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1.
Jessica Schenck Annika Djurle Dan Funck Jensen Cecilia Müller Martin O'Brien Rolf Sprndly 《Grass and Forage Science》2019,74(1):29-41
The use of wrapped forage bales with high dry‐matter (DM) content implies risk of fungal growth inside the wrapping, and impaired feed quality. Since fungi may be unevenly distributed in bales, the method of sampling can influence the outcome of the analysis. Three common sampling methods for detection of fungi in wrapped forage were compared: direct plating of visible mouldy patches on bale surfaces (Method I), direct plating of pieces of foliage from drilled core samples (Method II) and quantitative analysis dilution series of drilled core samples (Method III). All samples were cultured on two media at two temperatures. Samples were collected from 124 farms in Sweden and Norway. Using Methods I, II and III, fungi were detected on 52%, 77% and 56% of the farms respectively. Fifty‐two fungal species were identified using a combination of culturing and molecular methods. The most predominant species were Arthrinium spp., found on 55% of the farms, followed by Penicillium roqueforti at 48% of the farms. Incubation at 25°C resulted in higher numbers of all genera, except Aspergillus, compared to incubation at 37°C. The different methods of sampling and culturing did not identify the same fungal species within the same bale. Analysing one bale per farm resulted in detection of less than half the number of species compared to analysing three bales. Of the sampling and culturing methods compared, direct plating of drilled core samples cultivated at malt extract agar at 25°C performed best in terms of qualitative analysis of fungi species. 相似文献
2.
Fungal contamination of big-bale grass silage on Irish farms: predominant mould and yeast species and features of bales and silage 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The extent of visible fungal growth and the identity of the predominant fungi causing spoilage of baled grass silage were recorded on 180 farms in Ireland. Fungal growth was evident on bales on 174 of the 180 farms visited and on 331 of the 360 bales examined. The mean proportion of surface area of bale, that was affected, was 0·06. Silage‐making method, storage characteristics and geographical location were significantly associated with the level of fungal contamination on bales. Fungal contamination was higher (P < 0·001) in bales where the surrounding polythene stretch‐film was visibly damaged compared with bales where the film appeared intact. A strong positive relationship was found between polythene film damage and dry‐matter content of the silage. The predominant fungus affecting the largest numbers of bales was Penicillium roqueforti. Other fungi frequently isolated included Schizophyllum commune, Pichia fermentans and Penicillium paneum. The distribution of individual fungi on bales was associated with geographical location, weather at harvest, and lactic and butyric acid concentrations of the silage. Penicillium roqueforti and P. paneum were more common on bales harvested in dry weather and with higher concentrations of butyric and propionic acids in the silage. Overall, a high incidence of visible fungal growth was recorded on bales throughout the country and the extent of colonization and fungal species occurring were not random. 相似文献
3.
Use of big bale silage and haylage can be difficult on farms where daily forage consumption is comparatively low as speed of deterioration of forage after bale opening may be faster than feed-out rate. Production of smaller bales at harvest is possible, but expensive and work-intensive. Therefore, a pilot study of rebaling forage stored in big bales to smaller bales was conducted. Three separate experiments were included, where microbial and chemical composition of silage and haylage was studied before and after rebaling. In Experiment III, residual big bale forage stored and opened together with rebaled forage was included. Results showed that rebaled haylage and silage had higher yeast counts compared to initial forage; however, residual bales in Experiment III had yeast counts similar to rebaled forage, indicating an effect of storage time rather than of rebaling. In Experiment II, mould counts were higher in rebaled compared to initial silage, but not in haylage. Chemical composition was similar in initial and rebaled forage except for ammonia-N. In Experiment III, ammonia-N was higher in rebaled compared to initial and residual forage and was the only chemical variable affected by rebaling. Bale temperature during aerobic storage followed ambient temperature until day 6–8 in Experiment I and until day 14 in Experiment III where ambient temperature was lower. In conclusion, rebaling can be done without large changes in chemical composition of the forage, but yeast and mould counts may be higher in rebaled forage, and this risk should be considered when using this procedure. 相似文献
4.
