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1.
Bryan C. Pijanowski Almo Farina Stuart H. Gage Sarah L. Dumyahn Bernie L. Krause 《Landscape Ecology》2011,26(9):1213-1232
We summarize the foundational elements of a new area of research we call soundscape ecology. The study of sound in landscapes
is based on an understanding of how sound, from various sources—biological, geophysical and anthropogenic—can be used to understand
coupled natural-human dynamics across different spatial and temporal scales. Useful terms, such as soundscapes, biophony,
geophony and anthrophony, are introduced and defined. The intellectual foundations of soundscape ecology are described—those
of spatial ecology, bioacoustics, urban environmental acoustics and acoustic ecology. We argue that soundscape ecology differs
from the humanities driven focus of acoustic ecology although soundscape ecology will likely need its rich vocabulary and
conservation ethic. An integrative framework is presented that describes how climate, land transformations, biodiversity patterns,
timing of life history events and human activities create the dynamic soundscape. We also summarize what is currently known
about factors that control temporal soundscape dynamics and variability across spatial gradients. Several different phonic
interactions (e.g., how anthrophony affects biophony) are also described. Soundscape ecology tools that will be needed are
also discussed along with the several ways in which soundscapes need to be managed. This summary article helps frame the other
more application-oriented papers that appear in this special issue. 相似文献
2.
This collaborative essay grows out of a debate about the relationship between aesthetics and ecology and the possibility of
an “ecological aesthetic” that affects landscape planning, design, and management. We describe our common understandings and
unresolved questions about this relationship, including the importance of aesthetics in understanding and affecting landscape
change and the ways in which aesthetics and ecology may have either complementary or contradictory implications for a landscape.
To help understand these issues, we first outline a conceptual model of the aesthetics–ecology relationship. We posit that:
1. While human and environmental phenomena occur at widely varying scales, humans engage with environmental phenomena at a
particular scale: that of human experience of our landscape surroundings. That is the human “perceptible realm.”
2. Interactions within this realm give rise to aesthetic experiences, which can lead to changes affecting humans and the landscape,
and thus ecosystems.
3. Context affects aesthetic experience of landscapes. Context includes both effects of different landscape types (wild, agricultural,
cultural, and metropolitan landscapes) and effects of different personal–social situational activities or concerns. We argue
that some contexts elicit aesthetic experiences that have traditionally been called “scenic beauty,” while other contexts
elicit different aesthetic experiences, such as perceived care, attachment, and identity.
Last, we discuss how interventions through landscape planning, design, and management; or through enhanced knowledge might
establish desirable relationships between aesthetics and ecology, and we examine the controversial characteristics of such
ecological aesthetics. While these interventions may help sustain beneficial landscape patterns and practices, they are inherently
normative, and we consider their ethical implications. 相似文献
3.
Michelle M. Steen-Adams David J. Mladenoff Nancy E. Langston Feng Liu Jun Zhu 《Landscape Ecology》2011,26(8):1165-1178
Landscape ecology studies have demonstrated that past modifications of the landscape frequently influence its structure, highlighting
the utility of integrating historical perspectives from the fields of historical ecology and environmental history. Yet questions
remain for historically-informed landscape ecology, especially the relative influence of social factors, compared to biophysical
factors, on long-term land-cover change. Moreover, methods are needed to more effectively link history to ecology, specifically
to illuminate the underlying political, economic, and cultural forces that influence heterogeneous human drivers of land-cover
change. In northern Wisconsin, USA, we assess the magnitude of human historical forces, relative to biophysical factors, on
land-cover change of a landscape dominated by eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) forest before Euro-American settlement. First, we characterize land-cover transitions of pine-dominant sites over three
intervals (1860–1931; 1931–1951; 1951–1987). Transition analysis shows that white pine was replaced by secondary successional
forest communities and agricultural land-covers. Second, we assess the relative influence of a socio-historical variable (“on-/off-Indian
reservation”), soil texture (clay and sand), and elevation on land-cover transition. On the Lake Superior clay plain, models
that combine socio-historical and biophysical variables best explain long-term land-cover change. The socio-historical variable
dominates: the magnitude and rate of land-cover change differs among regions exposed to contrasting human histories. Third,
we developed an integrative environmental history-landscape ecology approach, thereby facilitating linkage of observed land-cover
transitions to broader political, economic, and cultural forces. These results are relevant to other landscape investigations
that integrate history and ecology. 相似文献
4.
