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1.
转基因棉花对草间小黑蛛生长发育及其相关酶活性的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为评估转基因抗虫棉花对天敌的安全性,用取食常规棉(中棉所49)、单价棉(中棉所45)和双价棉(2009002)的棉铃虫幼虫饲喂草间小黑蛛,采用酶联免疫和分光光度计法研究转基因抗虫棉对草间小黑蛛生长发育及其相关酶活性的影响。结果显示,与常规棉花相比,单价棉花使草间小黑蛛4～5龄幼虫发育历期显著延长,对其余龄期影响不显著;双价棉花对草间小黑蛛1～3龄幼虫发育历期影响不显著,4～5龄幼虫发育历期显著延长,6龄后大量死亡。2种转基因棉对草间小黑蛛体重及其体内外源蛋白含量的影响均不显著,除谷胱甘肽-转移酶和单价棉处理的过氧化物酶外,对其它相关酶活性亦无显著影响。 相似文献
2.
为了解草间钻头蛛Hylyphantes graminicola体内共生菌的组成及共生菌对宿主的影响,通过高通量测序技术确定其体内的优势共生菌,采用常规PCR法对草间钻头蛛进行优势共生菌的感染检测,并研究了优势共生菌感染对草间钻头蛛子代的发育历期和性比的影响。结果表明:经高通量测序细菌16S r DNA的V3、V4区,确定草间钻头蛛的优势共生菌为沃尔巴克氏体Wolbachia和Cardinium。167头被检测蜘蛛中,Cardinium的感染率为100.00%,沃尔巴克氏体的感染率为38.92%。感染沃尔巴克氏体的草间钻头蛛F1代雌蛛的2龄期、3龄期、4龄期和总历期均极显著低于未感染的草间钻头蛛,感染沃尔巴克氏体的草间钻头蛛F1代雌蛛1龄期显著低于未感染的F1代个体,感染和未感染沃尔巴克氏体的草间钻头蛛F1代雌蛛的卵期和5龄期均无显著差异。感染沃尔巴克氏体后,草间钻头蛛F1代雄蛛的1龄期和总历期极显著缩短,2龄期、3龄期和5龄期显著缩短,而卵期和4龄期与未感染沃尔巴克氏体的F1代雄蛛之间无显著差异。另外,沃尔巴克氏体感染极显著提高了草间钻头蛛的子代性比。 相似文献
3.
不同生境的草间钻头蛛种群对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的敏感性及体内解毒酶活性的测定 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用浸渍法测定了不同生境的草间钻头蛛Hylyphantes graminicola种群对氰戊菊酯、溴氰菊酯和氯氰菊酯的敏感性,并对其体内的酯酶、多功能氧化酶-O-脱甲基和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶的活性进行了测定。结果表明,不同生境的草间钻头蛛种群对3种拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂的敏感水平不同:草丛种群最为敏感;棉田种群的抗药性最强,其中对氰戊菊酯的抗药性最高,相对抗性指数为14.61,达到中抗水平;其他种群对3种杀虫剂较敏感或抗性较低。5种生境草间钻头蛛体内的酯酶、多功能氧化酶-O-脱甲基和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶的活性均以草丛种群最低,棉田种群最高。酯酶和多功能氧化酶-O-脱甲基活性的增强可能是棉田草间钻头蛛种群对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂不敏感或产生抗性的原因。 相似文献
4.
草间钻头蛛体内沃尔巴克氏体的去除及其感染对宿主生殖和适合度的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
采用在草间钻头蛛Hylyphantes graminicola的饮水和人工饲料中添加四环素的方法研究了蜘蛛体内沃尔巴克氏体(Wolbachia)的去除.同时,通过设置草间钻头蛛Wolbachia感染种群与未感染种群之间不同的交配方式,研究Wolbachia感染对草间钻头蛛生殖和适合度的影响.结果显示,在草间钻头蛛的饮水和人工饲料中添加四环素均能部分去除草间钻头蛛体内的Wolbachia,在供试最高浓度下,去除率分别为40％和50％.4种不同的交配组合下,草间钻头蛛雌蛛均能产卵,卵的孵化率差异不显著,Wolbachia感染对草间钻头蛛的生殖无影响.感染Wolbachia的草间钻头蛛所产第1卵袋的卵历期为6.65d,极显著高于未感染Wolbachia的卵历期(P =0.008).感染与未感染Wolbachia的草间钻头蛛种群世代存活率、性比以及适合度均无显著差异. 相似文献
5.