Toxicogenic fungal moulds have been previously identified in Irish farm silages and are known to be capable of producing mycotoxins. Mycotoxins are detrimental to animal health and performance and can be transferred through feed to animal produce. The objectives of this study were to identify and quantify the challenge posed to livestock from mycotoxins in Irish silages and determine whether conventional chemical characteristics could be used as indicators of mycotoxin occurrence. Over the 2‐year period, 300 silages were sampled on 150 farms and these consisted of round‐baled grass silages (n = 115) and pit silages of either grass (n = 175) or maize (n = 10). There was no significant difference in mycotoxin concentrations across silage types in either year, except for baled silage containing higher concentrations of enniatin B compared with pit silage in Year 1. Conventional chemical characteristics of silages were generally not reliable predictors for mycotoxin incidences; however, dry‐matter digestibility, crude protein, fermentation products and ash did predict the incidence of enniatins and beauvericin. The incidence and concentration of the twenty measured mycotoxins were generally low and individual mycotoxin concentrations recorded were considerably lower than current EU directive or guidance thresholds. Non‐regulated mycotoxins measured were similar to or lower than concentrations reported in the literature. Based on current knowledge and the concentrations of individual mycotoxins detected in this study, the challenge to Irish livestock and livestock products from animal consuming silage is generally low. However, the additive or synergistic effects of multiple mycotoxins in silage are unknown. 相似文献
5.
The effectiveness of the polyethylene stretch‐film barrier to air infiltration is the major factor affecting the preservation of silage in bales. Three separate experiments investigated the effects of the number of layers of stretch‐film cover, film colour, stretch extent, film type and frequency of bale handling on gas composition, surface mould growth and conservation characteristics of baled grass silages. Monitoring gas composition in bales during ensiling proved useful for assessing the success with which wrapped bales were stored anaerobically. Under good storage conditions the early stages of ensiling were characterized by the rapid reduction of O2 concentration in the bale and the creation of a CO2‐rich environment. However, wrapping bales in only two layers of stretch‐film failed to create the anaerobic conditions required for a successful fermentation and the inhibition of visible fungal growth. In contrast, a minimum of four layers of stretch‐film were required to achieve suitably anaerobic conditions, but the additional benefits of applying more layers were relatively small. Under temperate climatic conditions with moderate solar radiation, film colour had little effect on the gas composition in baled silage. Likewise, the extent of stretching applied to the film at wrapping and film type had no influence on gas composition, baled silage quality or mould development. However, frequent mechanical handling of bales after wrapping had a negative effect on gas composition and surface mould growth, and thus should be kept to a minimum. 相似文献
6.
An experiment investigating changes in fermentation variables and microbial composition during storage of small‐bale silage and haylage was performed. Haylage was defined as silage with a dry‐matter (DM) content exceeding 500 g kg?1. Grass was wilted to three different DM contents, and baled into silage (350 g DM kg?1), haylage with a low DM content (550 g kg?1) and haylage with high DM content (700 g kg?1) in small rectangular‐shaped bales (0·80 m × 0·48 m × 0·36 m) that were individually wrapped. Bales were stored for short (2 months) or long (14 months) periods before opening and sampling. Silage had higher concentrations of fermentation products and a lower pH than either of the two haylage types. In general, long‐term storage influenced all fermentation variables except concentrations of butyric acid and succinic acid, and yeast counts were higher after 14 months than 2 months of storage. However, silage changed in more fermentation variables during storage than the two haylage types. Although differences between short‐ and long‐term stored silage were found, linear correlations between short‐ and long‐term stored bales were present for all chemical variables. Pearson's correlation coefficients were highest for lactic acid, followed by pH. 相似文献
7.
First and second harvests of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and a lucerne–perennial ryegrass mixture [80 or 144 g kg?1 dry matter (DM) of ryegrass] at the first and second harvests were cut and conditioned, wilted to 500 or 700 g DM kg?1 then baled and stretch‐wrapped for silage on the same dates. Lucerne bales were denser (411 kg m?3) than bales of perennial ryegrass (331 kg m?3) (P < 0·05). After an 8‐month storage period, silage made from high DM‐content forage had a higher concentration of neutral‐detergent fibre (NDF) and was less digestible than that made from low DM‐content forage. Daily DM intakes by beef steers, when the silages of the second harvest were fed ad libitum, were 31·2, 31·2 and 22·3 g kg?1 live weight for lucerne, lucerne–perennial ryegrass mixture and perennial ryegrass silages, respectively (P < 0·01), when the herbage had been wilted to 500 g kg?1. In vivo digestibility of NDF in the lucerne–perennial ryegrass mixture silage (0·587) was significantly lower than that of perennial ryegrass silage (0·763) but higher than lucerne silage (0·518). Higher intakes of baled lucerne silage tended to offset its lower digestibility values. Lucerne–perennial ryegrass mixture silage had a higher DM and NDF digestibility than lucerne silage, indicating perhaps the presence of associative effects. 相似文献
8.
