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1.
OBJECTIVE: To develop an instrument that could be sandwiched between the hoof and shoe of horses and that would reliably measure vertical ground reaction forces and three-dimensional acceleration at the walk, trot, and canter. ANIMALS: 5 clinically sound Thoroughbreds. PROCEDURES: The recording instrument (weight, 350 g) consisted of 2 metal plates, 2 bolts, 4 load cells, and 3 accelerometers. It was mounted to the hoof with a glue-on shoe and devised to support as much load exerted by a limb as possible. The load cells and accelerometers were wired to a 16-channel transmitter, and transmitted signals were received and amplified with a telemetry receiver. RESULTS: The recording instrument could measure in real time the 4 components of the ground reaction force or their resultant force along with acceleration in 3 dimensions as horses walked, trotted, or cantered on a treadmill. Patterns of force-time curves recorded for consecutive strides were similar to each other and to those previously reported, using a force plate. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The recording instrument developed for use in the present study allowed us to record vertical ground reaction force and acceleration in 3 dimensions in horses at the walk, trot, and canter.  相似文献   

2.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of force plate gait analysis at the walk and trot in dogs with low-grade hindlimb lameness. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Nineteen healthy dogs and 41 dogs with low-grade unilateral hindlimb lameness due to stifle or hip joint problems were walked and trotted over a force plate. Peak vertical forces (PVF) were recorded, and a symmetry index (SI) was calculated from the PVF of the hindlimbs. 'Cut-off' values were determined from the SI of the normal dogs. These cut-off values were used to discriminate lame dogs from normal ones. Sensitivity and specificity were evaluated for measurements at walk and trot, and the Cohen's Kappa coefficient (k) was used to determine the agreement between clinical lameness and force plate measurements, and between force plate results at walk and trot. Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve were plotted for both gaits to evaluate accuracy. RESULTS: The sensitivity of the measurements at walk was 0.63, and specifity was 0.95. The sensitivity of the measurements at trot was 0.90, and specificity was 1.0. Moderate agreement was found between force plate measurements at walk and trot, and between clinical gait assessment and force plate measurements at walk. Good agreement was found between clinical gait assessment and measurements at trot. ROC analyses revealed the trot (94.7% [91.7%; 97.7%]) to be the more accurate test than the walk (85.0% [80.1%; 89.9%]). CONCLUSION: The trotting gait was more sensitive and accurate than the walking gait for the differentiation of dogs with a low-grade hindlimb lameness from normal ones using force plate gait analysis.  相似文献   

3.
Orthopaedic shoeing applied for disorders such as navicular disease is mostly evaluated on hard track surfaces, but very often horses are ridden only on soft tracks. To compare the effects of normal shoes, eggbar shoes, and shoes with heel wedges (5 degrees) on the kinematics of the distal forelimb on hard and soft track surfaces, eleven sound Dutch Warmblood horses were led across three different tracks (an asphalt, a fibre/sand mix (= Agterberg), and a pure sand track) with three different shoe types (a normal shoe, an eggbar shoe, and a shoe with heel wedges). The hoof rotation and the maximal extension of the fetlock joint at midstance period were recorded by an infrared-light based gait analysis system (ProReflex) at walk and at trot. Statistical analysis revealed significant effects of track and shoe type, and a shoe-track interaction (p<0.05). On soft track surfaces, the equilibrium of the distal forelimb dictated a 1.5-4 degrees forward rotation of the normal or eggbar shod foot, the most on a sand track. The wedge effect on hoof rotation, however, was always significantly greater, but similar to that on the hard track surface (5 degrees forward rotation). The maximal fetlock extension was less on a soft surface, in particular on the sand track (p<0.05). This decrease was most pronounced when the horses were shod with heel wedges and was least pronounced with normal shoes. In conclusion, in particular the sand track allows a forward rotation of the hoof and thus relief of pressure in the navicular area, and a decrease in maximal fetlock extension and thus unloading of the fetlock joint. The extra forward rotation of the hoof induced by heel wedges on hard tracks was almost the same on soft track surfaces. Eggbars and fibre/sand mix tracks have intermediate effects on unloading of the distal forelimb.  相似文献   