本文利用花粉饲喂法研究了转crylAh基因玉米花粉对龟纹瓢虫Propyleajaponica生长发育及成虫移动能力的影响。结果显示,与混有适量蚜虫的非转基因亲本对照玉米花粉（花粉与蚜虫重量比为2：1）相比,龟纹瓢虫幼虫取食混有适量蚜虫的转crylAh基因玉米花粉（花粉与蚜虫重量比为2：1）后,幼虫总发育历期、蛹期和成虫寿命均无显著差异,但l、3和4龄幼虫的发育历期显著高于对照,2龄幼虫的发育历期显著低于对照;2龄和4龄幼虫的存活率与对照无显著差异,但3龄幼虫的存活率显著增加;幼虫取食Bt花粉对该虫的蛹重、羽化率和雌雄比与对照无显著差异。幼虫期取食Bt玉米花粉而成虫期取食蚜虫对成虫的日产卵量无不利影响,与对照无显著差异。幼虫取食Bt玉米花粉羽化后雄虫和雌虫的步速和翻跃时间与对照均无显著差异。 相似文献
6.
转cry1Ah基因玉米花粉对龟纹瓢虫生长发育和成虫移动能力的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文利用花粉饲喂法研究了转cry1Ah基因玉米花粉对龟纹瓢虫Propylea japonica生长发育及成虫移动能力的影响。结果显示,与混有适量蚜虫的非转基因亲本对照玉米花粉(花粉与蚜虫重量比为2:1)相比,龟纹瓢虫幼虫取食混有适量蚜虫的转cry1Ah基因玉米花粉(花粉与蚜虫重量比为2:1)后,幼虫总发育历期、蛹期和成虫寿命均无显著差异,但1、3和4龄幼虫的发育历期显著高于对照,2龄幼虫的发育历期显著低于对照;2龄和4龄幼虫的存活率与对照无显著差异,但3龄幼虫的存活率显著增加;幼虫取食Bt花粉对该虫的蛹重、羽化率和雌雄比与对照无显著差异。幼虫期取食Bt玉米花粉而成虫期取食蚜虫对成虫的日产卵量无不利影响,与对照无显著差异。幼虫取食Bt玉米花粉羽化后雄虫和雌虫的步速和翻跃时间与对照均无显著差异。 相似文献
7.
草间小黑蛛生物学和生态学特性初步研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
《昆虫天敌》1980,(3)
草间小黑蛛Erigonidium graminicolum Sundevall(蜘蛛目,微蛛科Micryphantidae)是我省农田和果园等的一种重要捕食性天敌,种群数量大,分布广,是一种较有利用前途的蜘蛛。国内外对其生物学和生态学研究尚少,我们于1977年底开始此项研究下作,现将结果报导如下。材料和方法自田间采集越冬成蛛,在25℃恒温箱内使其产卵,用最先产出的卵块作饲养材料。成、若蛛饲料,均以鲜蚕蛹2份,全蛋1份,加数滴蜂乳配成代饲料。在室温下饲养。若蛛期:将三天内孵出的若蛛,单头放入养虫管内,用小方块泡沫塑料醮代饲料,在保湿下培养,每天观察发育情况。成蛛期:将刚发育成的雌、雄蛛放入玻皿内按上法饲养。待交配后1—2日将雄蛛取出,另行饲养,逐日观察,记载交配、产卵和成蛛死亡等。 相似文献
8.
