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1.
The combined efficacy of spinosad and chlorpyrifos-methyl was determined against four storage psocid pests belonging to genus Liposcelis. This research was undertaken because of the increasing importance of these psocids in stored grain and the problem of finding grain protectants to control resistant strains. Firstly, mortality and reproduction were determined for adults exposed to wheat freshly treated with either spinosad (0.5 and 1 mg kg(-1)) or chlorpyrifos-methyl (2.5, 5 and 10 mg kg(-1)) or combinations of spinosad and chlorpyrifos-methyl at 30 degrees C and 70% RH. There were significant effects of application rate of spinosad and chlorpyrifos-methyl, both individually and in combination, on adult mortality and progeny reduction of all four psocids. Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel and L. decolor (Pearman) responded similarly, with incomplete control of adults and progeny at both doses of spinosad but complete control in all chlorpyrifos-methyl and combined treatments. In L. entomophila (Enderlein) and L. paeta Pearman, however, complete control of adults and progeny was only achieved in the combined treatments, with the exception of spinosad 0.5 mg kg(-1) plus chlorpyrifos-methyl 2.5 mg kg(-1) against L. entomophila. Next, combinations of spinosad (0.5 and 1 mg kg(-1)) and chlorpyrifos-methyl (2.5, 5 and 10 mg kg(-1)) in bioassays after 0, 1.5 and 3 months storage of treated wheat were evaluated. The best treatment was 1 mg kg(-1) of spinosad plus 10 mg kg(-1) of chlorpyrifos-methyl, providing up to 3 months of protection against infestations of all four Liposcelis spp. on wheat. 相似文献
2.
磷化氢对3种储粮书虱致死浓度与时间的比较研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
比较测定了磷化氢对嗜卷书虱Liposcelis bostrychophila(Pearman)、嗜虫书虱L.entomophila(Enderlein)和小眼书虱L.paeta(Pearman)等3种储粮书虱的毒力,并研究了在室温条件下磷化氢浓度分别为100、200、300、400和500mL/m3的完全致死时间。结果表明:磷化氢对嗜卷书虱、小眼书虱和嗜虫书虱的LD50值(95%置信限)分别为0.0039(0.0038～0.0042)、0.0804(0.0750～0.0887)和0.0815(0.0815～0.0892)mg/L,嗜虫书虱对磷化氢的耐受力比嗜卷书虱高20多倍。在试验浓度下第7d可全部致死嗜卷书虱,100mL/m3的浓度完全致死小眼书虱和嗜虫书虱则需22d多;200mL/m3完全致死小眼书虱和嗜虫书虱的时间约为19d,300mL/m3浓度完全致死小眼书虱和嗜虫书虱的时间在13d和16d,400mL/m3及以上浓度完全致死小眼书虱在7d以内,完全致死嗜虫书虱仍需13d。500mL/m3的浓度完全致死嗜虫书虱仅缩短到10d。采用磷化氢熏蒸书虱在100～500mL/m3的浓度范围内,提高浓度可以使完全致死书虱的时间明显缩短。 相似文献
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4.
参照FAO推荐方法测定了磷化氢对嗜卷书虱(Liposcelis bostrychophila(Badonnel))2个品系、嗜虫书虱(L.entomophila(Enderlein))3个品系和小眼书虱(L.paeta(Pearman))3个品系等共8个不同来源书虱的毒力和抗性系数Rf,测定了磷化氢浓度为2mg/mL条件下供试各书虱品系的半数击倒时间KT50,分析了其LC50值与KT50值的相关性。结果为:3种书虱的8个品系对磷化氢的抗性差异明显,高抗性的嗜虫书虱的磷化氢抗性比敏感的嗜卷书虱高1000倍以上,各品系书虱的KT50值与Rf值呈正相关,相应LC50值之对数与KT50值的对数呈直线相关。结果表明,磷化氢对书虱成虫的半数击倒时间KT50值可以用来判断书虱抗性大小,并可用于快速判断抗性以指导现场熏蒸。 相似文献
5.