We argue that soundscapes possess both ecological and social value and that they should be considered natural resources worthy
of management and conservation. In this paper we bring together diverse bodies of literature that identify the human and ecological
benefits provided by soundscapes. Sense of place, cultural significance, interactions with landscape perceptions, and wildlife
wellbeing are a few of the values ascribed to soundscapes. The values and benefits of soundscapes are motivation to advance
soundscape conservation and management. Given that soundscape conservation is new, we present a summary of conservation principles
that need to be considered in soundscape conservation planning. These include the need to set goals, identify targets, assess
condition, identify and manage threats, and conduct monitoring of the soundscape. We also argue that soundscape conservation
needs to consider the soundscape within the larger mosaic of the landscape that is occupied by humans—a perspective provided
by landscape ecology. We describe several different kinds of soundscapes that need to be conserved, such as natural quiet,
sensitive, threatened, and unique soundscapes, and the ways that conservation planning can protect these for the future. 相似文献
5.
Key issues and research priorities in landscape ecology: An idiosyncratic synthesis 总被引：46，自引：41，他引：46
Landscape ecology has made tremendous progress in recent decades, but as a rapidly developing discipline it is faced with
new problems and challenges. To identify the key issues and research priorities in landscape ecology, a special session entitled
“Top 10 List for Landscape Ecology in the 21st Century” was organized at the 16th Annual Symposium of the US Regional Association
of International Association of Landscape Ecology, held at Arizona State University (Tempe, Arizona, USA) during April 25–29,
2001. A group of leading landscape ecologists were invited to present their views. This paper is intended to be a synthesis,
but not necessarily a consensus, of the special session. We have organized the diverse and wide-ranging perspectives into
six general key issues and 10 priority research topics. The key issues are: (1) interdisciplinarity or transdisciplinarity,
(2) integration between basic research and applications,(3) Conceptual and theoretical development, (4) education and training,
(5)international scholarly communication and collaborations, and (6) outreach and communication with the public and decision
makers. The top 10 research topics are: (1) ecological flows in landscape mosaics, (2) causes, processes, and consequences
of land use and land cover change, (3) nonlinear dynamics and landscape complexity, (4) scaling, (5) methodological development,
(6) relating landscape metrics to ecological processes, (7) integrating humans and their activities into landscape ecology,
(8) optimization of landscape pattern, (9)landscape sustainability, and (10) data acquisition and accuracy assessment. We
emphasize that, although this synthesis was based on the presentations at the“Top 10 List” session, it is not a document that
has been agreed upon by each and every participant. Rather, we believe that it is reflective of the broad-scale vision of
the collective as to where landscape ecology is now and where it may be going in future.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
6.
Clémence Vannier Chloé Vasseur Laurence Hubert-Moy Jacques Baudry 《Landscape Ecology》2011,26(8):1053-1069
In landscape ecology, the importance of map extent and resolution on the value of landscape indices is widely discussed, but
the information content of the map, mostly derived from remote sensing images, is not. In this study, we sought (1) to understand
the influence of changes in maps’ spatial and spectral resolution of agricultural landscape elements, taking hedgerow networks
as a case study, and (2) to explore how predictions of species distribution might be affected by maps’ resolutions, taking
two carabid species as a case study. To do so, we compared maps from different remote sensors, derived two landscape characterization
variables from the maps related to patterns known to drive ecological processes, and analyzed their predictive power on biological
data distribution to assess the information content of these maps. The results show that (1) the use of several methods, including
landscape metrics, was useful to assess map validity; (2) the spatial resolution of satellite images is not the only important
factor; changes in spectral resolution significantly alter maps; (3) the relevant definition of “hedgerow” to construct functional
maps is species and process specific; thus the different maps are not either good or bad, but rather provide complementary
information; (4) the more a species responds to network structure and over small areas, the less the different maps can be
substitutable one to another. 相似文献
7.
The modifiable areal unit problem and implications for landscape ecology 总被引：28，自引：2，他引：26
Landscape ecologists often deal with aggregated data and multiscaled spatial phenomena. Recognizing the sensitivity of the
results of spatial analyses to the definition of units for which data are collected is critical to characterizing landscapes
with minimal bias and avoidance of spurious relationships. We introduce and examine the effect of data aggregation on analysis
of landscape structure as exemplified through what has become known, in the statistical and geographical literature, as theModifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP). The MAUP applies to two separate, but interrelated, problems with spatial data analysis. The first is the “scale
problem”, where the same set of areal data is aggregated into several sets of larger areal units, with each combination leading
to different data values and inferences. The second aspect of the MAUP is the “zoning problem”, where a given set of areal
units is recombined into zones that are of the same size but located differently, again resulting in variation in data values
and, consequently, different conclusions. We conduct a series of spatial autocorrelation analyses based on NDVI (Normalized
Difference Vegetation Index) to demonstrate how the MAUP may affect the results of landscape analysis. We conclude with a
discussion of the broader-scale implications for the MAUP in landscape ecology and suggest approaches for dealing with this
issue. 相似文献
8.
