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1.
Analysis of Differences in Productivity,Profitability and Soil Fertility Between Organic and Conventional Cropping Systems in the Tropics and Sub-tropics 
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下载免费PDF全文 Organic farming aims to stimulate soil fertility by avoiding the use of synthetic fertiliser inputs, relying instead on locally available natural resources. It is regarded by many as a sustainable alternative to conventional fanning because it ensures higher biodiversity, restricts environmental pollution, prevents land degradation and is easy to apply for smallholder and subsistence farmers. Although widely practiced and studied in temperate regions, little is known about the potential overall benefits of organic farming in the tropics and subtropics. This paper addresses this gap by undertaking an analysis of the differences between organic and conventional agriculture in the tropics and sub-tropics based on an extensive literature review including 88 papers with 458 data pairs. The comparison is based on three main indicators： yield, gross margin and soil organic carbon （SOC）. The differences between the organic and conventional systems for each of these main indicators is represented by the ratio of the value of the indicator in the organic system divided by the corresponding value in the conventional system. This was initially calculated for each data pair individually, and grouped by a variety of explanatory factors, such as precipitation, human development level, soil texture, crop type, organic input type, time after conversion and certification. The results demonstrate that under organic management, yields were on average 26% higher, gross margins 51% higher and soil organic carbon 53% higher than under conventional management. The highest yield increases in organic cropping systems were achieved in the least developed countries, in arid regions and on coarse soils. For gross margins, certification was the main reason for differences between organic and conventional systems. Certified farmers, mostly located in developed countries, receive significantly higher prices. Furthermore, organic farming in the driest regions results in higher profits than in other regions. Even though soil organic carbon 相似文献
2.
Ruqiang ZHANG Zixi HAN Qiaofang LU Kang WANG Yanjie CHEN Wen-Feng CONG Fusuo ZHANG 《农业科学与工程前沿(英文版)》2022,9(2):238
3.
林景亮 《福建农林大学学报(自然科学版)》1981,(1)
<正> 一、绪言土壤是自然界的客观实体,也是人们劳动的产物。它是在历史自然因素和人类生产活动的综合影响下发生与发展的。因此,承认土壤和成土因素相统一是研究土壤的基本观点。在重视成土因素及其作用的同时,要特别强调土壤的具体属性,只有以成土条件为前提,以成土过程特别是土壤属性为依据,才能使土壤分类具有坚实的理论基础和科学依据,也才能使土壤分类具有科学性、系统性和更好地为农业生产服务。 相似文献
4.
杨熙仁 《山西农业大学学报(自然科学版)》1984,(2)
土壤肥力水平高低直接影响肥料的增产效果与经济效益。本文总结了1981～1982年在山西晋中平川水地上进行的玉米氮磷肥试验结果。初步结果表明,在亩施农家肥6000～8000斤基础上,中等肥力土壤增施氮磷肥的增产效果大于高肥力土壤,肥料的经济效益也高。所以,在肥料分配上应侧重在中、下等肥力水平的地块上。试验结果还表明,玉米对氮肥反应明显,在高肥力或中等肥力土壤上都有不同程度的增产效果。而磷肥只有在土壤有效磷(P)含量小於5ppm的土壤上才有一定的增产效果;大於10ppm时还表现负效应。因此,在玉米→冬小麦——夏谷子二年三熟制的轮作周期内,当磷肥有限时,对玉米可少施或不施,而重点施用于冬小麦上,以发挥肥料的增产效果。施用肥料都能不同程度地提高土壤养分含量,但在一定农业生产条件下,当土壤养分含量提高到一定水平后,作物产量将趋于稳定,若再继续增加施肥量则对产量影响很小,经济效益很低。因此,在一定农业生产条件下,不应过分强调为提高土壤肥力水平而盲目地、大量地施肥,而应注重提高肥料的经济效益,以期达到增产增收。 相似文献
5.
