (Miichthys miiuy, Mm) were produced by interspecific hybridization. The result showed that Pc (♀) and Mm (♂) can be successfully crossed and hybrid offspring of normal hatch rate were produced. In contrast, a lower fertilize and hatch rate were produced for hybrids of Pc (♂) and Mm (♀), and the offspring died day 19 after hatching. To confirm the ploidy of hybrid offspring, we examined the karyotypes of offspring. The result of DNA relative content investigation and genetic relationship analysis demonstrated that the major hybrid offspring were hybrid diploid. In addition, a small number of hybrid were triploid and gynogenesis diploid. Morphological analysis based on the measurable traits data indicated the success of the interspecific crosses. The natural gynogenetic diploid large yellow croaker (PP), diploid hybrids (PM) and triploid hybrids (PPM) were closer to maternal parent (Pc) than paternal parent (Mm). This study provided genetic evidences of the chromosome, DNA content and morphological levels to support the successful establishment of the polyploidy hybrids of Pc (♀) and Mm (♂).  相似文献   

10.
An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to estimate the optimum dietary manganese (Mn) requirement for juvenile hybrid grouper, Epinephelus lanceolatus × E. fuscoguttatus. The basal diet was formulated to contain 520 g/kg crude protein from casein and fishmeal. Manganese methionine was added to the basal diet at 0 (control group), 2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg Mn/kg diet providing 7.48, 10.34, 13.76, 19.72, 31.00 and 53.91 mg Mn/kg diet, respectively. Each diet was randomly fed to triplicate groups of juveniles, and each tank was stocked with 20 fish (initial weight, 60.06 ± 0.68 g). The manganese content in rearing water was monitored and kept below 0.01 mg/L. Results showed that the weight gain ratio (WGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), specific growth rate (SGR), Mn contents in whole body, liver and vertebra, and activities of hepatic Mn superoxide dismutase (Mn‐SOD), total SOD (T‐SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐PX) were significantly improved by dietary Mn supplementation (p < .05). However, dietary Mn did not affect arginase (DArg) activity. The highest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed in fish fed the basal diet (p < .05). No significant differences were found on the Cu and Zn contents in whole body by supplementing dietary Mn. Supplemented Mn in diets had significantly effect on liver and vertebral trace element deposition (p < .05). Fish fed the basal diet had the highest Fe and Zn contents in vertebra (p < .05). There were no significant differences on hepatic pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) activity with supplemented Mn levels below 13.76 mg/kg. As biomarker of oxidative stress, malondialdehyde (MDA) content in liver was significantly higher in fish fed the basal diet (p < .05). Using the broken‐line models based on SGR, dietary Mn requirement of the juvenile hybrid grouper was estimated to be 12.70 mg/kg diet.  相似文献   

11.
To better understand the phosphorus (P) utilization in hybrid sturgeon (Huso dauricus ♀ × Acipenser schrenckii ♂), a combined technique with oesophageal intubation, dorsal aorta cannulation and urinary catheterization was used in the present study. Groups of five hybrid sturgeon were orally administrated with graded doses of P (0, 50, 100 and 200 mg P/kg BW) in the form of monocalcium phosphate. The high dose of P (200 mg P/kg BW) caused a significant increase in plasma P concentration. Plasma calcium (Ca) concentrations were significantly increased in the fish treated with 0 and 100 mg P/kg BW. Both P and urea excretion showed increased changing pattern with increasing P intubation level and exhibited significant higher value in 200 mg P/kg BW group. A significant increase in Ca excretion was found in the group without P supplementation (0 mg P/kg BW). ALP and SOD activity in plasma was inhibited in fish at P‐deficient groups (0 and 50 mg P/kg BW). The data in the current study showed that hybrid sturgeon at 100 mg P/kg BW treatment exhibited better P and Ca utilizations with lower waste excretion, as well as favourable status of anti‐oxidation.  相似文献   

12.
A 56‐day feeding trial was conducted to study the effects of cottonseed protein concentrate (CPC) as fishmeal (FM) replacement on growth, digestive proteinase, intestinal morphology and microflora in pearl gentian grouper (♀Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂Epinephelus lanceolatu). FM of 0% (FM), 12.00% (R12), 24.00% (R24), 36.00% (R36), 48.00% (R48) and 60.00% (R60) was replaced with CPC, to prepare six diets and feed groupers. Weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) were highest in the R24 group, and the lowest feed coefficient rate (FCR) was observed in this group compared with the other groups (p < .05). Pepsin activity of the R12 group and chymotrypsin activity of the R36 group reached significant maximum (p < .05). With increasing CPC replacement, the plica height and width and the lamina propria thickness of intestine decreased significantly (p < .05). 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing suggested dominant intestinal microflora of grouper subjected to different treatments was similar. At the phylum level, the abundance of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria was high, while Photobacterium, Pseudoxanthomonas, Romboutsia, Akkermansia, Vibrio and Bifidobacterium were the dominant taxa at the genus level. The abundance of probiotics (Bifidobacterium) decreased, whereas the abundance of opportunistic pathogen (Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Vibrio) increased. These results suggested that CPC replacement affected growth, digestive proteinase activity, intestinal morphology and microflora structure in grouper. Under the conditions of this experiment, the fishmeal replacement with CPC (24% level) yielded the most satisfactory results, providing reference for sustainable aquaculture.  相似文献   

