首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 906 毫秒
1.
Direct observations in grasslands and cereal fields near Zurich (Switzerland) have shown that aphids constitute an essentiel component in many spiders' prey. Spiders were observed to be predators of the agricultural harmful aphidsRhopalosiphum padi L.,Sitobion avenae F.,Metopolophium dirhodum Walck.,Hyalopterus pruni Geoffr.,Myzus persicae Sulz. andAphis fabae Scop.  相似文献   

2.
Studies conducted in the 2000 cropping season at two different localities, Flaeming and Magdeburger Boerde in Germany, have provided new information on cereal aphid (Sitobion avenae (F.), Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker), and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.)) parasitoids in winter wheat; their species composition, relative abundance, hosts, and location effects. The average aphid population density was higher at Magdeburger Boerde and lower at Flaeming. Among the aphid species, Sitobion avenae was more abundant at Flaeming and Metopolophium dirhodum at Magdeburger Boerde. In total, eight species of primary parasitoids were recorded: Aphidius colemani Viereck, Aphidius rhopalosiphi DeStefani Perez, Aphidius uzbekistanicus Luzhetzki, Aphidius ervi Haliday, Aphidius picipes (Nees), Ephedrus plagiator (Nees), Praon gallicumStarý, and Praon volucre (Haliday). The predominant parasitoid species were Aphidius colemani and Aphidius rhopalosiphi on Metopolophium dirhodum and Aphidius uzbekistanicus on Sitobion avenae. A low number of hyperparasitoids were also recorded. Aphidius colemani was recorded for the first time in the open winter wheat fields in Germany, although it has been used as a biocontrol agent in glasshouses in many European countries and overseas. An analysis of the aforementioned information shows that Aphidius colemani detected as a parasitoid of cereal aphids in Germany is likely a result of an accidental escape of parasitoids from a glasshouse, as well as their successful overwintering and establishment in the area. This study provides baseline information essential for assessing future changes in aphid parasitoid species guild and dynamics in cereal fields in Germany.  相似文献   

3.
Yin  Wandong  Xue  Qi  Su  Lei  Feng  Xiaopei  Feng  Xinlei  Zheng  Yanghui  Hoffmann  Ary A. 《Journal of pest science》2021,94(3):795-804

Niche separation between competing species is a central issue in ecology. As two of the most important pests worldwide of cereal production, Rhopalosiphum padi primarily dominates stems and basal leaves of wheat plants, whereas Sitobion avenae is common on the upper leaves and ears. Here, we investigated this microniche separation by considering effects of food resources and microclimates on the behavior and performance of R. padi and S. avenae on tissues from individual wheat seedlings. Wheat leaves provided favorable food for both aphid species and this tissue had high free amino acid and low soluble sugar compared with wheat stems. Both species preferred microclimates in the lower area of the seedlings where humidity was relatively higher and temperatures were relatively lower. In terms of performance, R. padi was more sensitive to microclimate effects than S. avenae, while the latter species was relatively more sensitive to limiting food resources. These factors may help explain why R. padi is relatively more common on lower microhabitats of seedlings, in contrast to S. avenae, contributing to the microspatial distribution of these species more generally. This information contributes to a better understanding of the relationship between these aphids and their host plants, which may assist in control strategies targeting these aphids.

  相似文献   

4.
Bioassays and scanning electron microscopy of Conidiobolus obscurus for bamboo aphids as well as its effects on the fecundity of bamboo aphids were carried out to estimate bamboo aphid biocontrol potential. Multi-concentration bioassay and fecundity assessment were performed on aphid species of Takecallis taiwanus, Takecallis arundinariae, Melanaphis bambusae, and Metamacropodaphis bambusisucta. C. obscurus can effectively infect four species of bamboo aphids, and most cadavers appeared in the first 2 days after inoculation. The final mortalities reached 74–91 % at high concentrations of conidia among the tested species. Based on the fitted time–concentration–mortality models, the estimates of the median lethal concentration (LC50) of the fungal conidia differed significantly among different aphid species and decreased with observation days. The lowest LC50 was estimated to be 57 conidia mm?2 for T. taiwanus on day 5 after conidial shower. Moreover, the C. obscurus-infected aphids only produced 3.9–18.2 % progeny of the corresponding healthy aphids, which strongly presented fungal influence on host fecundity. In conclusion, C. obscurus has the ability of restraining the development of bamboo aphid populations, which is suitable for further application in aphid biocontrol in bamboo forests.  相似文献   