嗜卷书虱和嗜虫书虱酯酶性质的比较研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
对嗜卷书虱Liposcelis bostrychophila和嗜虫书虱L. entomophila羧酸酯酶及乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)的生物化学性质进行了初步研究。结果表明:嗜虫书虱的羧酸酯酶活性明显高于嗜卷书虱,嗜卷书虱和嗜虫书虱羧酸酯酶对底物α-NA的Km值分别为0.665 7、0.285 7 mmol/L,Vmax值分别为1.672 2和2.463 1 mmol·(mg·30 min)-1。嗜卷书虱和嗜虫书虱乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性差异不显著,嗜虫书虱略高于嗜卷书虱。通过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,检测出8条嗜卷书虱、7条嗜虫书虱酯酶同工酶谱带,嗜卷书虱的酶谱分布比嗜虫书虱广。 相似文献
6.
Manoj K Nayak 《Pest management science》2010,66(3):295-300
BACKGROUND: Piperonyl butoxide (PB)‐synergised natural pyrethrins (pyrethrin:PB ratio 1:4) were evaluated both as a grain protectant and a disinfestant against four Liposcelidid psocids: Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel, L. entomophila (Enderlein), L. decolor (Pearman) and L. paeta Pearman. These are key storage pests in Australia that are difficult to control with the registered grain protectants and are increasingly being reported as pests of stored products in other countries. Firstly, mortality and reproduction of adults were determined in wheat freshly treated at 0.0, 0.75, 1.5, 3 and 6 mg kg?1 of pyrethrins + PB (1:4) at 30 ± 1 °C and 70 ± 2% RH. Next, wheat treated at 0.0, 1.5, 3 and 6 mg kg?1 of pyrethrins + PB (1:4) was stored at 30 ± 1 °C and 70 ± 2% RH and mortality and reproduction of psocids were assessed after 0, 1.5, 3 and 4.5 months of storage. Finally, the potential of synergised pyrethrins as a disinfestant was assessed by establishing time to endpoint mortality for adult psocids exposed to wheat treated at 3 and 6 mg kg?1 of synergised pyrethrins after 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 h of exposure. RESULTS: Synergised pyrethrins at 6 mg kg?1 provided 3 months of protection against all four Liposcelis spp., and at this rate complete adult mortality of these psocids can be achieved within 6 h of exposure. CONCLUSION: Piperonyl butoxide‐synergised pyrethrins have excellent potential both as a grain protectant and as a disinfestant against Liposcelidid psocids. Copyright © State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2010. Published by John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
7.
Numerous strains of the psocid pest, Liposcelis decolor (Pearman) were collected from farms and central storages and interbred to form three representative strains from three major grain-growing states of Australia: Queensland, South Australia and New South Wales. These were tested against the grain protectants and structural treatments currently registered for use in Australia. Recently, L decolor has become an important pest of stored grain in Australia, particularly in the eastern and southern parts. There is no published information available on management of this pest and the current pest-management strategy, based predominantly on phosphine fumigation, has failed to control infestations of this pest in numerous grain storages in Australia. Alternative methods of control such as use of contact insecticides were explored in the present work to supplement phosphine fumigation to manage this new pest. From eight grain protectants tested as admixtures, only chlorpyrifos-methyl, bioresmethrin plus piperonyl butoxide, and fenitrothion were found to provide long term (3-9 months) protection against all three strains of L decolor. Chlorpyrifos-methyl gave the best protection, providing a minimum of 7.5 to a maximum of 9 months protection, depending on the strains