草间小黑蛛人工饲料研究初报 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
草间小黑蛛Erigonidium graminicolum Sundevall是我国农田蜘蛛中种群数量最大的一种,由于它分布广,抗药力强,发育历期短,捕食范围广,很有利用前途。关于蜘蛛的人工饲料,国内外报导较少。我们自1978年以来对草间小黑蛛的人工饲料进行了研究,利用正交试验法从30多个配方中筛选出H_1和L_3两种配方。用此两种配方配制的饲料饲养草间小黑蛛,获得较好的效果。其中L_3配方已连续饲养五个世代。用H_1配方饲料饲养食虫瘤胸蛛Oedothorax insecticeps,粽管巢蛛Clubiona japonicola,叉斑巨齿蛛Enoplognatha japonica,均能取食、蜕皮、交配、产卵传代。用L_3配方饲料 相似文献
9.
异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis(Pallas)幼虫在野外常遭遇间歇性食物短缺问题,为揭示食物缺乏对异色瓢虫发育的影响,以耐饥能力最强的4龄幼虫为研究对象,以禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi(Linnaeus)为食物,观察和分析饥饿处理(持续饲喂时间不同)和幼虫初始体重对幼虫存活、历期、成虫体型大小和寿命等发育指标的影响。结果表明,在"不饲喂"和"饲喂1 d"的饥饿胁迫处理下,4龄幼虫均不能存活至化蛹;在"饲喂2 d"的处理下,幼虫化蛹率随其初始体重增大而增大,但在"饲喂3 d"和"饲喂4 d"的处理下,幼虫化蛹率不受初始体重的影响,均为100%。饥饿处理和幼虫初始体重均显著影响4龄幼虫历期,"饲喂3 d"和"饲喂4 d"的幼虫历期与"饲喂2 d"的处理相比分别缩短58%和30%;而且在"饲喂2 d"和"饲喂3 d"处理下幼虫历期表现出随其初始体重增大而缩短的趋势。饥饿处理显著影响成虫的体重,但幼虫初始体重没有显著影响;与"饲喂2 d"的处理相比,"饲喂3 d"的成虫体重增大63.7%,"饲喂4 d"的成虫体重增大72.5%。幼虫初始体重不显著影响成虫寿命;但与"饲喂2 d"的饥饿处理相比,"饲喂4 d"的成虫寿命增大27.5%。研究结果表明,4龄幼虫需要取食足量蚜虫2 d以上方可完成发育至化蛹和羽化。 相似文献
10.
为明确寄主植物对黄脊竹蝗Ceracris kiangsu生长发育及取食选择的影响,采用毛竹Phyllostachys edulis、苦竹Pleioblastus amarus、大叶箬竹Indocalamus tessellatus、铺地竹Pleioblastus argenteostriatus和靓竹Sasaella glabra f.albostriata单寄主饲养黄脊竹蝗初孵若虫至成虫,分别测定取食5种竹子的黄脊竹蝗1～5龄若虫和成虫的死亡率,若虫的发育历期,成虫的体重和寿命,并测定了黄脊竹蝗不同发育阶段对5种竹子的取食选择。结果表明,黄脊竹蝗1、2龄若虫取食大叶箬竹的死亡率最高;3～5龄若虫取食铺地竹的死亡率最高,尤其是4、5龄若虫死亡率显著高于取食其余4种寄主;成虫期取食5种竹子的死亡率则无显著差异;黄脊竹蝗若虫取食不同竹子的总发育历期存在显著差异,其中取食毛竹的发育历期最短。发育至成虫后,毛竹处理组的黄脊竹蝗雌、雄成虫体重均为最高,靓竹处理组雌虫体重最低,铺地竹处理组雄虫体重最低,两处理组成虫体重均显著小于毛竹处理组;取食5种竹子的黄脊竹蝗雌、雄成虫寿命均无显著差异。取食选择... 相似文献
11.