4.
OBJECTIVE: To develop an objective, accurate method for quantifying forelimb ground reaction forces in horses by adapting a human in-shoe pressure measurement system and determine the reliability of the system for shod and unshod horses. ANIMALS: 6 adult Thoroughbreds. PROCEDURE: Horses were instrumented with a human in-shoe pressure measurement system and evaluated at a trot (3 m/s) on a motorized treadmill. Maximum force, stance time, and peak contact area were evaluated for shod and unshod horses. Three trials were performed for shod and unshod horses, and differences in the measured values were examined with a mixed model ANOVA for repeated measures. Sensor accuracy was evaluated by correlating measured variables to clinically observed lameness and by a variance component analysis. RESULTS: 4 of 6 horses were determined to be lame in a forelimb on the basis of clinical examination and measured values from the system. No significant differences were observed between shod and unshod horses for maximum force and stance time. A significant decrease in peak contact area was observed for shod and unshod horses at each successive trial. Maximum force measurements provided the highest correlation for detecting lameness (r = 0.91, shod horses; r = 1.0, unshod horses). A variance component analysis revealed that 3 trials provided a variance of 35.35 kg for maximum force (+/- 5.78% accuracy), 0.007 seconds for stance time (+/- 2.5% accuracy), and 8.58 cm2 for peak contact area (+/- 11.95% accuracy). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The in-shoe pressure measurement system provides an accurate, objective, and effective method to evaluate lameness in horses.  相似文献   

5.
OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a novel instrumented treadmill capable of determining vertical ground reaction forces of all 4 limbs simultaneously in horses. SAMPLE POPULATION: Data obtained while a horse was walking and trotting on the treadmill. PROCEDURE: 18 piezo-electric force transducers were mounted between the treadmill frame and supporting steel platform to measure the actual forces at the corresponding bearing points. Each of the 18 sensor forces is equal to the sum of the unknown hoof forces weighted with the transfer coefficients of the corresponding force application points. The 4 force traces were calculated, solving at each time point the resulting equation system, using the Gaussian least-squares method. System validation comprised the following tests: determination of the survey accuracy of the positioning system, determination of the natural frequencies of the system, linearity test of the force transfer to the individual sensors, determination of superimposed forces with the treadmill-integrated force measuring system (TiF) in a static configuration, and comparison of vertical ground reaction forces determined simultaneously by use of TiF and force shoes mounted on the forelimbs of a horse. RESULTS: Comparison between static test loads and TiF-calculated forces revealed deviations of < 1.4%. Force traces of TiF-calculated values and those recorded by use of the force shoes were highly correlated (r > or = 0.998). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This instrumented treadmill allows a reliable assessment of load distribution and interlimb coordination in a short period and, therefore, is suitable for use in experimental and clinical investigations.  相似文献   

6.
Blood pressures from the catheterized lateral digital vein of the fore-limbs of 6 clinically normal horses were measured at rest, at the walk, and at the trot. Digital venous pressures were compared with the phases of the stride and weight-bearing forces, using electrogoniometry and a force platform. Rapid increases in digital venous pressures to maximal values were observed immediately before maximal forces during the support period of the stride. At the trot, increases in peak vertical forces were paralleled by increases in peak digital venous pressures. Seemingly, the hydrodynamics of the digital circulatory system help to dissipate the initial impact of hoof strike at the walk and the trot.  相似文献   