tested. Three structural treatments, azamethiphos, azamethiphos plus carbaryl and permethrin provided long-term control (8-9 months) of all three strains of L decolor on galvanised steel surfaces, with permethrin delivering 9 months protection against all strains. However, all of these treatments failed to provide long-term control of any strains on concrete surfaces. We conclude that chlorpyrifos-methyl as a grain admixture can be incorporated into fumigation strategies to optimise the control of L decolor infestations. Structural treatments, such as permethrin can be used to support a fumigation strategy in storages made of galvanised steel. 相似文献
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采用饲料混毒法系统测定了吡丙醚和烯虫酯两种昆虫生长调节剂(IGRs)对重要的储藏物害虫嗜卷书虱Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel若虫和成虫的致死作用,对若虫发育情况、成虫繁殖力和卵孵化率的影响。结果表明,以吡丙醚和烯虫酯10 mg/kg的混毒饲料饲喂嗜卷书虱2龄幼虫49 d后,若虫的死亡率分别为80.00%和31.11%;取食20、10和5 mg/kg吡丙醚的若虫最长存活天数分别为71.0、98.2和116.4 d,而对照仅11.3 d即全部羽化为成虫;取食20 mg/kg以下烯虫酯混毒饲料的若虫一部分仍可羽化成成虫,而且成虫仍可繁殖后代;取食吡丙醚混毒饲料的若虫,60 d后存活下来的若虫大多以超龄若虫的形式存在,而取食烯虫酯的若虫则很少出现超龄若虫。成虫取食烯虫酯(200 mg/kg)和吡丙醚(40 mg/kg)混毒饲料后7 d,死亡率分别为26.67%和23.33%,成虫产卵量分别是对照的39.77%和26.13%,产卵后15 d,卵的孵化率分别是65.71%和8.69%,而对照仅为93.18%。该项研究表明,采用40 mg/kg吡丙醚和200 mg/kg的烯虫酯对嗜卷书虱虫口数量有明显的控制作用。 相似文献
10.
Phosphine-induced delay in development of eggs was investigated as a mechanism of resistance to this fumigant in Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel. One-day-old eggs of a susceptible and a strongly resistant strain of L bostrychophila were exposed to a range of phosphine concentrations for 6days at 30 (+/- 1) degrees C and 70 (+/- 2)% RH. Delay in mean hatching period occurred in both susceptible and resistant eggs, although it was more pronounced in the latter. A maximum delay of 2.65 days was recorded for eggs of the susceptible strain at 0.01 mg litre(-1) (the highest concentration at which eggs survived) and 13.39 days for the resistant strain at 1 mg litre(-1) (the highest concentration tested). Delay in egg development time was positively correlated with increasing phosphine concentration. Our results reveal that the most successful strategy to control resistant L bostrychophila is to apply relatively low concentrations of phosphine for extended exposure times (eg 0.05 mg litre(-1) for 16 days) that allow all eggs to hatch to the much less tolerant nymph stage. 相似文献
11.
A laboratory study was undertaken to determine the persistence and efficacy of spinosad against Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) in wheat stored for 9 months at 30 degrees C and 55 and 70% relative humidity. The aim was to investigate the potential of spinosad for protecting wheat from R. dominica during long-term storage in warm climates. Wheat was treated with spinosad at 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg kg(-1) grain and sampled after 0, 1.5, 3, 4.5, 6, 7.5 and 9 months of storage for bioassays and residue analyses. Residues were estimated to have declined by 30% during 9 months of storage at 30 degrees C and there was no effect of relative humidity. Spinosad applied at 0.5 or 1 mg kg(-1) was completely effective for 9 months, with 100% adult mortality after 14 days of exposure and no live F1 adults produced. Adult mortality was <100% in some samples of wheat treated with 0.1 mg kg(-1) of spinosad, and live progeny were produced in all samples treated at this level. The results show that spinosad is likely to be an effective grain protectant against R. dominica in wheat stored in warm climates. 相似文献
12.