5.
For the control of the aphid speciesMacrosiphum euphorbiae, an important aphid species on greenhouse cut roses in Austria, with the parasitoidAphelinus abdominalis, trials were carried out in the rose varieties Frisco, Kardinal and Vivaldi at a commercial producer on a greenhouse area of 630 to 700m2. Both the inundative release of 9,6A. abdominalis/m2 in total and the release of 2,2A. abdominalis/m2 in total, within an open rearing system were investigated and the percentage of infested rose shoots in combination with the degree of infestation were evaluated. The results showed that an effective reduction of present or newly developing aphid populations was possible for several weeks under the conditions of a commercial greenhouse production. The amount of insecticides used against aphids decreased by up to 75% in comparison to greenhouses were only chemical pest control was carried out. The suitability of the different introduction methods ofA. abdominalis for the control of aphids on greenhouse cut roses is discussed.  相似文献   

6.
The ocurrence of the different cereal aphids (Hom., Aphididae) in Northern German wheat growing areas 1974 and 1975 In July, 1974 and 1975,Macrosiphum avenae (F.) was the most common aphid on cereal fields in Northern German wheat growing areas.Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) was less abundant, whileMetopolophium dirhodum (Wlk.) was found very seldom.R. padi infested field edges only in most cases, while this was not true for all fields infested byM. avenae.  相似文献   

7.
The Aphidoidea (Homoptera) has 29 species which attack coniferous trees in Turkey. The family Aphididae has 25 (Aphidinae, 1; Lachninae, 22; Mindarinae, 2) species and the Adelgidae, 4. The tribe Cinarini in Lachninae has alone 22 species most of which are important. Especially Cinara cedri Mimeur on Cedrus libani and C. pilicornis (Hartig) on Picea spp. are harmful species. Schizolachnus pineti (Fabricius) is also very important. An Eastern Palearctic species in the tribe Macrosiphini in Aphidinae, Elatobium momii (Shinji), is numerous on Abies bornmülleriana in Bursa-Uluda? forests. Pineus orientalis (Dreyfus) in the family of Adelgidae (Chermesidae) is the most destructive in our Picea orientalis forests in Artvin area (Eastern Black-Sea Section). 21 species out of 29 aphids on coniferous trees are of European origin; only 4 are Mediterranean, 2 Caucasus and Turkistan, one Eastern Palearctic and one of Cosmopolitan origin.  相似文献   

8.
The utilization of olfactory responses of predators and ­parasitoids to the allelochemicals emitted by phytophagous arthropods and their host plants is becoming more important in biological pest control. The effects of three weed ­species, i.?e. wormwood Artemisia vulgaris L., tansy Tanacetum vulgare L. and stinging nettle Urtica dioica L., which were planted as accompanying vegetations into a lettuce field, were examined for the predatory species Coccinella septempunctata L., Adalia bipunctata (L.), Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (L.) (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) and Chrysoperla carnea (Steph.) (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae), as well as for aphids during the summer of 2000. The presence of weeds significantly increased the density of adults and larvae of the predators on the lettuce plants in relation to the control (lettuce field without weeds). However, the differences remained smaller for eggs and pupae. C. septempunctata tended to be the most abundant species, followed by P. quatuordecimpunctata. Remarkable differences among the attractiveness levels of the weeds in the 3 treatments were not observed. The increased populations of predators were accompanied by significantly reduced infestation rates with aphids in the treatments in relation to the control. Myzus persicae Sulzer was in general the most abundant aphid species followed by Nasonovia ribisnigri Mosley and Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas. The results of the present study are discussed with respect to the management of agroecosystems and the use of weeds in biological control.  相似文献   