As the world population continues to grow and as global urbanization continues to unfold, our ecosystems and landscapes will
be increasingly domesticated and designed. Developing and maintaining sustainable landscapes have become one of the most challenging
and imperative tasks for scientists and stakeholders of all sorts. To accomplish this task, landscape ecology and landscape
architecture can and must play a critical role. Landscape architects intentionally modify and create landscapes, and their
imprints and influences are pervasive and profound, far beyond the physical limits of the designed landscapes. As an interdisciplinary
and transdisciplinary enterprise that integrates the science and art of studying and influencing the relationship between
spatial pattern and ecological processes, the theory, methods, and applications of landscape ecology are directly relevant
to sustainability. However, neither landscape ecology nor landscape architecture is likely to achieve its expected goal if
they are not truly integrated to produce a sustainable landscape architecture. In this paper, we argue that the ancient Chinese
philosophy of “unity of man with nature” and its associated design principles can provide useful guidelines for this integration
as well as for the development of a sustainable landscape architecture. We discuss several principles and models of Chinese
landscape architecture, including “unity of man with nature” philosophy, “peach blossom spring” ideal, “world-in-a-pot” model,
and Feng–Shui theory, and their implications for developing a sustainable landscape architecture. Although differences in
the philosophical roots and design traditions between Eastern and Western landscape architecture will continue to exist, interactions
and integration between the two will continue to increase under the theme of sustainability. To promote the translation of
scientific knowledge into practice, we urge landscape ecologists to work proactively with landscape architects to integrate
pattern–process–scale and holistic perspectives into the design and planning of landscapes. 相似文献
9.
10.
Determining an appropriate minimum mapping unit in vegetation mapping for ecosystem restoration: a case study from the Everglades,USA 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper documents the analyses that were conducted with regards to investigating an appropriate Minimum Mapping Unit (MMU)
to be used to capture the potential changes in vegetation patterns for a 10,924 square km restoration project being conducted
in south Florida, USA. Spatial landscape and class metrics that were shown to change predictably with increasing grain size
were adopted from previous studies and applied to a multi-scale analysis. Specifically, this study examines the effects of
changing grain size on landscape metrics, utilizing empirical data from a real landscape encompassing 234,913 ha of south
Florida’s Everglades. The objective was to identify critical thresholds within landscape metrics, which can be used to provide
insight in determining an appropriate MMU for vegetation mapping. Results from this study demonstrate that vegetation heterogeneity
will exhibit dissimilar patterns when investigating the loss of information within landscape and class metrics, as grain size
is increased. These results also support previous findings that suggest that landscape metric “scalograms” (the response curves
of landscape metrics to changing grain size), are more likely to be successful for linking landscape pattern to ecological
processes as both pattern and process in ecological systems often operate on multiple scales. This study also incorporates
an economic cost for various grain dependant vegetation mapping scales. A final selection of the 50 × 50 m grain size for
mapping vegetation was based on this study’s investigation of the “scalograms”, the costs, and a composite best professional
judgment of seasoned scientists having extensive experience within these ecosystems. 相似文献
11.
Luis J. Villanueva-Rivera Bryan C. Pijanowski Jarrod Doucette Burak Pekin 《Landscape Ecology》2011,26(9):1233-1246
In this paper we present an introduction to the physical characteristics of sound, basic recording principles as well as several
ways to analyze digital sound files using spectrogram analysis. This paper is designed to be a “primer” which we hope will
encourage landscape ecologists to study soundscapes. This primer uses data from a long-term study that are analyzed using
common software tools. The paper presents these analyses as exercises. Spectrogram analyses are presented here introducing
indices familiar to ecologists (e.g., Shannon’s diversity, evenness, dominance) and GIS experts (patch analysis). A supplemental
online tutorial provides detailed instructions with step by step directions for these exercises. We discuss specific terms
when working with digital sound analysis, comment on the state of the art in acoustic analysis and present recommendations
for future research. 相似文献
12.