BACKGROUND: The psocid Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel, is a widespread, significant pest of stored commodities, has developed strong resistance to phosphine, the major grain disinfestant. The aim was to develop effective fumigation protocols to control this resistant pest. RESULTS: Time to population extinction of all life stages (TPE) in days was evaluated at a series of phosphine concentrations and temperatures at two relative humidities. Regression analysis showed that temperature, concentration and relative humidity all contributed significantly to describing TPE (P<0.001, R(2)=0.95), with temperature being the dominant variable, accounting for 74.4% of the variation. Irrespective of phosphine concentration, TPE was longer at lower temperatures and high humidity (70% RH) and shorter at higher temperatures and low humidity (55% RH). At any concentration of phosphine, a combination of higher temperature and lower humidity provides the shortest fumigation period to control resistant L. bostrychophila. For example, 19 and 11 days of fumigation are required at 15 degrees C and 70% RH at 0.1 and 1.0 mg L(-1) of phosphine respectively, whereas only 4 and 2 days are required at 35 degrees C and 55% RH for the same respective concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: The developed fumigation protocols will provide industry with flexibility in application of phosphine. 相似文献
13.
Bozsik A 《Pest management science》2006,62(7):651-654
Five insecticides (pyriproxifen, imidacloprid, deltamethrin + heptenophos, lambda-cyhalothrin and Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp. tenebrionis) were examined in the laboratory for their acute detrimental side-effects at field rates on adult seven-spot ladybird beetle, Coccinella septempunctata L. The toxicity of the preparations was determined by measuring the acute surface contact effects (dried spray on leaves of Philadelphus coronarius L.), except for B. thuringiensis where mixed pollen was treated. Four to six concentrations were tested (pyriproxifen 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400 mg AI litre(-1); imidacloprid 62.4, 125, 250, 500 mg AI litre(-1); deltamethrin + heptenophos 26.4, 53.1, 106.3, 212.5 mg AI litre(-1); lambda-cyhalothrin 1.1, 3.4, 10, 30 mg AI litre(-1); B. thuringiensis 1.5, 3.0, 12.0, 48, 192, 768 mg AI litre(-1)), with 22 adults exposed per concentration. All tests were conducted in the laboratory of the Plant Protection Department (University of Debrecen, Hungary) at 22-25 degrees C, 40-60% RH, under a 16:8 h light:dark photoperiod in 1998-1999. Data were analyzed by probit analysis, probit transformation and analysis of variance. According to different categories of evaluation, pyriproxifen, imidacloprid and B. thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis seem to be safe for C. septempunctata adults but the other two preparations were moderately harmful to them, which requires further semi-field or field tests to measure their real effect under field conditions. 相似文献
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Hard red winter wheat was treated with pirimiphos-methyl at 4, 6 and 8 mg kg(-1), synergized pyrethrins at 0.38, 0.75, 1.13 and 1.5 mg kg(-1), and combinations of the two insecticides, to conduct laboratory bioassays against four beetle pests of stored grain, red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), rusty grain beetle Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica (F), and rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (L), and one moth pest, Indianmeal moth Plodia interpunctella (Hubner). Beetle adults and P interpunctella larvae survived well on control wheat, producing a large number of progeny (65-1037 insects per container). Kernel damage in control wheat among the insect species ranged from 9 to 99%. On pirimiphos-methyl-treated wheat, mortality of R dominica adults was > or =72%, but that of the other beetle species and P interpunctella larvae was 100%. Progeny were not produced on pirimiphos-methyl-treated wheat, and the kernel damage was negligible (< or =1%). Synergized pyrethrins were ineffective against the five insect pests. Pirimiphos-methyl combined with synergized pyrethrins was not superior to pirimiphos-methyl alone against the five insect pests. Pirimiphos-methyl is not registered in the USA for use on wheat, but our results suggest that it could be a viable grain protectant at rates of 4-8 mg kg(-1). 相似文献
15.