9.
Ecological control has often focused on factors enhancing control of pests by their natural enemies, while factors reducing the colonization rate of crops by pests have been comparatively neglected. We present an approach to assess landscape influence on the intensity of wheat colonization by a major crop pest, the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi. We used trays containing wheat seedlings to monitor field colonization by R. padi and barley yellow dwarf viruses’ transmission in two areas in France in autumn. We assessed the influence of landscape components likely affecting aphid colonization, i.e. maize and grasslands as source of migrants on the number of aphids landing per tray, as well as the host plant of origin and the viruliferous potential of migrants. During the survey, maize was the main source of migrants. Virus transmission was detected in a few cases (4 % positive assays). Colonization was increased by the presence of maize, but reduced by the presence of grasslands at the landscape scale considered here (i.e. at a radius of 1000 m). Our study contributes to a better understanding of disease dynamics in agricultural landscapes. By identifying features of the landscape that surrounds fields and affects these dynamics, growers can develop more efficient crop protection strategies relying on habitat manipulation and rational use of pesticides.  相似文献   

10.
The susceptibility of adults of the cabbage aphid,Brevicoryne brassicae and two of the most important predators,Coccinella undecimpunctata andChrysopa carnea to pesticides was assessed. Most of the organophosphorus and carbamate compounds tested were toxic to the aphids. Profenophos was highly toxic to the adult virginoparous aphid at Lc50 level. Malathion demonstrated the highest toxicity to, the aphids. The application of profenophos for the cabbage aphid at Lc50 level exhibited no toxicity forCoccinella but was highly toxic forChrysopa. Pirimicarb proved to be the most selective of the compounds tested for the control of aphids when it was used at a concentration that caused 50% mortality as it was found to be unharmful to bothChrysopa andCoccinella. Dimethoate, on the other hand, was found to be very harmful and highly toxic to bothCoccinella andChrysopa adults and would probably be destructive to those natural enemies in the field. Laboratory evaluation indicates that both pirimicarb and malathion have potentials for use, in IPM program for vegetable pest control.  相似文献   

11.
During 1996 and 1997, populations of aphids and whiteflies and their parasites were studied in plastic greenhouses under a chemical control program and in those free of pesticides. In the greenhouses free of pesticides, the parasite A. colemani destroyed 14.7?% of the aphids. B. tabaci had no effect on the cucumbers during the spring cultivation. However, it attacked the autumn cultivation. The parasite E. mundus killed 30?% of these nymphs. The parasite A. colemani parasitized up to 10?% of aphids on tomato plants in greenhouses free of chemical pesticides. The parasite E. mundus killed 15.7?% of whitefly nymphs. In greenhouses under a chemical pesticides program, aphids and whiteflies were found on the plants at the end of the plantation season, after the pesticide spraying had stopped. Although the pest population was low, the parasite A. colemani parasitized 8?% of the aphid population. Whiteflies were not found on tomato plants in greenhouses under extensive pesticides use.  相似文献   

12.
The rose-grain aphid,Metopolophium dirhodum (Wlk.), is a species living onRosa spp. as winter hosts and Gramineae as summer hosts. Thus, the planting of roses along roadsides and highways may be of importance in connection with the migration of the aphids to cereals. In March 1982 the nymphs hatched from eggs, which were laid in autumn on long shoots. One or two days after hatching they fed on buds in batches up to 15 individuals. Somewhat later they dispersed on the hostplants. The nymphal mortality of the first generation was high, namely about 79%. For further population development the number of fundatrices was less important due to their high reproduction capacity. Nymphs and adults of the first generation often changed their feeding site on the shoots. The specimens of the 2nd and 3rd generation were more stationary and formed dense colonies. The population density drastically increased during the 3rd generation. The development of the aphid populations on the primary host took place during 2–3 generations and lasted until the beginning of June, when the winged forms left the hosplant. In the second generation, i. e. at the beginning of May, the first emigrantes appeared and the size of the aphid colonies increased up to 115 individuals. Most colonies consisted of less than 11 aphids namely 30.9%. Natural enemies were present in large numbers during the end of May when the populations of aphids decreased due to emigration. They did not influence the density of aphid colonies, except the predacious larvae of hover-flies. Trophobiosis between ants and rose-grain aphids was not observed on the primary hostplant.  相似文献   