Tradable biodiversity credit systems provide flexible means to resolve conflicts between development and conservation land-use
options for habitats occupied by threatened or endangered species. We describe an approach to incorporate the influence of
habitat fragmentation into the conservation value of tradable credits. Habitat fragmentation decreases gene flow, increases
rates of genetic drift and inbreeding, and increases probabilities of patch extinction. Importantly, tradable credit systems
will change the level of fragmentation over time for small and/or declining populations. We apply landscape equivalency analysis
(LEA), a generalizable, landscape-scale accounting system that assigns conservation value to habitat patches based on patch
contributions to abundance and genetic variance at landscape scales. By evaluating habitat trades using two models that vary
the relationship between dispersal behaviors and landscape patterns, we show that LEA provides a novel method for limiting
access to habitat at the landscape-scale, recognizing that the appropriate amount of migration needed to supplement patch
recruitment and to offset drift and inbreeding will vary as landscape pattern changes over time. We also found that decisions
based on probabilities of persistence alone would ignore changes in migration, genetic drift, and patch extinction that result
from habitat trades. The general principle of LEA is that habitat patches traded should make at least equivalent contributions
to rates of recruitment and migration estimated at a landscape scale. Traditional approaches for assessing the “take” and
“jeopardy” standards under the Endangered Species Act based on changes in abundance and probability of persistence may be
inadequate to prevent trades that increase fragmentation. 相似文献
13.
Natural landscapes are increasingly subjected to anthropogenic pressure and fragmentation resulting in reduced ecological condition. In this study we examined the relationship between ecological condition and the soundscape in fragmented forest remnants of south-east Queensland, Australia. The region is noted for its high biodiversity value and increased pressure associated with habitat fragmentation and urbanisation. Ten sites defined by a distinct open eucalypt forest community dominated by spotted gum (Corymbia citriodora ssp. variegata) were stratified based on patch size and patch connectivity. Each site underwent a series of detailed vegetation condition and landscape assessments, together with bird surveys and acoustic analysis using relative soundscape power. Univariate and multivariate analyses indicated that the measurement of relative soundscape power reflects ecological condition and bird species richness, and is dependent on the extent of landscape fragmentation. We conclude that acoustic monitoring technologies provide a cost effective tool for measuring ecological condition, especially in conjunction with established field observations and recordings. 相似文献
14.
Noémie Schaller El Ghali Lazrak Philippe Martin Jean-François Mari Christine Aubry Marc Benoît 《Landscape Ecology》2012,27(3):433-446
Landscape spatial organization (LSO) strongly impacts many environmental issues. Modelling agricultural landscapes and describing
meaningful landscape patterns are thus regarded as key-issues for designing sustainable landscapes. Agricultural landscapes
are mostly designed by farmers. Their decisions dealing with crop choices and crop allocation to land can be generic and result
in landscape regularities, which determine LSO. This paper comes within the emerging discipline called “landscape agronomy”,
aiming at studying the organization of farming practices at the landscape scale. We here aim at articulating the farm and
the landscape scales for landscape modelling. To do so, we develop an original approach consisting in the combination of two
methods used separately so far: the identification of explicit farmer decision rules through on-farm surveys methods and the
identification of landscape stochastic regularities through data-mining. We applied this approach to the Niort plain landscape
in France. Results show that generic farmer decision rules dealing with sunflower or maize area and location within landscapes
are consistent with spatiotemporal regularities identified at the landscape scale. It results in a segmentation of the landscape,
based on both its spatial and temporal organization and partly explained by generic farmer decision rules. This consistency
between results points out that the two modelling methods aid one another for land-use modelling at landscape scale and for
understanding the driving forces of its spatial organization. Despite some remaining challenges, our study in landscape agronomy
accounts for both spatial and temporal dimensions of crop allocation: it allows the drawing of new spatial patterns coherent
with land-use dynamics at the landscape scale, which improves the links to the scale of ecological processes and therefore
contributes to landscape ecology. 相似文献
15.