BACKGROUND: The tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura (F.), is one of the most destructive polyphagous pests worldwide. The susceptibility of S. litura larvae reared on tobacco, Chinese cabbage, cowpea and sweet potato to phoxim, chlorfenapyr, methomyl, fenvalerate and emamectin benzoate under laboratory conditions was determined. RESULTS: Spodoptera litura larvae reared on tobacco were most tolerant to all insecticides, whereas those that fed on sweet potato were most susceptible. When larvae were reared on each host plant for three generations, the susceptibilities to phoxim of larvae that fed on Chinese cabbage and cowpea were similar, whereas the susceptibility of larvae that fed on sweet potato decreased by the third generation, and on tobacco the susceptibility decreased in each consecutive generation. When nicotine was added to their diet for three consecutive generations, the tolerance of larvae to phoxim increased twofold, and to emamectin benzoate 3.1‐fold, but the tolerance of larvae to fenvalerate and chlorfenapyr did not change. The acetylcholinesterase activities of the larvae that fed on sweet potato and cowpea were greater than the activities of those that fed on Chinese cabbage and tobacco. In contrast, the carboxylesterase activities of the larvae that fed on tobacco and Chinese cabbage were greater than the activities of those that fed on sweet potato and cowpea. The glutathione S‐transferase activities of larvae were highest when they fed on tobacco, followed by Chinese cabbage and cowpea, and the lowest activities were observed when larvae fed on sweet potato. CONCLUSION: Feeding on tobacco or with nicotine added to the diet, the larvae became more tolerant to insecticides, especially to phoxim and emamectin benzoate. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
12.
四种低毒杀虫剂对小菜蛾生长发育及繁殖的亚致死效应 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
为系统评价4种低毒杀虫剂对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella（L.）的综合控制作用,采用叶片浸渍法处理小菜蛾3龄幼虫,测定了虫酰肼、氟啶脲、茚虫威和虫螨腈的亚致死浓度（LC25）对小菜蛾生长发育和繁殖力的影响。结果表明,4 种药剂亚致死浓度处理使小菜蛾3~4龄幼虫发育历期延长0.43~1.93 d,平均单头雌、雄蛹重分别减轻0.83~1.31 mg和0.19~1.09 mg ,幼虫的化蛹率及羽化率则分别降低11.2%~34.3%和21.7%~33.6%,以氟啶脲和茚虫威处理的影响较为显著。药剂处理后成虫平均产卵量减少30.15~60.21粒/雌,卵孵化率降低8.85%~19.65%,以虫酰肼效果较为明显;虫酰肼、氟啶脲、茚虫威均显著降低小菜蛾的交配成功率。 相似文献
13.
烟田6种常用杀虫剂对烟蚜茧蜂影响的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了评估烟田常用杀虫剂对烟蚜茧蜂的安全性,本文在实验室条件下采用药膜法和浸虫法测定了6种烟田常用杀虫剂对烟蚜茧蜂（Aphidiusgifuensis）的影响。结果表明：吡虫啉、啶虫脒、噻虫嗪对烟蚜茧蜂成蜂有明显的触杀毒力,噻虫嗪和吡虫啉显著降低了烟蚜茧蜂的羽化率,且这3种杀虫剂处理僵蚜后可导致羽化出的成蜂双翅畸形; 而甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、高效氯氟氰菊酯、吡蚜酮对烟蚜茧蜂成蜂和僵蚜均相对安全,处理1 h后成蜂死亡率为0～5.56%,僵蚜羽化率达70%以上。研究结果可为烟蚜综合防治时合理选用杀虫剂提供依据。 相似文献
14.