13.
Cereal aphid flight was monitored by 12.2 m suction traps at Szolnok in the middle of the Great Hungarian Plain and at Rothamsted, UK. Flight activities of Rhopalosiphum padi, Metopolophium dirbodum and Sitobion avenae were compared by the cross correlation function (CCF) between Hungary and UK. There was significant synchrony between flight a-tivity in Hungary and UK of R padi, M. dirbodum and S. avenae based on the eight years weekly sample data. The peak flight occurred 1, 3 and 2 weeks later at Rothamsted than at Szolnok for the three species (the CCF values were at – 1 week lag, r = 0.854, – 3 week lag r = 0.809, – 2 week lag r = 0.883, P < 0.05 respectively). When the flights in individual years were compared within species and between places the syn-chrony was lowest for R. padi: – in 4 years out of 8 and there was no synchrony, in the other years when synchrony occurred the time lag varied between – 1 week and – 4 weeks. For M. dirhodum the time lag varied between 1 and – 5 weeks, the synchrony was the best for S. avenae the week lag varied between 0 and – 3 weeks.Our results show that flight activity of cereal aphids at Szolnok occurs 1-3 weeks earlier than at Rothamsted. The crop season is earlier in Hungary than in England.  相似文献   

14.
The potential of the two predators,Chrysoperla carnea Steph. andCoccinella undecimpunctata Reich., as well as the two parasitoidsDiaeretiella rapae andEretmocerus mundus in an open field and under green house were conducted after several releases againstAphis gossypii, A. fabae, Brevicorine brassicae andBemisia tabaci. Double releases ofC. carnea (1∶5 predator∶aphids) achieved 100% reduction inA. gossypii after 12 days. A single release ofC. undecimpunctata (1∶50 predator∶aphids) resulted in 99.97% reduction in the same aphid. Releasing ofD. rapae to controlB. brassicae at the rate of 1∶50 resulted in 29% parasitism. ReleasingE. mundus for the control ofB. tabaci in cabbage at the rate of 5 adults/m2 resulted in 32% parasitism. Three releases ofC. undecimpunctata adults in a greenhouse cultivated with soybean, decreasedA. fabae population from 207 to 7.6 aphids/plant.  相似文献   

15.

Insects are known to be negatively impacted by noise from anthropogenic sources. Recently, pest control methods have been developed using specific airborne (sound) and substrate-borne vibratory signals. However, there is limited information available on the effects of non-specific vibrations on pest insects, especially those not known to use sound or vibration for communication. Here, we tested whether non-specific substrate-borne or airborne vibrations (white noise) cause reductions in the number of aphids of three species on single plants in short-term (24 h) laboratory trials. Substrate-borne vibrations transmitted through the host plant reduced total numbers of all three species (45 to 62% reductions in total aphid numbers), while airborne vibrations played through speakers had no detectable effect. The effect of substrate-borne vibrations on aphid numbers appeared to be mostly due to inducing aphids to leave the plant, rather than reducing the reproductive output of remaining aphids. To our knowledge, our results provide the first proof-of-concept indicating that non-specific substrate-borne vibrations can affect pests not known to use vibrations to communicate and should be explored further as a physical pest control method. Future research in this area is needed to investigate longer-term effects of non-specific vibrations on pests, their host plants, and their natural enemies.