7.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the vertical force curve of a pressure plate (PP) using dynamic calibration with a force plate (FP) in six sound Warmblood horses. The animals were walked and trotted over a combined PP-FP system sampling at 250Hz. Five valid measurements of each forelimb were collected. The recalibration factor (RF), the ratio between the calibrated and raw PP data, was evaluated in each timeframe throughout the stance phase. Following dynamic calibration, the vertical force curve of the PP demonstrated a characteristic biphasic pattern at the walk and typical spikes at the beginning and end of stance at the trot. Both at walk and trot, the RF was considerably higher and more variable in the first 5% of stance (i.e. the impact phase) and during the final 20% of stance (i.e. the breakover phase), whereas between these phases (i.e. in the support phase), the RF was lower and remained relatively constant. These findings were confirmed by plotting the RF as a function of the vertical force and the RF in the loading part of the vertical force curve was lower than in the unloading part of the curve. Without dynamic calibration with a FP, the accuracy of the PP appears suboptimal, especially at the impact and breakover phases. However, the accuracy of the PP was relatively high and constant during the support phase, and higher loading was not associated with increasing deviation. It is therefore essential to optimise PP calibration, as this may downsize systematic measuring errors. However, in a clinical setting, where a stand-alone PP is used to objectively quantify locomotor symmetry, these errors can be readily eliminated by evaluating left:right symmetry ratios.  相似文献   

8.
The objective of this study was to use a pressure plate to quantify the toe-heel load redistribution in the forelimbs of sound warmblood horses with normal shoes and shoes with a wide toe and narrow branches, used empirically in the treatment of superficial digital flexor tendon or suspensory ligament injuries. In a crossover-design study, six horses, randomly shod with normal shoes and shoes with a wide toe, were led over a dynamically calibrated pressure plate to record data from both forelimbs. There were no significant differences between both shoes in the toe-heel index of stance time, peak vertical force and vertical impulse. For the adapted shoe, the peak vertical pressure was slightly lower and was exerted slightly earlier in the stance phase, albeit not significantly. However, the significantly larger toe contact area of the adapted shoe resulted in a significantly lower total vertical pressure in the toe region. Hence, the pressure plate adequately visualised the individual loading of the toe and heel region, and clearly demonstrated the altered pressure distribution underneath the shoe with a wide toe. Although further research on a deformable surface is needed to confirm this hypothesis, the pressure redistribution from the toe to the heels could promote sinking of the heels in arena footing, thereby mimicking the biomechanical effects of a toe wedge and providing a rationale for its application in the treatment of SDFT or SL injuries. The pressure measuring equipment used in this study can offer to the clinician a diagnostic tool for the evaluation of the load distribution underneath the equine hoof and for the fine-tuning of corrective shoeing.  相似文献   

9.
A modified Cloward's technique was performed for arthrodesis of one metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint in eight horses. Dorsal arthrotomies were performed medial and lateral to the common digital extensor tendon and two 16 mm holes were drilled through the joint. A perforated cylindrical stainless steel basket filled with cancellous bone was impacted into each hole. The limbs were supported in casts for 8 weeks. The joints were examined and radiographed at 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 6 months, and 10 months. One horse was euthanatized at week 14 to assess the progress of the arthrodesis. In the other seven horses, there was clinical fusion at month 6. Dynamographic evaluations were performed 11 months after surgery at the walk and trot. The maximum vertical forces exerted during weight bearing by treated and control limbs were compared. No difference was detected at the walk; however, a significant difference was present at the trot (p less than 0.05). It was calculated that at the trot the horses placed 90% as much force on the treated limb as on the control limb. Eleven months after surgery, the baskets contained compact and cancellous bone. Ingrowth of bone occurred through all openings, completely filling the baskets and fusing the joints.  相似文献   