Spider communities (Araneae) inhabiting the canopy, the herbaceous layer and the borders, as well as the populations overwintering on the tree trunks of different aged IPM and conventional apple orchards were investigated in Hungary. Abundance and species richness of entire spider communities in IPM plots were significantly higher than in conventional plots, probably owing to the lower toxicity of pesticides used and higher prey densities. In the case of abundance, similar tendencies were observed in web-building and hunting spider guilds. Age of plantations can significantly influence spider density in the canopy, acting through the prey density. In young plantations, where size of the canopy was smaller and density of the pear lace bug (Stephanitis pyri L.) higher, significantly higher numbers of hunting spider communities were present than in old plantations which had been similarly treated. This relationship was not observed for web-building spiders. Diversity of canopy-inhabiting spider communities was higher in old plots, regardless of the treatments. The effect of the border of the orchard on spider communities was investigated and it was found that when selective insecticides were used, migration of spiders into orchards was increased significantly. When broad-spectrum insecticides were applied, spider densities in the canopy did not differ between outer and inner rows of the orchards. The effect of the treatments and orchard age, both on abundance and species richness of overwintering spider communities on the trunk, showed the same result as for canopy spiders, namely significantly larger spider communities were found in IPM plots and in the young plantation than in conventionally-treated plots and in the old plantation. Broad-spectrum insecticides reduced abundance and species richness of spider communities in the herbaceous layer of the conventionally-treated plot. At the same time, the spider communities of the herbaceous layer of the IPM plot did not differ significantly from adjacent herbaceous plants. A significant overlap exists between spider communities of the canopy and herbaceous layer. Despite chemical treatments, migration from the herbaceous layer into the canopy occurs. The effects of chemical treatments on the dominant species are discussed. There were no significant differences between the differently treated plots in abundance of one of the dominant species Oxyopes heterophthalmus Latreille. However, the other dominant species, Cheiracanthium mildei L. Koch, was more abundant in the IPM plots. 相似文献
15.
Stanislav Pekr 《Pest management science》1999,55(11):1077-1082
Field experiments have revealed that some species of spiders are more sensitive to insecticides than others. Among many factors influencing their susceptibility, foraging mode seems to play an important role. Aspects of foraging mode that appear to be relevant are whether the spider is diurnal or nocturnal, a hunter or a web-maker. Six spider species, Araniella opisthographa, Clubiona neglecta, Dictyna uncinata, Pardosa agrestis, Philodromus cespitum and Theridion impressum were used in the study. P agrestis and P cespitum are diurnal hunters that may come into direct contact with insecticide. C neglecta is nocturnal and so is exposed to residues only. The remaining three species are web-makers building webs that vary in the extent to which they can protect the spider from direct spray. The effect of sprays was tested under laboratory conditions (Potter tower) with three commercial insecticides, an insect growth regulator (hexaflumuron), a selective organophosphorus (phosalone) and a non-selective pyrethroid insecticide (permethrin) using a four-day exposure period. Data were analysed using bootstrap method and randomization tests. The results obtained showed that hunting spiders were more susceptible to the insecticides tested than web-makers (in their webs). Diurnal hunting spiders (Philodromus and Pardosa) were severely affected only by permethrin. A high mortality was observed for the nocturnal hunter, Clubiona, after application of phosalone and permethrin. This species appears to be very sensitive to residues of both insecticides. Comparing the effect on web-making spiders, with and without webs, it was observed that the sparse orb-web of Araniella did not protect its owner at all, but the dense cribellate and frame-webs of Dictyna and Theridion, respectively, reduced the mortality caused by permethrin significantly in comparison with specimens without webs. Of other factors studied, posture (normal and upside-down position) did not influence the susceptibility. Mortality increased slightly with body size after permethrin application. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
16.
研究了腐食酪螨Tyrophagus putrescentiae及添加玉米蜂花粉和苹果花粉饲养对微小花蝽Orius minutus生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明,腐食酪螨分别添加玉米蜂花粉与苹果花粉饲养时,微小花蝽若虫发育历期分别为13.26和13.66 d,均显著短于单食腐食酪螨时的14.44 d; 3、4、5龄若虫存活率分别为0.8593、0.8690、0.9052与0.8476、0.8524、0.8846,均显著高于单食腐食酪螨时的0.8124、0.8153、0.8300;雌、雄成虫寿命分别为15.97、13.96 d与15.42、13.07 d,均显著长于单食腐食酪螨时的13.87、11.57 d。以腐食酪螨添加玉米蜂花粉饲养时产卵前期为3.08 d,显著短于单食腐食酪螨时的3.86 d;单雌平均产卵量、内禀增长率rm和种群趋势指数I均以腐食酪螨添加玉米蜂花粉饲养时最大,分别为52.17粒、0.0647和7.75,以单食腐食酪螨时最小,分别为40.21粒、0.0533和5.22。腐食酪螨添加玉米蜂花粉可用于微小花蝽大量繁育的饲料。 相似文献
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18.