Andrea Giovanna NI&# O-SAVALA Zhong ZHUANG Xin MA Andreas FANGMEIER Huafen LI Aohan TANG Xuejun LIU 《农业科学与工程前沿(英文版)》2019,6(4):419
The application of mineral and organic phosphorus fertilizers to arable land has greatly increased crop yield to meet the world food demand. On the other hand, impurities in these fertilizers, such as heavy metals, are being added to agricultural soils, resulting both from the raw materials themselves and the processes used to obtain the final product. Cadmium, a non-essential and toxic heavy metal, has been found in relatively high amounts in common P fertilizers obtained from sediments. This metal poses a high risk for soil fertility, crop cultivation, and plants in general. Furthermore, human health might be compromised by the cadmium concentrations in agricultural and livestock products, due to the bioaccumulation effect in the food web. The accumulation in the different matrixes is the result of the high mobility and flexible availability of this harmful metal. This review summarizes risks to human health, the factors influencing cadmium movement in soils and crop uptake, as well as common plant responses to its toxicity. In addition, it summarizes cadmium balances in soils, trends, long-term experiments, and further studies. Cadmium inputs and outputs in arable soil, together with their calculated concentrations, are compared between two different regions: the European countries (in particular Germany) and China. The comparison appears useful because of the different proportions in the inputs and outputs of cadmium, and the diverse geographical, environmental and social factors. Moreover, these variables and their influences on cadmium contamination improve the understanding of the pollution from phosphate fertilizers and will help to establish future mitigation policies. 相似文献
6.
Nutrient Budget and Soil Nutrient Status in Greenhouse System 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
This paper is based on nutrient budget and its effects on soil nutrient status in typical greenhouse system in China to provide a basis for raising the utilization rate of fertilizers and maintaining the sustainable development of agriculture in the greenhouse.By investigating the management of 18 representative greenhouses in Shouguang,Shandong Province,China,and analyzing both the greenhouse and open field soil samples,the soil nutrient budget and the trend of nutrient accumulation and translocation in soils were thus studied.The results under greenhouse system showed that the average annual inputs of N,P2O5 and K2O were 4 088,3 655 and 3 437 kg ha-1,respectively.The total inputs of N,P2O5 and K2O provided by chemical fertilizers which are the main source of soil nutrient were 63,61 and 66%,respectively.The utilization rates of N,P2O5 and K2O were only 24,8,46% and the input ratio among N,P2O5 and K2O （1：0.9：0.8） was quite different from the uptake ratio （1：0.3：1.4）.It had caused the excess of N,P2O5 and K2O in the soil,and the theoretical surpluses were 3 214,3 401 and 2 322 kg ha-1,respectively,for N,P2O5 and K2O.The level of the organic matter,total nitrogen,nitrate nitrogen,available phosphorus,and available potassium was increased substantially,and their maximum level was observed in the topsoil （0-20 cm） with an average value being 1.4,1.9,21.2,5.4,and 3.7 times higher than that of the open field soil,respectively.The greenhouse soils showed leaching of the nutrients,especially NO3- which would cause a potential risk to the quality of groundwater in the area.It is necessary to apply more organic manure and provide nutrients according to the crop requirements and soil fertility as it could not only produce high crop yield,but also be beneficial to balance the soil nutrient and improve the utilization rate of fertilizers.Further,there would be no significant surplus of nutrients which may leach out of soil to contaminate the environment. 相似文献
7.
Modified fertilization management of summer maize(Zea mays L.) in northern China improves grain yield and efficiency of nitrogen use 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 CHENG Yi ZHAO Jie LIU Zhen-xiang HUO Zhi-jin LIU Peng DONG Shu-ti ng ZHANG Ji-wang ZHAO Bin 《农业科学学报》2015,14(8):1644-1657
Improving the yield of maize grain per unit area is needed to meet the growing demand for it in China, where the availability of fertile land is very limited.Modified fertilization management and planting density are efficient methods for increasing crop yield.Field experiments were designed to investigate the influence of modified fertilization management and planting density on grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of the popular maize variety Zhengdan 958, in four treatments including local farmer's practice(FP), high-yielding and high efficiency cultivation(HH), super high-yielding cultivation(SH), and the control(CK).Trials were conducted in three locations of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain in northern China.Compared with FP, SH was clearly able to promote N absorption and dry matter accumulation in post-anthesis, and achieve high yield and N use efficiency by increasing planting density and postponing the supplementary application of fertilizers.However, with an increase in planting density, the demand of N increased along with grain yield.Due to the input of too much N fertilizer, the efficiency of N use in SH was low.Applying less total N, ameliorating cultivation and cropping management practices should be considered as priority strategies to augment production potential and finally achieve synchronization between high yield and high N efficiency in fertile soils.However, in situations where soil fertility is low, achieving high yield and high N use efficiency in maize will likely depend on increased planting density and appropriate application of supplementary fertilizers postpone to the grain-filling stage. 相似文献
8.