13.
Effects of rhythmic temperature change on the growth, body composition and energy budget of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂ × E. fuscoguttatus ♀) were investigated. Nine groups of fish received repeating cycles of low‐temperature manipulation (22°C) for 1, 2 and 4 days followed by recovery temperature (28°C) for (3, 7 and 11 days), (6, 14 and 22 days) and (12, 28 and 44 days) respectively, designated as L1R3, L1R7, L1R11, L2R6, L2R14, L2R22, L4R12, L4R28 and L4R44 respectively. In the control group (C), fish were reared at 28°C throughout the whole experiment. After 96‐day feeding trail, the final weight, relative weight gain rate, specific growth rate, food conversion efficiency and apparent digestibility coefficient of fish in L4R28 were significantly higher than those of control (p < .05). The crude protein contents of fish in L2R14, L2R22, L4R12, L4R28 and L4R44 were significantly higher compared to the control (p < .05). According to energy budget, fish in L4R28 exhibited significantly higher proportion of food energy assimilated into growth and lower proportion consumed for excretion than the control fish (p < .05). These results indicated the occurrence of complete or over growth compensation in hybrid grouper, and the use of repeated cycles of low temperature (22°C) for 4 days followed by recovery temperature (28°C) for 28 days could obtain enhanced growth, that is overcompensation, with improved apparent digestibility coefficient, food conversion efficiency and energetic efficiency into growth. This technique would be more practically applicable in indoor culture for this species.  相似文献   

14.
Groupers are economically important for aquaculture in Thailand. A novel hybrid grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) has been successful cross‐bred; therefore, the present work aimed to assess the hybrid's traits. The growth performance, strength and tolerance to a pathogenic bacterial infection of this hybrid were compared with its parent species, tiger grouper and giant grouper. The results of all measured growth parameters indicated that the hybrid strain grew fastest followed by giant and tiger grouper respectively. The expressions of the growth‐related genes, insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) I and II, were also analysed in fish muscle and liver which are the main target organs in fish growth regulation. Among tested species, similar expression patterns of IGF‐I and IGF‐II were detected in both organs. The levels of these genes in liver and muscle of hybrid and giant grouper were higher than those of tiger grouper comparable with the growth manner. After challenge with Vibrio vulnificus, the immunological parameters, clearance time of Vibrio in haemolymph and survival was measured to verify the fish immunity. Leucocyte number, lysozyme activity and the ability to eliminate the pathogen were very high in hybrid and giant grouper while these parameters were lower in tiger grouper. Correspondingly, the mortality rate of tiger grouper was higher than others and % survival at the end of observation time (15 days post challenge) was lowest in infected tiger grouper. Altogether, the results suggested that the hybrid grouper has desirable traits that will improve cultured grouper.  相似文献   

15.
This study was conducted to determine the optimal dietary myo‐inositol (MI) requirement of juvenile hybrid sturgeon (Acipenser baerii ♀ × A. schrenckii ♂). Fish with an initial average body weight of 28.28 ± 0.41 g were randomly divided into six groups with three repetitions in each group and fed the experimental diets with different graded MI concentrations (70.2, 130.0, 270.2, 443.0, 1,096.6 and 1997.3 mg/kg) three times per day for 12 weeks. The results showed that with the increase in dietary MI level from 70.2 mg/kg to 443.0 mg/kg, weight gain (WG) was increased significantly (p < .05); however, when the MI level was further increased, there was no significant difference in weight gain rate (WG) over time (p > .05). Specific growth rate (SGR) showed a similar trend. The feed conversion ratio (FCR), survival rate (SR), hepatosomatic index (HSI), viscerasomatic index (VSI) and condition factor (CF) were not affected by dietary MI supplementation (p > .05). Dietary MI did not affect whole‐body and muscle crude protein and ash content (p > .05), while dietary MI significantly affected the muscle and whole‐body crude lipid and moisture content (p < .05). Moreover, serum triglyceride (TG), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were decreased by increasing dietary MI levels. Total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC), malonic dialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in the liver were also affected by the dietary MI (p < .05). In summary, this study indicated that the optimal dietary MI requirement for juvenile hybrid sturgeon (Acipenser baerii ♀ × A. schrenckii ♂) was 335.84 mg/kg and 590.65 mg/kg based on the maximum WG and liver MI accumulation indices respectively.  相似文献   