嗜卷书虱Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel是一种发生在储粮环境中的重要害虫，其抗性问题十分突出。在实验室条件下，采用高CO2（35％CO2、21％O2、44％N2）、低O2＋高CO2（35％C02、1％O2、64％N2）、DDVP和PH3等4种不同的处理，对嗜卷书虱连续处理20代，每代处理2次，每次处理保持对成虫死亡率35％的选择压力，得到了4个不同的抗性品系HCO2-R、HCLO-R、DDVP-R和PH3-R，抗性指数分别为3．3、5．2、10．2和4．5。经过对抗性发展趋势的分析，嗜卷书虱对这几种环境胁迫都有一定的抗性潜力。对抗性品系的现实遗传力（h^2）进行分析，其h^2分别为0．388、0．155、0．341和0．594。抗性风险评估结果表明，分别采用高CO2低O2＋高CO2、DDVP和PH，处理，在50％的选择压力下，抗性增加10倍所需的代数分别为62．30、44．17、26．46和38．48代；而在90％的选择压力下，抗性增加lO倍所需的代数分别为28．1l、20．08、11．98和17．39代。因此对于采用气调处理，嗜卷书虱对低O2＋高CO2处理的抗性风险比用高CO2处理大，而采用药剂处理，嗜卷书虱对DDVP的抗性风险要比PH3处理大。 相似文献
16.
Toxicity of systemic neonicotinoid insecticides to avocado thrips in nursery avocado trees 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The efficacies of four systemic neonicotinoid insecticides applied to potted avocado trees at manufacturer-recommended rates were assessed against the avocado thrips, Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara. At the time of treatment, fully expanded first-flush young leaves were tagged for identification, and a proportion of these leaves was used in bioassays with second-instar thrips. At 7 weeks post-treatment, a second flush of leaves had fully expanded on the trees, and these leaves were included in additional bioassays comparing avocado thrips mortality on both first- and second-flush leaves. In bioassays with first-flush leaves, imidacloprid (273 mg AI pot(-1)) was the most effective insecticide, providing at least 70% mortality of thrips for 14 weeks. Thiamethoxam (137 mg AI pot(-1)), clothianidin (109 mg AI pot(-1)) and dinotefuran (241 mg AI pot(-1)) provided good control in bioassays that were conducted within 4 weeks of treatment, but thereafter their efficacies were inconsistent. In bioassays with second-flush leaves, imidacloprid provided at least 70% mortality up to 9 weeks after the insecticide application. Thereafter, mortality declined to 30% or lower. Bioassays with second-flush leaves collected from trees treated with thiamethoxam, clothianidin and dinotefuran resulted in unacceptably low thrips mortality. Monitoring of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam residues by ELISA showed that the greater persistence of imidacloprid in both first and second leaf flushes was due to a steadier uptake of this material. Although thiamethoxam residues rose quickly within the first leaf flush, levels had already begun to dissipate by the time the second leaf flush had started to develop. 相似文献
17.
BACKGROUND: Seed treatments with the chloronicotinyl insecticide imidacloprid (Gaucho 600 FS) were evaluated to determine whether differences in concentration and exposure regime influence the germination and early growth of rice. RESULTS: Continuous exposure to imidacloprid (4 days at 2000 mg AI L(-1)) significantly (P < 0.001) reduced normal germination by an average of 18% across the 15 cultivars examined. Nine days after sowing, plants showed no adverse effects from continuous imidacloprid treatment during germination, with shoot lengths and root system dry weights equalling, or occasionally exceeding (P < 0.05), those of untreated plants. Short-term imidacloprid exposure (2 h at 2000 mg L(-1)) at initial seed wetting did not affect germination (P > 0.05), and short-term (1 h) exposure of 48 h pregerminated seed to imidacloprid (2000 mg L(-1)) similarly had no significant effect on early subsequent growth. Plants arising from 48 h pregerminated seed exposed to imidacloprid (1 h) at concentrations up to 4000 mg L(-1) immediately before sowing were not significantly different from control plants at either 9 or 25 days post-sowing. CONCLUSION: Results show that imidacloprid will have no adverse effects on plant growth if applied to pregerminated rice shortly before sowing. Continuous exposure of seed during germination had more pronounced effects, and the initial response of different cultivars was highly variable. Cultivars with high levels of sensitivity (such as IR72) require further testing before continuous exposure to imidacloprid during germination can be recommended. 相似文献