为明确无患子皂苷对甜菜夜蛾的控制作用,本试验分别用添加无患子皂苷(0.25、0.5、1、2、4、8、16 mg/g)的混毒饲料喂养甜菜夜蛾2龄幼虫,测定甜菜夜蛾幼虫存活率、幼虫发育历期、蛹重、化蛹率、卵孵化率、性比等指标。采用液相色谱-质谱联用仪(HPLC-MS)分析无患子皂苷中的主要化学成分。结果表明,喂饲后72 h,取食4 mg/g混皂苷饲料的甜菜夜蛾幼虫开始死亡,其幼虫存活率随皂苷浓度的升高而降低;相比空白对照组,取食4 mg/g混皂苷饲料的幼虫,其幼虫期延长8.55 d(P<0.05),蛹重降低了41.13%(P<0.05),化蛹率下降46.43%(P<0.05)。取食0.5 mg/g以及2 mg/g混皂苷饲料的幼虫其卵孵化率分别比空白对照降低9.61%、16.12%;取食混有皂苷的饲料会扰乱甜菜夜蛾的性比,其中混入2 mg/g皂苷的处理对其性比影响最大,雌性比为25.00%。从无患子皂苷中鉴定出10种皂苷类化合物,共鉴别出6种常春藤型三萜皂苷,3种齐墩果酸型三萜皂苷,1种大戟烷型三萜皂苷。 相似文献
19.
为探究化学防治对皖南烟区烟叶上蜘蛛群落多样性的影响, 于2021年4月至7月采用目测法和拍打振落法对未进行化学防治田(抑芽剂)和化学防治田(抑芽剂和化学农药)烟叶上的蜘蛛进行了调查?共记录鉴定未化学防治田蜘蛛(12科40种943头)和化学防治田蜘蛛(11科32种693头)的数量为1 636头, 分属于13科44种?蜘蛛的卵囊附着在烟叶的叶尖和叶缘, 6月下旬达到峰值?烟田蜘蛛群落的时间动态和多样性指数变化说明, 未化学防治田和化学防治田蜘蛛的个体数量均在5月中旬达到最大, 但丰富度呈现一定的波动, 多样性指数和均匀度指数在6月底到7月初达到最大, 但优势集中性指数在这期间最小?两种类型的烟田中草间钻头蛛Hylyphantes graminicola和食虫沟瘤蛛Ummeliata insecticeps均为优势种?通过对两烟田蜘蛛群落多样性的比较, 结果表明, 未化学防治田比化学防治田的蜘蛛群落更具有稳定性, 且化学防治对烟田蜘蛛的个体数量影响显著?本文对了解烟田蜘蛛群落生态系统以及烟田的绿色防控奠定理论基础? 相似文献
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室内药剂交替使用对西花蓟马抗药性发展的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
分别单独使用毒死蜱、多杀菌素和两种农药交替使用连续处理西花蓟马(Frankliniella occidentalis)18代,采用浸渍法从第6至第18代每隔2世代测定3个汰选种群对毒死蜱和多杀菌素的敏感性.结果表明,毒死蜱和多杀菌素交替汰选种群比单一药剂连续汰选种群抗性上升趋势缓慢,F18代时交替使用汰选种群对毒死蜱和多杀菌素的抗性倍数分别为10.89倍和17.19倍,而毒死蜱单一汰选种群对毒死蜱的抗性倍数达到24.19倍,多杀菌素单一汰选种群对多杀菌素的抗性倍数达到20.78倍.因此,交替或轮换使用药剂可以延缓西花蓟马抗药性的发展. 相似文献