10.
AIM: To quantify the effect of plain, wedged and eggbar shoes on the distribution of pressure under the hoof of horses at the walk, at selected areas of interest (AOI), to find scientific evidence for the perceived efficacy of these shoes in the treatment of palmar heel pain. METHODS: Six clinically sound adult Warmblood mares weighing 551 (SD 25) kg were shod (forelegs) with either plain, eggbar or 6 degrees-wedge shoes using a latin-square experimental design. All horses were shod by the same farrier, and each balanced and aligned for its individual conformation. Data were collected on three walking strides for each foreleg using a 550 x 405-mm pressure plate to quantify the distribution of pressure under each type of shoe at five AOI. RESULTS: Landing of the hoof with all three shoes was predominantly from lateral to medial (range 7-15 msec). Irrespective of the type of shoe, the greatest pressure was found in the lateral and medial toe (lateral 39.7 (SE 0.6) N/cm2 and medial 35.0 (SE 0.5) N/cm2) and the point of the toe (33.3 (SE 0.5) N/cm2). The lowest peak pressure was in the heel (lateral 25.9 (SE 0.5) N/cm2 and medial 21.1 (SE 0.4) N/cm2; p<0.05). Eggbar and wedge shoes increased total stance time (938 (SE 8) msec and 952 (SE 6) msec, respectively) compared with plain shoes (898 (SE 14) msec) (p<0.05). The wedge shoe reduced breakover compared with the plain and eggbar shoes (13.8% vs 15.8% and 14.5%, respectively; p<0.05). The eggbar shoe had lower total shoe peak pressure (29.5 (SE 0.7) N/cm2) than plain (31.8 (SE 0.5) N/cm2) and wedge (30.9 (SE 0.6) N/cm2) shoes. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Both the eggbar and 6 degrees-wedge shoe offer advantages for palmar heel pain. In comparison to the plain shoe, the eggbar shoe had less peak pressure at the heel AOI, and across the entire shoe, due to the greater bearing surface and the effect of the longer heel. The 6 degrees-wedge shoe had greater loading on the lateral heel AOI, but promoted earlier breakover at the toe. Both shoes offer advantages for the horse with palmar heel pain, though choice of shoe will depend on clear identification of the causative factors, to provide therapeutic shoeing that maximises the individual horse's response.  相似文献   

11.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Collapsed heels conformation has been implicated as causing radical biomechanical alterations, predisposing horses to navicular disease. However, the correlation between hoof conformation and the forces exerted on the navicular bone has not been documented. HYPOTHESIS: The angle of the distal phalanx in relation to the ground is correlated to the degree of heel collapse and foot conformation is correlated to the compressive force exerted by the deep digital flexor tendon on the navicular bone. METHODS: Thirty-one shod Irish Draught-cross type horses in routine work and farriery care were trotted over a forceplate, with 3-dimensional (3D) motion analysis system. A lateromedial radiograph of the right fore foot was obtained for each horse, and various measurements taken. Correlation coefficients were determined between hoof conformation measurements and between each of these and the force parameters at the beginning (15%) of stance phase, the middle of stance (50%) and at the beginning of breakover (86% of stance phase). Significance was defined as P<0.05. RESULTS: The force exerted on the navicular bone was negatively correlated (P<0.05) to the angle of the distal phalanx to the ground and to the ratio between heel and toe height. This was attributed to a smaller extending moment at the distal interphalangeal joint. There was not a significant correlation between the angle of the distal phalanx and the degree of heel collapse, and heel collapse was not significantly correlated to any of the force parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Hoof conformation has a marked correlation to the forces applied to the equine foot. Heel collapse, as defined by the change in heel angle in relation to toe angle, appears to be an inaccurate parameter. The forces applied on the foot are well correlated to the changes in the ratio of heel to toe heights and the angles of the distal phalanx. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Assessment of hoof conformation should be judged based on these parameters, as they may have clinical significance, whereas parallelism of the heel and toe is of less importance.  相似文献   

12.
OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the effectiveness of evaluating ground reaction forces (GRFs) at velocities during walking and trotting in dogs with naturally occurring lameness and determine whether walking would provide sufficient motion to adequately characterize GRFs with respect to trotting. ANIMALS: 29 dogs with a naturally occurring tear of the cranial cruciate ligament. PROCEDURE: Dogs were walked and trotted over a force platform, and GRFs were recorded during the stance phase. Correlation was used to assess the agreement between walking and trotting for GRF The coefficient of variation was calculated to assess the relative variation of outcome variables among the gaits. Group means for walking GRF were compared between dogs that trotted and that failed to trot. RESULTS: GRFs during walking and trotting were highly correlated. The coefficient of variation was smaller for GRFs during walking than during trotting. Dogs that failed to trot had significantly smaller mean values of peak vertical force and vertical impulse during walking, compared with values for dogs that were able to trot. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Either velocity is acceptable for GRF evaluation in dogs. Mean GRF during walking was significantly different between dogs that could and could not trot, principally because dogs with the most severe lameness failed to trot. These dogs would be eliminated from a clinical study, and thus, that study would become biased toward dogs that were less lame. In that situation, differences between interventions may be less pronounced, because they would be evaluated on dogs with less lameness.  相似文献   