桃源县棉花专用配方肥的配方设计与推广应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究制定县域内不同区域、不同作物专用肥配方是测土配方施肥的重要环节之一。棉花需肥量大,施肥次数多,生产实际中过量施肥的问题尤为突出。研制和推广应用棉花专用配方肥,能有效减少化肥施用量,提高肥料利用率,促进棉农增产增效。依托桃源县2005-2008三年测土配方施肥调查数据,系统分析了桃源县棉地土壤养分特点、棉花需肥规律及主要施肥技术指标。在此基础上,根据桃源县棉花专用配方肥的配方设计原理:氮素管理采用区域总量控制、分期调控技术,磷、钾采用丰缺指标法,提出了棉花专用肥配方。桃源县推荐的棉花区域肥料配方2个:20-9-16和18-11-16,分别适用于平原潮土棉地与丘陵红壤棉地。桃源县棉花专用肥20-9-16的应用和示范效果表明,与习惯施肥比较,平均每公顷节本增收1494.0-3780.0元,适合在我县棉花生产上在大面积推广。 相似文献
9.
陕西关中不同年代小麦品种产量及氮素吸收利用对土壤肥力的响应 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】探讨陕西关中地区小麦品种演替过程中产量及氮效率对土壤肥力的响应。【方法】以20世纪80年代至今关中冬麦区3个代表性小麦主栽品种为材料,以33年长期不同施肥处理构建的土壤肥力水平梯度为平台,研究品种演替和土壤肥力及其交互对作物产量、氮利用效率的影响。供试品种有20世纪80年代品种小偃6号、90年代末品种小偃22和近年品种西农979。长期施肥包括6个处理：不同水平的氮磷化肥配施（N1P1和N2P2）、有机肥与无机肥配施（M1N1P1、M1N2P2、M2N1P1和M2N2P2）,以不施肥为对照（CK）。【结果】在各个肥力水平土壤上,籽粒产量及收获指数均随小麦品种更替而呈现增加的趋势,尤其在高肥力土壤上更为明显。土壤肥力水平的提高显著提高了小麦籽粒产量,其中西农979增产幅度最大（151.0%-610.5%）,其次为小偃22（127.9%-349.7%）,小偃6号增幅最低（148.1%-341.8%）。土壤肥力与品种对小麦籽粒产量及收获指数有显著的交互作用,低肥力条件下,小偃6号籽粒产量高于西农979,高肥力条件下则相反。小麦百公斤籽粒需氮量随品种演替有降低的趋势,但随土壤肥力水平提高有增加的趋势。土壤肥力与品种对百公斤籽粒需氮量也有显著的交互作用。在小麦品种更替过程中氮肥生理效率和农学效率均呈增加的趋势,但随着土壤肥力水平的提高,各品种小麦的氮肥生理效率呈下降的趋势,氮肥农学效率呈先升高后下降的抛物线变化趋势。土壤肥力与品种对小麦氮肥生理效率和农学效率无明显交互作用。【结论】陕西关中小麦品种演替在高肥力以及养分投入充足时不仅表现出单产不断提高,而且氮效率也呈逐步增加的趋势。因此,品种更新的同时还要注重提升土壤肥力,才能保证粮食安全,实现农业生产可持续发展。 相似文献
10.
西双版纳橡胶林土壤磷的分布及与橡胶生长的关系 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了研究西双版纳植胶区不同品系橡胶树生长对土壤磷的影响、了解土壤磷变化与橡胶生长的关系,分别在西双版纳不同植胶区(景洪、勐腊、勐海)采集了不同品系、不同割龄橡胶林土壤和橡胶树叶片,分析了土壤全磷、速效磷和橡胶树叶片磷空间变化特征,探讨了土壤磷与橡胶树叶片磷的关系。结果表明,西双版纳不同植胶区、不同品系橡胶林土壤中磷的变化差异较大,橡胶林土壤中全磷以景洪植胶区最高,勐腊、勐海植胶区相对较低,并随橡胶种植品系而变化。RRIM600、GT1品系橡胶林土壤中全磷含量较高、云研-774相对较低,10~20割龄较高、0~10割龄和20~30割龄较低。土壤速效磷含量较低、变异最大;橡胶树叶全磷含量表现为勐腊、景洪>勐海,RRIM600和云研-774最高、GT1较低,低割龄和老割龄磷相对较高。土壤速效磷与橡胶树叶片磷成极显著的正相关,土壤速效氮磷比与对橡胶树叶氮磷比成显著的正相关。橡胶树及土壤磷含量随橡胶树品系、割龄、生长环境而变化;不同割龄、不同品系橡胶树生长对土壤磷含量具有显著的影响。 相似文献
11.