The effect of harvest season (winter vs. summer), moisture content at baling and bale mass on hay physical quality and chemical composition of two varieties of Rhodes grass ( Chloris gayana ) was studied during bale storage. Three moisture levels (15–20%, 20–25%, 25–30%) and three bale masses (13 kg, 18 kg, 24 kg, at an equal volume) were tested in varieties Pioneer and Alimba - the most common cultivars in the Arabian Gulf region. Variety Alimba has a rougher texture with more stems and fewer leaves. This caused significantly higher water retention and consequently higher bale temperatures. In summer, bale temperatures of Alimba stored at 25–30% moisture content and 24 kg bale mass averaged 37.7°C compared with 28·2°C in variety Pioneer. Lowest dry-matter (DM) content was 793 g kg−1 and was recorded in the winter cut of variety Alimba baled at the upper moisture level (25–30%), whereas the highest was that of variety Pioneer. Lowest crude protein content was that of variety Pioneer (61 g kg DM−1 ). Prolonged heat build-up of some bales caused dark-brown discoloration, and, although colour variations were significant, they were not large. There was no contribution of bale mass to changes in DM content, indicating that the selected levels of bale mass in the experiment were lower than those expected to cause significant effects on hay chemical composition and nutritive value. In general, it is recommended to store Rhodes grass hay at moistures up to 30% and even higher in the summer season in the case of variety Alimba. Higher moisture contents at baling could preserve hay quality by minimizing shattering of leaves excessively dried under the prevailing hay-making conditions, especially in the variety Pioneer. 相似文献
9.
Silage and total mixed ration hygienic quality on commercial farms: implications for animal production 
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下载免费PDF全文 T. Cogan R. Hawkey E. Higgie M. R. F. Lee E. Mee D. Parfitt J. Raj S. Roderick N. Walker P. Ward J. M. Wilkinson 《Grass and Forage Science》2017,72(4):601-613
Implications of silage hygienic quality for animal production were investigated on forty‐five dairy farms in South West England. Samples of grass and maize silages and of total mixed rations (TMR) were obtained together with information on silage technology, herd size and animal production. Samples were analysed for mycotoxins, bacteria, yeasts, moulds and chemical composition. Thirteen mycotoxins were assayed, but none were detected in the samples of grass silage. However, mycotoxins were found in 0·9 of all maize and other silage samples, with deoxynivalenol and zearalenone predominating. There was no relationship between total mycotoxin concentration and mean lactation milk yield per cow. Enterobacteria counts tended to be higher in maize silage than in grass silage and higher still in TMR – a cause for concern. There were no relationships between mould counts and mycotoxin concentrations in silages, implying that mycotoxins may have been produced in the field pre‐ensiling. 相似文献
10.
Impact of non-corrosive forage stabilizer on chemical composition and storage characteristics of lucerne hay 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Three trials examined the impact on chemical composition, leaf-stem ratio and bale temperature of applying a low-acid stabilizer and a Lactobacillus fermentation product at baling lo moist (20–25% moisture) lucerne Medicago saliva L.) hay. Treatments evaluated were lucerne baled at: 17–20% moisture (dry control); 20–25% moisture with addition of 200 g or 400 g 100kg-1 of a low-acid stabilizer, with 4·1 ml or 8·1 ml 100kg-1 of a Lactobacillus fermentation product; and 20–25% moisture with no treatment (wet control). In trial 1, low-concentration acid treatment was effective in limiting the increase in bale temperature of moist hay. In trials 2 and 3, bale temperature for low-concentration acid and Lactobacillus fermentation product-treated hay was similar to untreated moist hay In trial 3, higher application rates of either product were not effective in further reducing bale temperature. In trials 1 and 3, levels of neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen were higher for moist hay than dry control. Nitrogen levels tended to be higher for moist hay. Leaf-stem data from trial 2 suggest that more leaves can be retained by baling relatively high-quality (late bud maturity) legumes at 20–25% moisture. In some circumstances use of a low-acid forage stabilizer for preservation of high-quality lucerne can minimize increases in temperature during storage of hay baled while moist (20–25%). 相似文献
11.