  相似文献   

16.
Lady beetles are among the most successful predators of aphids in different environments. The functional responses of different life stages of Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) towards cotton aphids were examined in two different set-ups, a two-dimensional Petri dish set-up with detached leaves and a three-dimensional set-up with whole plants. In addition, the functional responses in two-dimensional set-ups towards cotton aphids and the pea aphids were compared. H. variegata exhibited a functional type II response to both cotton aphids and pea aphids irrespective of life stage and spatial scale of the set-up. Females and fourth instars generally had higher search rates than third instars whereas handling times were consistently lower for the fourth instar stage compared with the preceding juvenile stage and with females. The spatial dimensions did not have any significant influence on the functional responses towards cotton aphids, except for third instars which in the three-dimensional set-up reduced their search rate and increased their handling time. Fourth instars reacted in the same way to both Aphis gossypii and Acyrthosiphon pisum whereas the functional response parameters for third instars and females were significantly different on the two prey species. Our study, a part of this first-step evaluation of H. variegata as a biocontrol agent against A. gossypii and A. pisum under field condition, suggest that the voracity of all tested stages of H. variegata towards both aphid species hold good promises for a use of especially fourth instars and females in inundative biocontrol.  相似文献   

17.
Conspecific and heterospecific associations of aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) were used to determine the interactions between crops forming the main arable crop ecosystem (wheat, alfalfa, isogenic and [Bt Bacillus thuringiensis] transgenic maize) in an irrigated area in Catalonia, Spain. Species composition and instars of parasitized aphids (mummies) were used to detect the parasitoid population movements between the crops and proved interactions (alternation) between the crops, including transgenic maize. Parasitoid interactions were species-dependent, appearing in the movements between alfalfa-wheat-maize in the individual species. Aphidius ervi Hal., A. rhopalosiphi DeSt.-Perez, A. uzbekistanicus Luzh., Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cress.) and Praon volucre (Hal.) were classified as key-stone species in the target agroecosystems in the area. No differences were found in aphid-parasitoid associations on Bt transgenic maize and isogenic maize for aphid species composition and associated parasitoid guild.  相似文献   

18.
Under laboratory conditions, when reared onPhorodon humuli aphid,Adalia bipunctata deposited 1011 ova and mean longevity of males and females was 55–73 days respectively. When reared onAphis fabae orA. fabae + Aphis craccivora diet, females ofA. pipunctata deposited 41–63 ova, and mean longevity of males and females was 20–32 days respectively. Larvae reared onP. humuli completed development in average 8.9 days, and mortality was 16.7%. Larvae reared onA. fabae, orA. fabae + A. craccivora aphids, completed development in 14–15 days, and mortality was 83–90%. It is concluded thatP. humuli aphid is an essential food forA. bipunctata, whereasA. fabae andA. craccivora aphids, are unsuitable foods.  相似文献   

19.
The paper summaried the researches on the conifer woolly aphids in northeast and southwest of Chin, and briefly described the life cycle and economical significance of the species and 1 subspecies of the Chinese conifer woolly aphids. (Responsible Editor: Zhu Hong)  相似文献   

20.
Host plant preference of the Russian wheat aphid Diuraphis noxia (Kurdj.) was studied on 11 cultivars of 9 plant species: winter barley, spring barley, winter wheat, spring wheat, rye, oat, Triticale, canary grass, red millet yellow millet and maize. Seeds of the host plants were sown in a circle near the edge of pots. The host plant choice was evaluated 24 hours after releasing 55 Diuraphis noxia female adults in the middle of each pot. The suitability of different hosts for aphid development was evaluated 2, 7 and 14 days after infestation based on the mean number of Russian wheat aphid individuals per plant. Red millet, yellow millet and maize were chosen by significantly fewer aphids than grain crops. Winter and spring barley were chosen as hosts most frequently, and the progeny production was also the highest on these plants. The growth rate of D. noxia was significantly affected by the host plants and the date of assessment and their interaction.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号