对浙江中部低丘红壤地区8 种经济树种20 余个品种在常规栽培条件下生长结果表现及其土壤养分变化进行了研究。结果表明:胡柚、椪柑、杨梅和温州蜜柑是最适宜的生态经济树种。永嘉香柚、皋泄柚、朋娜和纽荷尔脐橙等生长结果良好。落叶树中板栗最为适宜;天目蜜李要合理搭配授粉品种才能丰产;银杏生长良好, 山茱萸后期生长旺盛, 两者都能正常结果。甜柿落花落果严重, 产量很低;涩柿则结果较好。浦江桃形李和福建?李花而不实, 果实虫害严重。枣树生长不良, 果实品质低下。低丘红壤经垦植施肥, 土壤酸度减弱, 有机质和氮素等有效养分增加, 实现了土地资源可持续利用目标。表2 参6 。 相似文献
12.
施用有机肥对我国作物氮肥利用率影响的整合分析 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
【目的】化肥配施有机肥是提高作物氮肥利用率（NUE）的重要措施之一。但由于作物的氮肥利用率受到施氮量、土壤性质和气候条件等因素的影响,且多数研究只在某一特定区域或条件下进行,对于全国不同区域施用有机肥对氮肥利用率影响的研究缺乏系统分析和比较。因此,探明化肥配施有机肥对氮肥利用率的影响,量化不同土壤和气候条件下氮肥利用率对有机肥施用的响应,可指导区域性的有机肥施用,为化肥减施增效提供重要的理论依据。【方法】本研究收集了公开发表的文献110篇,建立了412组包含化肥配施有机肥（NPKM）和单施化肥（NPK）处理的氮肥利用率的数据库。采用整合分析（Meta-analysis）和随机森林（Random Forest）方法分析了全国不同区域的氮肥利用率在NPK和NPKM处理下的差异,定量化了施氮量、土壤性质和气候条件等因素对有机肥正效应的贡献率。【结果】全国来说,相比NPK,NPKM处理下氮肥利用率提高了3.6个百分点。除东北地区外,在其他地区NPKM均显著提高了氮肥利用率,提高幅度依次为西北>华北>南方>华东。土壤性状中影响有机肥“增效”作用的主要因素是有机质、pH、速效钾和全氮含量,其中土壤有机质含量越低,配施有机肥后氮肥利用率的提高幅度越大;在碱性土壤上配施有机肥对氮肥利用率的提高幅度分别是中性土壤和酸性土壤的1.3和1.8倍。另外,不同气候类型下配施有机肥对氮肥利用率的提高幅度存在差异,表现为温带大陆性气候区>温带季风性气候区>亚热带季风性气候区。【结论】施用有机肥可显著提高作物的氮肥利用率,且在有机质含量较低、降雨量较少的西北地区配施有机肥后氮肥利用率的提高幅度最大。 相似文献
13.
Effect of Manure Application on Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Crops in China: A Meta-Analysis 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
【Objective】 Combined chemical fertilizers with manure is one of the important approaches to improve the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of crops. Nowadays, rare studies focused on systematic comparison and analysis of combine chemical fertilizers with manure on nitrogen use efficiency in different regions of China. In addition, NUE is affected by many factors, such as nitrogen application amount, soil properties and the climatic conditions and even most of them are in the specific regions. Therefore, this study was carried out to explore the effects of chemical fertilizers combined with manure on NUE, and quantify the response of NUE to manure application in different soils and climatic regions, so as to give the guidance on sustaining regional agricultural development and provide an important theoretical basis for reducing fertilizer application. 【Method】 This study was conducted based on a database of NUE including 412 sets on NPKM vs. NPK, which were collected from 110 published articles with wheat, maize and rice. We analyzed the differences of NUE between the treatment of NPK and NPKM in five regions in China by Meta-analysis, and quantified the contribution of main controlling factors on positive manure affects by Random Forest analysis. 【Result】 Compared with NPK, NPKM treatment increased the NUE by 3.6%. NPKM treatment significantly increased the NUE of crops in all regions except the Northeast China. The highest enhancement was found at Northwestern China, followed by Northern China, Southern Region and Eastern China. Soil organic matter, pH, available potassium and total nitrogen were the main factors affecting the “positive effect” of manure on NUE. The increment of NUE by manure application was higher in the soils with lower organic matter content than that in the soils with high organic matter content. The increase of NUE in alkaline soils with manure applied was 1.3 and 1.8 times higher than those on neutral and acidic soils, respectively. The improvement of NUE by manure application varied among climate regions: temperate continental climate zone>temperate monsoon climate zone>subtropical monsoon climate zone. 【Conclusion】 The application of manure could significantly increase the NUE of crops, especially in northwestern areas with low organic matter content and less rainfall. 相似文献
14.