16.
Molecular characterization was carried out on an iridovirus isolated from yellow grouper, Epinephelus awoara . The major capsid protein (MCP) gene was located, sequenced and compared with homologous genes from other iridoviruses. The nucleotide sequence is 1392 bases long and contains a single open reading frame beginning at an ATG codon from the 5' end and terminating at a TAA codon at the 3' end. The open reading frame encodes a protein of 463 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 50 272 Da. Pairwise amino acid alignments detected a high degree of sequence identity between grouper iridovirus (GIV) MCP and the homologous genes of other iridoviruses. The MCP gene of GIV was most similar to the MCP gene from frog virus 3 (FV3) with 70% nucleotide and 73% amino acid sequence identity. The predicted molecular weight of the protein of this gene is comparable with the apparent weight obtained by SDS–PAGE. Pathogenicity of the GIV was investigated in yellow grouper by intraperitoneal injection of 107 and 104 TCID50 virus. Cumulative mortalities reached 100% within 11 and 25 days post-infection, respectively, while no grouper died in the control group. The molecular studies demonstrated that GIV is a member of the genus Ranavirus .  相似文献   

17.
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18.

本研究采用cDNA末端快速扩增法(RACE)克隆了草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)IGF-IR基因全长cDNA序列, 并对该基因在草鱼不同时期胚胎和成鱼不同组织中的表达进行了分析。序列分析表明, 草鱼IGF-IR基因cDNA序列全长5 741 bp, 包括5′端非翻译区822 bp, 3′端非翻译区581 bp, 开放阅读框4 338 bp, 共编码1 445个氨基酸。序列比对结果显示, 草鱼IGF-IR可能属于a型, 该基因编码的氨基酸序列与鲤(Cyprinus carpio)IGF-IRa、斑马鱼(Danio rerio)IGF-IRa和人类(Homo sapiens)IGF-IR的相似性分别为95%、93%和66%, 具有较高的同源性, 表明该基因在长期进化中具有较高的保守性。RT-PCR结果表明, 该基因从16 hpf(hours post fertilization)胚胎期到出苗期都有表达, 在成鱼大部分组织中均有表达。原位杂交结果显示, 草鱼IGF-IR mRNA在不同时期胚胎组织中广泛存在, 其中在脑部、脊索和尾部等生长旺盛组织的细胞中表达量较高。本研究为进一步探索草鱼IGF-IR基因在生长发育信号通路中的作用和育种提供了基础资料。

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19.
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20.
An 8‐week growth trial was conducted to evaluate effects of dietary oil sources on growth, enzymes activity and genes expression levels related to lipid metabolism of hybrid grouper (♀Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂E. lanceolatu) juveniles. Seven iso‐lipid (97 g/kg of dry matter) and iso‐protein (503.5 g/kg of dry matter) experimental diets were formulated containing 50 g/kg fish oil (FO; acting as controls) or various vegetable oils (VOs): corn oil (CO), sunflower oil (SO), tea oil (TO), olive oil (OO), rice oil (RO) and mixed oil (MO; comprising equal amounts of these oils). Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of 40 fish for per repetition (15.09 ± 0.01 g) for 56 days. The results show that (a) alternative dietary oils had no significant effects on final weight compared with control group (p > .05); (b) compared with FO group, VOs significantly changed the contents of serum lipoproteins, cholesterol, triglycerides and the activity of liver lipid‐metabolizing enzymes (p < .05); (c) CO group had the least effect on the serum lipoproteins, triglycerides and cholesterol of grouper compared with control; the activity of liver lipid‐metabolizing enzymes in RO and control group was the closest; (d) the mRNA levels of Δ6 Fatty acid desaturase (Δ6Fad), hormone‐sensitive lipase (HSL) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) were not significantly effected by lipid sources, but CO, TO, OO and MO significantly down‐regulated the expression of fatty acid synthetase (FAS) mRNA level in liver, while RO opposite (p < .05); (e) vegetable oil significantly up‐regulated peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α (PPARα) and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor β (PPARβ) mRNA levels, while TO and RO down‐regulated peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ) mRNA levels (p < .05); and 6) MO significantly increased the mRNA levels of heart‐type fatty acid‐binding protein (H‐FABP) and adipocyte‐type fatty acid‐binding protein (A‐FABP) (p < .05), while other VOs had no effect on them (p > .05). In conclusion, dietary substitution of FO by VO in diet affected lipid metabolism of grouper, which may be regulated by PPARs.  相似文献   

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