Aafke M. Schipper Kees Koffijberg Marije van Weperen Guido Atsma Ad M. J. Ragas A. Jan Hendriks Rob S. E. W. Leuven 《Landscape Ecology》2011,26(3):397-410
Understanding the driving forces behind the distribution of threatened species is critical to set priorities for conservation
measures and spatial planning. We examined the distribution of a globally threatened bird, the corncrake (Crex crex), in the lowland floodplains of the Rhine River, which provide an important breeding habitat for the species. We related
corncrake distribution to landscape characteristics (area, shape, texture, diversity) at three spatial scales: distinct floodplain
units (“floodplain scale”), circular zones around individual observations (“home range scale”), and individual patches (“patch
scale”) using logistic regression. Potential intrinsic spatial patterns in the corncrake data were accounted for by including
geographic coordinates and an autocovariate as predictors in the regression analysis. The autocovariate was the most important
predictor of corncrake occurrence, probably reflecting the strong conspecific attraction that is characteristic of the species.
Significant landscape predictors mainly pertained to area characteristics at the patch scale and the home range scale; the
probability of corncrake occurrence increased with potential habitat area, patch area, and nature reserve area. The median
potential habitat patch size associated with corncrake occurrence was 11.3 ha; 90% of the corncrake records were associated
with patches at least 2.2 ha in size. These results indicate that the corncrake is an area-sensitive species, possibly governed
by the males’ tendency to reside near other males while maintaining distinct territories. Our results imply that corncrake
habitat conservation schemes should focus on the preservation of sufficient potential habitat area and that existing management
measures, like delayed mowing, should be implemented in relatively large, preferably contiguous areas. 相似文献
16.
Brigitte Moser Jochen A. G. Jaeger Ulrike Tappeiner Erich Tasser Beatrice Eiselt 《Landscape Ecology》2007,22(3):447-459
Patch-based landscape metrics can be biased by the boundaries and the extent of a reporting unit if the boundaries fragment
patches. We call this the “boundary problem”. The effective mesh size m
eff is a convenient method to quantify landscape fragmentation, that is based on the probability that two points chosen randomly
in a region will be connected, e.g., not be separated by roads, railroads, or urban development. The cutting-out (CUT) procedure,
used in the original computation of m
eff, suffers from the boundary problem because the boundaries of the reporting units are considered to be additional barriers.
Therefore, m
eff will be underestimated, particularly if reporting units are embedded within the broader landscape. In this paper, we present
a solution to overcome this limitation by a new method called “cross-boundary connections” (CBC) procedure. It attributes
the connections between two points that are located in different reporting units to both reporting units. We systematically
compare the CBC procedure to the CUT procedure and show that the boundary problem is intrinsic to the CUT procedure, while
the CBC procedure is independent of the size and administrative boundaries of reporting units. In addition, we elucidate the
superior performance of the new procedure in the case study of South Tyrol where m
eff is being used for sustainability reporting on the level of municipalities. The new CBC procedure eliminates the bias due
to the boundaries and the size of reporting units in measuring landscape fragmentation through m
eff. 相似文献
17.
Landscape ecology as a foundation for sustainable conservation 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
John A. Wiens 《Landscape Ecology》2009,24(8):1053-1065
Landscape ecology and conservation share a common focus on places, but they differ in their perspectives about what is important
about those places, and the integration of landscape ecology into conservation is far from complete. I consider four ways
in which landscape ecology can contribute to conservation. First, protected areas that are established for conservation are
not stand-alone isolates. They exist in the context of broader landscape mosaics, which may encourage or discourage movements
of individuals into and out of an area. Second, the landscape surroundings of a preserve may contain threats to the biodiversity
within the preserve, many of them consequences of human activities. In combination, these relationships with the surroundings
may make the “effective area” of a preserve different from that shown on a map. Third, the scale of an administrative area
or of management action may not coincide with the scales of populations, disturbances, or ecological processes, creating challenges
to both landscape ecology and conservation. Finally, landscapes encompass people and their activities; sustainability of conservation
requires consideration of the tradeoffs between human uses and the biodiversity values of a landscape. I illustrate these
four themes with a case study of the management of prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) in the Great Plains of North America, where the tensions between conservation and human land uses are particularly high.
Ecologists and conservationists consider prairie dogs as keystone species in these grassland ecosystems and primary targets
for conservation, but many private landowners regard them as varmints that consume valuable livestock forage and degrade rangeland
condition. Effective conservation of functioning grasslands must include prairie dogs, and this in turn requires that the
issues be addressed in terms of the biological, social, and cultural features of entire landscapes. Important as they are,
areas protected for conservation cannot by themselves stem the tide of global biodiversity loss. The perspective must be broadened
to include the landscapes where people live and work, recognizing the dynamic nature of landscapes and the factors driving
land-use change. Landscape ecologists must work together to overcome the cultural differences between their disciplines, and
between academic science and conservation practice and management. It can, and must, be done. 相似文献
18.