稻田土壤微生物磷变化对土壤有机碳和磷素的响应 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
研究了湖南省5个典型稻田长期定位监测点的土壤微生物磷（MB-P）对土壤有机碳和磷素变化的响应。结果表明，各监测点土壤MB-P含量对施肥的反应存在较大差异。大多数监测点的土壤MB-P对化肥的反应不敏感，而施有机肥（物）有利于土壤MB-P的增加。土壤MB-P对土壤有机碳和全磷的变化虽有响应，而其关系并不确定，但土壤MB-P与土壤微生物碳和Olsen法提取磷（Olsen-P）的关系却极为密切。土壤MB-P占土壤全磷的1.16%～3.19%，与Olsen-P占全磷的比例较为接近。在土壤Olsen-P含量低于8 mg·kg-1 的较低水平下，不论施肥与否，土壤MB-P含量均高于Olsen-P，较高的土壤MB-P有利于补充土壤Olsen-P。在不同形态的无机磷中，土壤MB-P与Al-P和Fe-P的相关性最好，Ca-P次之，但与闭蓄态磷（O-P）无显著相关性。微生物对土壤Al-P、Fe-P和Ca-P的利用可能是促进其向Olsen-P方向转化的关键途径。 相似文献
15.
分析了本省旱地红壤主要土类58个样品的交换性镁及全镁含量;研究了土壤母质、pH 值、有机质及粘土含量与土壤交换性镁含量的关系;结合有关试验及调查资料,提出旱地红壤合理施用镁肥的的措施。 相似文献
16.
[目的]调查小流域中村域土壤磷素状况及流失风险,为土壤磷素管理和生产实践提供指导。[方法]对粤东兴宁县石马河小流域源头石马镇马石村土壤的磷素含量、等温吸附特征及流失潜能(风险)进行分析。[结果]土壤全磷、速效磷、水溶性磷、生物有效磷、土壤磷溶液中磷和Mehlich 3-P含量的变化范围分别为180～1 130、8.82～42.09、1.44～3.68、44.93～667.78、0.27～0.49和6.88～106.91 mg/kg。土壤可用Langmuir等温方程很好地拟合(R2=0.651*～0.995**)。土壤磷吸持饱和度平均为18.06%,为容易流失阀值(25%)的72.24%,其中4个土样的DPS已超过容易流失的阀值。[结论]石马河小流域源头村域土壤磷素具有较高的流失风险。 相似文献
17.
北京近郊耕作土壤重金属状况评价分析 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9
以北京市近郊昌平、通州、顺义、海淀和大兴5个区县耕作土壤为对象,在对74个样点土壤中Cr、Cu、Cd、Pb、As和Hg 6种重金属含量调查分析的基础上,利用GB 15618—1995《土壤环境质量标准》评价北京市近郊耕作土壤重金属污染现状,并参考北京市土壤重金属背景值,采用环境质量指数与Hakanson环境生态潜在风险指数相结合的方法,探讨土壤中6种重金属的累积污染现状及潜在生态风险。结果表明:土壤中6种重金属含量均低于GB 15618—1995中的二级标准,Cu、Cr、As、Cd、Pb和Hg的含量平均值分别为25.69、59.62、7.97、0.20、22.26和0.16 mg/kg;土壤中Pb、Cu和Cd 3种重金属有极大的同源可能性,但土壤Cr异源性明显;6种土壤重金属都表现出一定程度的累积效应,Cr的累积污染效应最大;土壤中Cd和Hg均处于较高的潜在风险等级,其中海淀部分样点土壤Hg含量已经达到极高潜在风险水平;17%左右的土壤样点已存在一定程度的潜在生态威胁。高累积污染和高风险潜在威胁区都集中在经济相对发达的海淀、通州、昌平。分析表明,近年来的人类生产活动已给北京市近郊耕作土壤的环境质量带来了负面影响,故应依照属地管理原则立即采取区域化重点监测管理措施。 相似文献
18.