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BACKGROUND: Psocids are emerging pests in stored products, particularly in amylaceous commodities such as grains. Currently, their control is based on the use of fumigants and contact insecticides; however, newer data indicate that psocids are tolerant to insecticides used to control other stored‐grain species. This study evaluated the insecticides registered in the USA for use on stored maize, rice and wheat for control of the psocid species Lepinotus reticulatus, Liposcelis entomophila, L. bostrychophila and L. paeta. Mortality of exposed adult females was recorded after 7 and 14 days of exposure, while progeny production was assessed after 30 days of exposure. RESULTS: On wheat and rice, chlorpyriphos‐methyl + deltamethrin was generally more effective against exposed parental adults than spinosad or pyrethrin, while pirimiphos‐methyl was more effective on maize than spinosad or pyrethrin. In most cases, progeny production was suppressed in the treated grains. Progeny production was consistently lowest on wheat and rice treated with chlorpyriphos‐methyl + deltamethrin and maize treated with pirimiphos‐methyl. CONCLUSIONS: Chlorpyriphos‐methyl + deltamethrin and pirimiphos‐methyl were the most effective insecticides for all species and commodities. Conversely, efficacy of spinosad or pyrethrum was highly dependent on the psocid species and commodity. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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A series of experiments at 25 (+/-1) degrees C were conducted in which different application rates of diatomaceous earth (DE) formulation Protect-It at two levels of relative humidity, 40 and 55%, and at three exposure periods were evaluated for control of Rhyzopertha dominica (F). Test insects were placed in vials containing 40 g of soft winter wheat mixed with 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50 and 2.00 g DE kg(-1). At all rates except 0.25 g kg(-1), mortality was significantly different from that in the control at the relevant exposure period. After each exposure interval, dead and live insects were counted and removed, and the vial containing wheat was then returned to the appropriate humidity chamber for 8 weeks until F(1) adults emerged. F(1) progeny production was significantly different from the control group at all rates. Mortalities for 1, 2 and 3 weeks exposure were found to be 47 (+/-5)%. Despite the fact that mortality increased with increasing rate, total mortality was not achieved even at the highest rate of DE. F(1) progeny production decreased with increasing rate for both RH conditions, and containment of population for both RH conditions was achieved at 1.00 g DE kg(-1). For each exposure period, F(1) progeny production of R dominica decreased with increasing rate of DE, and population suppression was achieved at 1.00 g DE kg(-1) for all exposure intervals. In summary, Protect-It resulted in reduced F(1) adult progeny and containment of population was achieved at 1.00 g DE kg(-1) at which rate mortality was 77%. 相似文献
20.
实验室条件下系统研究了磷化氢(PH3)对储物害虫嗜卷书虱Liposcelis bostrychophila卵、各龄若虫和成虫的致死作用,并选用PH3间歇熏蒸以及PH3与气调交替处理等措施对嗜卷书虱进行处理,比较了不同处理措施对嗜卷书虱种群的控制效果。结果表明,PH3熏蒸处理对嗜卷书虱各虫态有不同的致死效果。对卵而言,24、72和120 h熏蒸处理的LC50分别为0.137、0.045和0.035 mg/L;而24 h熏蒸处理对若虫的LC50在4.285~7.364 μg/L之间,对成虫的LC50为20.404 μg/L;采用25 μg/L的PH3进行24 h熏蒸处理,间隔10 d后再分别进行第2次和第3次熏蒸处理,可以完全控制嗜卷书虱的发生。采用PH3 (12 μg/L)和气调(体积比例为35% CO2,1% O2,64% N2)交替处理能够延缓嗜卷书虱种群抗性的发展,交替处理3~5次可以完全控制嗜卷书虱的发生。 相似文献