B. Keogh† P. French T. McGrath T. Storey† F. J. Mulligan† 《Grass and Forage Science》2009,64(3):292-303
Sixty multiparous, Holstein–Friesian pregnant dry dairy cows were allocated to three forage treatments ( n = 20; fodder beet, kale or grass silage) at two feeding allowances ( n = 30; high and low) for 70 (s.e. of mean, 16) d before parturition. Cows offered the high feeding allowance were offered 9 kg of dry matter (DM) of kale or fodder beet grazed in situ plus 5 kg DM of baled grass silage daily or clamp grass silage ad libitum offered indoors. Cows offered the low feeding allowance were offered 6 kg DM of kale or fodder beet grazed in situ plus 3·5 kg DM baled grass silage daily, or 9·5 kg DM of clamp grass silage daily offered indoors. After calving, all cows received a daily allowance of 14 kg DM perennial ryegrass herbage at pasture plus 4 kg concentrate cow−1 for the first 35 d of lactation. Cows offered grass silage had a greater increase in body condition score pre-partum compared to those offered kale or fodder beet. Cows offered fodder beet pre-partum had a greater milk solid and solids-corrected milk yield in the first 35 d of lactation than those offered kale and grass silage pre-partum. Offering fodder beet and kale pre-partum increased plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentrations pre-partum relative to offering grass silage. Offering kale pre-partum resulted in higher insulin-like growth factor-1 concentration post-partum but lower plasma copper concentration pre-partum and at calving than kale or grass silage. Offering the higher forage allowance pre-partum resulted in a higher plasma calcium concentration at calving and higher plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentration post-partum. 相似文献
12.
J. McEniry† P. O'Kiely N. J. W. Clipson† P. D. Forristal‡ E. M. Doyle† 《Grass and Forage Science》2008,63(3):407-420
The composition of baled silage frequently differs from that of comparable conventional silage. A factorial experiment was conducted with three wilting treatments (0, 24 or 48 h) × three ensiling systems [unchopped grass in bales, unchopped grass in laboratory silos (LS), precision-chopped grass in LS] × six stages of ensiling to (i) confirm that the fermentation of unchopped grass in LS could be used as an adequate model for baled silage fermentation, (ii) quantify the differences between baled silage and silage made from precision-chopped herbage across a range of dry-matter contents and (c) quantify the fermentation dynamics within the various treatments. The onset of fermentation as evidenced by the accumulation of fermentation products and the decline in pH were slower ( P < 0·05) in baled silage compared with silage made from precision-chopped herbage. Furthermore the pH ( P < 0·001) and overall concentration of fermentation acids ( P < 0·01) were lower while ammonia-N concentration was generally higher in baled silage, making it more conducive to the activities of Clostridia , Enterobacteria and yeast. Numbers of Enterobacteria were higher ( P < 0·001) in baled silage in the early stages of ensilage and persisted in baled silage at the end of the storage period. The implications of a slower onset of fermentation in baled herbage are greater in farm practice, as the fermentation would be further restricted by a more extensive wilting of the herbage prior to ensiling. 相似文献
13.
We present a new approach to bale laydown grouping, which improves the laydown to laydown uniformities, compared to conventional
approaches. In this approach, we use a frequency-relative picking method based on an HVI quality index for cotton bale selection
and laydown formation. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach by computer simulation on real HVI data of 1500 cotton
bales. Simulation results show that the proposed method significantly outperforms random picking. 相似文献
14.
Wrapped forages such as haylage and silage are increasing in popularity in equine feed rations, but knowledge of their microbial composition, especially of haylage, is scarce. Haylage may be more at risk of mould growth compared to silage, and methods for the assessment of hygienic quality of haylage are needed. Varying culturing conditions, including aerobic/anaerobic incubation, four substrates and three incubation temperatures were therefore evaluated for analysis of fungi in haylage samples from eighteen horse farms, taken on two occasions (autumn and the following spring). Average mould counts in forage samples were low, but fungi with the potential for producing mycotoxins, such as Aspergillus fumigatus and Penicillium spp., were present. The microbial composition and content of fermentation products were similar in haylage samples taken in autumn and in spring. The type of substrate used for cultivation did not influence mould or yeast counts, but not all mould species were present on all substrates. Incubation temperature influenced fungal counts and the presence of mould species. By using at least two substrates (malt extract agar and dichloran 18% glycerol agar) and two incubation temperatures (25 and 37°C), all mould species/genera that were identified in this study could be detected. 相似文献
15.
A meta‐analysis was undertaken of 51 comparisons of standard polyethylene film with oxygen barrier (OB) film in covering systems for bunker silos, unwalled clamp silos and bales. Mean losses of DM or OM during storage from the top 10 to 60 cm of bunker and clamp silos were 195 g kg?1 for standard film and 114 g kg?1 for OB film systems (41 sets of data, P < 0·001), while mean total losses of DM from baled silage were 76·8 g kg?1 for standard film and 45·6 g kg?1 for OB film systems (10 sets of data, P < 0·001). Top surface silage judged subjectively to be inedible was 107 and 29·6 g kg?1 for standard film and OB film systems respectively (5 sets of data, P = 0·02). Aerobic stability was 75 h for silage stored under standard film system and 135 h for silage stored under OB film system (11 sets of data, P = 0·001). It is concluded that the OB film system reduces losses from the outer layers of silos and from bales and increases the aerobic stability of silage in the outer layers of silos. 相似文献
16.