Plant pests and diseases have significant negative impacts on global food security, world trade and rural livelihoods. Climate change exacerbates these impacts in certain parts of the world. Overreliance on pesticides as the primary tool for plant pest management leads to problems such as pesticide resistance and pest resurgence. Environmental and food safety concerns are also associated with overuse of pesticides in crop production. There is clearly a need for a shift in pest management strategies and practices globally. Optimization of structures and functions in crop production agroecosystems through soil conservation practices and cropping diversification can improve pest regulation services provided in the systems. Prioritization of safer alternatives and practices in the IPM pyramid, such as resistant varieties and biopesticides, helps minimize the use of potentially risky agricultural inputs such as synthetic pesticides. Investment is needed to boost the development of innovative green technologies and practices. Production, distribution, use and regulatory capacities need to be strengthened to facilitate large-scale adoption of green technologies and practices. Finally, policy, financial and market instruments should be wielded to provide an enabling environment for the transformation to sustainable plant pest and disease management strategies and practices worldwide. 相似文献
19.
中国耕地保育技术创新不足已危及粮食安全与环境安全 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
中国自20世纪80年代初以来随作物产量的提高,化肥等农用化学品投入量增加了3.6倍,而同期农民耕地保育技术水平却没有明显提升,盲目施肥、大量施肥、用药不当、灌溉不当,即以“费”的方式补偿技术不足现象普遍,由此不仅引起肥、水资源的过度消耗,还导致土壤质量退化、农民生产成本增加,水、土、大气环境和农产品污染加剧,对粮食安全、环境安全和食品安全造成隐患。研究显示,导致农民耕地保育技术水平难以提升的两大主要原因分别是耕地保育应用与应用基础研究的弱化与现代农技服务业的缺失。多年来,国家级和省部级公益性土壤肥料农业专业研究机构均质化、碎片化、行政化问题不断加深,使得需要长期研究才能有所突破的土壤肥料应用与应用基础研究难以为继并被空洞化,至今难以为各农区提供易于为农民掌握和应用的耕地保育分区、分类、量化技术指标,难以推动现代专业化农技服务业的发展。要在根本上解决这一问题,亟需在3个方面进行改进：第一,重视稳定和保持国家与省级公益性土壤肥料专业科研院所的专业特征,发挥其在耕地保育技术创新研究中的核心作用。第二,在国家科研计划中,对耕地保育应用与应用基础领域研究主题适度稳定,执行年限也应适度延长,以便中国能够逐步为各主要农区建立一批科学、可靠的耕地保育技术规程,并对其进行持续的升级换代。第三,探索与中国农村经济技术条件更相适应的现代农技推广模式,发展现代信息技术、通讯技术、智能技术在耕地保育技术推广传播中的作用,以技术创新带动中国农技推广方式的转变,全面提升中国农民耕地保育技术水平。 相似文献
20.
经营管理对森林土壤有机碳库影响的研究进展 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
森林土壤有机碳库在全球碳循环及减缓气候变暖中发挥着重要作用。施肥、火烧、采伐、林下植被管理、覆盖等营林措施改变了森林生态系统的生产力,显著影响了森林土壤的碳输入和碳输出。综述了主要营林措施对森林土壤有机碳库的影响及其机制,并探讨今后的研究重点。总体而言,施用有机肥、有机无机肥配施及生物质炭添加均可提高土壤有机碳含量。氮肥对土壤有机碳含量的影响存在增加、降低和无影响3种结果;火烧对土壤有机碳的影响取决于火烧后恢复时间、火烧温度、火烧强度、土层深度等因素;皆伐通过改变土壤温度、含水量、有机碳来源等因素,导致森林土壤有机碳含量下降;而间伐对土壤有机碳的影响则与间伐强度有关;去除林下植被及凋落物加快了土壤有机碳的分解,但林下植被的替代与添加则会提高土壤有机碳含量;覆盖提高了土壤有机碳含量,但导致有机碳稳定性下降。随着研究方法和观测手段的不断发展,今后应深入研究营林措施对土壤碳形态、结构和转化过程的影响;同时,更多关注人为管理和气候变化对森林土壤碳库产生的叠加效应。 相似文献