Landscape analysis and delineation of habitat patches should take into account organism-specific behavioral and perceptual
responses to landscape structure because different organisms perceive and respond to landscape features over different ranges
of spatial scales. The commonly used methods for delineating habitat based on rules of contiguity do not account for organism-specific
responses to landscape patch structure and have undesirable properties, such as being dependent on the scale of base map used
for analysis. This paper presents an improved patch delineation algorithm, “PatchMorph,” which can delineate patches across
a range of spatial scales based on three organism-specific thresholds: (1) land cover density threshold, (2) habitat gap maximum
thickness (gap threshold), and (3) habitat patch minimum thickness (spur threshold). This algorithm was tested on an “idealized”
landscape with landscape gaps and spurs of known size, and delineated patches as expected. It was then applied to delineate
patches from a neutral random fractal landscape, which showed that as the input gap and spur thickness thresholds were increased,
the number of patches decreased from 59 (low thresholds) patches to 1 (high thresholds). The algorithm was then applied to
model western yellow-billed cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus occidentalis) nesting habitat patches based on spur and gap thresholds specific to this organism. Both these analyses showed that fewer
patches were delineated by PatchMorph than by rules of contiguity, and those patches were larger, had smoother edges, and
had fewer gaps within the patches. This algorithm has many applications beyond those presented in this paper, including habitat
suitability analysis, spatially explicit population modeling, and habitat connectivity analysis. 相似文献
19.
We evaluated support for four alternate hypotheses explaining the distribution of breeding Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) in forests at varying distances from the forest edge in three Midwestern USA landscapes with varying amounts of forest fragmentation
(core forest area ranged from 5 to 70%). We focused on breeding cowbirds’ use of forest because of the risk of nest parasitism
to forest-dwelling hosts and to identify factors affecting breeding cowbird habitat selection. We compared distances of cowbird
locations in the forest from the forest edge (“edge distances”) to distances of random forest locations in the entire landscape
or within individual cowbird home ranges. We analyzed 1322 locations of 84 cowbirds across three landscapes. We found support
for the landscape context hypothesis that breeding cowbird preference for forest edge varied with landscape context. Ninety
percent of cowbird locations were within 150–350 m of forest edge, despite the overall availability of forest at greater distances
from edge (as far as 500–1450 m) both within cowbird home ranges and the entire forested landscape. Cowbird preference for
edge varied by landscape context largely due to differences in the availability of forest edge. In a highly fragmented forest
cowbirds utilized the entire forest and likely viewed it as “all edge.” In less fragmented forests, cowbirds preferred edge.
We consider how variation in cowbird edge preference might relate to patterns in host abundance, host diversity, and host
quality because cowbird movements indicate they are capable of using forest farther from edges. 相似文献
20.
Jess K. Zimmerman Liza S. Comita Jill Thompson María Uriarte Nicholas Brokaw 《Landscape Ecology》2010,25(7):1099-1111
Where large disturbances do not cause landscape-wide mortality and successional change, forested ecosystems should exhibit
landscape metastability (landscape equilibrium) at a scale equal to the dominant patch size of disturbance and recovery within
the landscape. We investigated this in a 16-ha contiguous plot of subtropical wet forest in Puerto Rico, the Luquillo Forest
Dynamics Plot (LFDP), which experienced two major hurricanes during the 15-year study and has a land use history (logging
and agriculture 40 or more years hence) that differs in intensity between two areas of the plot. Using he LFDP as our “landscape,”
we studied the spatial pattern of community change through time (3–5 year intervals) by calculating community dissimilarity
between tree censuses for two size classes of trees (1 to <10 cm DBH and ≥10 cm DBH) in quadrats ranging in size from 0.010–1 ha
and for the entire landscape, i.e., plot or land use type. The point at which the decline in community dissimilarity with
quadrat size showed maximum curvature identified the dominant patch size (i.e., point of metastability). For canopy trees
≥10 cm dbh, there was no evidence that the community experienced landscape-wide successional changes in either land use type,
and we found a consistent patch size of community change around 0.1 ha (range 0.091–0.107). For the understory tree and shrub
community (1 to <10 cm dbh) there was some evidence of landscape-wide community changes over time in response to hurricane
damage, apparently driven by interactions with the dominant canopy species, whose composition varied with land use intensity,
and their species-specific susceptibility to hurricane damage. 相似文献