17.
The present study aimed to identify mycotoxins in edible tissues of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) using liquid chromatography coupled to hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS). After using a non-targeted screening approach and a home-made spectral library, 233 mycotoxins were analyzed. Moreover, the occurrence of mycotoxins in fish filets was evaluated, and their potential toxicity was predicted by in silico methods. According to the obtained results, forty mycotoxins were identified in analyzed salmon samples, the predominant mycotoxins being enniatins (also rugulosin and 17 ophiobolins), commonly found in cereals and their by-products. Thus, mycotoxin carry-over can occur from feed to organs and edible tissues of cultivated fish. Moreover, the toxicity of detected mycotoxins was predicted by the in silico webserver ProTox-II, highlighting that special attention must be paid to some less reported mycotoxins due to their toxic predicted properties. 相似文献
18.
C. E. Müller 《Grass and Forage Science》2005,60(2):109-118
The fermentation quality of small‐bale silage and haylage for feeding to horses in Sweden, and using a conventional high‐density hay baler, was investigated in two experiments. Treatments studied were use of additives (inoculants containing lactic acid bacteria and a chemical additive consisting of hexamethylenetetramine, sodium nitrate, sodium benzoate and sodium propionate), the influence of dry‐matter (DM) content of wilted herbage and the effect of number of stretch film layers on fermentation pattern and aerobic stability. All silages and haylages were made from predominantly Timothy swards and were well fermented as indicated by low levels of ammonia and butyric acid. Values of pH were higher and concentrations of organic acids were lower in haylages than in the silages. This was not considered to be indicative of a poor fermentation in the haylage but of a restricted fermentation due to the high DM content of the herbage. The additives enhanced aerobic storage stability because of inhibition of mould growth. The only statistically significant effect of varying the number of stretch film layers was a higher content of CO2 inside the bales when ten layers of stretch film were applied compared with six layers. 相似文献
19.
A study of macro‐ and micromineral contents in wrapped forages from farms in Sweden and Norway was conducted. Haylage samples were collected from 124 farms and analysed for contents of Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Co, Cu, I, Fe, Mn, Se and Zn. Information on forage production was collected from each farm. Mean concentrations (standard deviations) of the samples were as follows: Ca, 5·3 (3·41); P, 2·7 (0·80); Mg, 1·8 (0·76); K, 21·8 (7·44); Na, 0·3 (0·61) g kg?1 dry matter (DM); and Co, 0·09 (0·150); Cu, 4·9 (1·61); I, 0·25 (0·461); Fe, 194 (288·9); Mn, 85 (49·3); Se, 0·03 (0·054); and Zn, 23 (9·5) mg kg?1 DM. Comparisons with mineral requirements of horses indicated that for Ca, Mg, K, Fe and Mn, the mean values were sufficient for maintenance requirements, but for P, Na, Co, Cu, Zn, I and Se, mean values were insufficient. For horses with requirements higher than maintenance, average contents of all minerals except Fe and Mn were insufficient. There were moderate to weak negative correlation coefficients between contents of neutral detergent fibre and Ca, P, Mg, Cu and Se. Forage harvested at late plant maturity may contain lower concentrations of these minerals. 相似文献
20.
Nitrogen fertilization has been shown to influence the occurrence and the impact of Fusarium head blight in wheat. It also plays a key role in adjusting barley quality to the requirements of the malting industry, implying specific contents of protein. The present study investigated the effect of nitrogen input on the incidence of relevant Fusarium species in spring barley under field and greenhouse conditions. Grain material from differently fertilized field plots was analyzed for fungal DNA and mycotoxins by qPCR and LC-MS/MS, respectively. Under natural pathogen pressure no effect of nitrogen on infection was observed. When pathogen pressure (Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium avenaceum) was increased via species-specific soil-surface inoculation, nitrogen application reduced contents of Fusarium DNA and mycotoxins in barley grain. Nitrogen-dependent canopy parameters were recorded over the season and correlated with DNA and mycotoxin data. Apparently, sparser canopy permitted more Fusarium infections in unfertilized plots. In addition, well nitrogen-fertilized plants allowed less fungal development in the barley spike after spray inoculation in the greenhouse. These results suggest that nitrogen fertilization restricts Fusarium grain infection of barley by influencing canopy characteristics and possibly plant physiology. 相似文献