13.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Knowledge of load effects is crucial for the understanding of the aetiology and pathogenesis of equine back problems. OBJECTIVE: To investigate different load scenarios of the equine back, such as being ridden or increased muscle tone, using biomechanical simulations. METHODS: Kinetic and kinematic data of 15 sound horses and the electromyelograph of their long back muscles were recorded. A biomechanical simulation model was used for simulations under different biomechanical scenarios (ridden/unridden, localised increased stiffness) using ADAMS. RESULTS: The vertical forces acting through a rider were: walk 3.83 N/kg, trot 5.18 N/kg and gallop 5.60 N/kg. No significant changes in transversal forces were found between ridden and unridden horses. Profound changes were seen in the torques at the segment following a region of increased stiffness: in walk, lateral peak torques increased from 342 to 1723 Nm, and in trot from 393 to 1004 Nm, and dorsoventral from 386 to 3705 Nm (walk) and 458 to 4340 Nm (trot). CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: The simulation shows that the stress of a rider is lower than that of pathological processes such as partial increased stiffness of the back. Study of revised models with improved anatomical realism might help to raise the plausibility of model results.  相似文献   

14.
Lameness is a highly prevalent condition in horses and is the principal cause of removal from athletic activity in this species. In evidence-based veterinary medicine studies to evaluate non-setoidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) therapies, force plates are commonly used to objectively assess improvement of lameness. The objective of this study was to determine whether breed differences would influence force plate measurements in sound and lame riding horses. Force plate measurements of lame (n = 20) and sound (n = 18) Warmblood and lame (n = 15) and sound (n = 8) Quarter Horses were compared. Lameness was visually scored using the grade 0–5 American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP) lameness scale. Trotting sound Warmbloods loaded their frontlimbs with 118% body weight (BW) and their hindlimbs with 96% BW, whereas Quarter Horses only used 101% BW in the front and 92% BW in the hindlimbs (P < .05). Furthermore, it appeared and was estimated that, at trot, front-limb-lame Warmblood horses showed higher peak vertical force (PVF) values (grade 2: 89% BW; grade 3: 69% BW), than front-limb-lame Quarter Horses with similar lameness scores (grade 2: 78% BW; grade 3: 66% BW). In conclusion, peak vertical forces (PVF expressed in % BW) of either lame or sound horses seem to be influenced by breed differences between Warmblood and Quarter Horse riding horses. Possible conformation and gait differences enabled trotting Quarter Horses to demonstrate lower absolute PVF values than Warmbloods, whereas trotting lame Warmbloods showed a relatively larger decrease in frontlimb loading and thus in PVF than lame Quarter Horses at a trot. Thus, in studies in which objective lameness observations are recorded, breed differences should be taken into account when specific grades of lameness of a group of horses are to be objectively compared with another group.  相似文献   

15.
Custom-designed Hall-effect strain sensors (HES) were implanted surgically onto the superficial digital flexor tendons of the forelimbs of 4 adult Thoroughbreds. Strains were recorded at various gaits, using a portable amplifer and FM cassette recorder. Strain calculations used the original length (L) as the HES position with the forelimb in the relaxed neutral position during anesthesia. A characteristic deflection in the strain cycle recording was confirmed to correspond to initial hoof contact with the ground (heel strike) by simultaneous recording of weight bearing via a footswitch. Heel strike was used as the reference point to determine the magnitude of strain change during weight bearing and nonweight bearing under various conditions. The weight-bearing strains (heel strike to maximal strain) recorded in 2 horses (with a rider) were 3.1% and 7.6% at the walk, 6.5% and 10.1% at the trot, and 11.5% and 16.6% at the gallop. Strain rate during tendon loading at the gallop was approximately 200%/s. The magnitude of strain change during nonweight bearing (minimal strain to heel strike) was smaller than during weight bearing, but also increased with faster gaits. In 3 horses led at the walk and trot, modest increases in hoof angle (baseline 52 degrees) resulted in small increases in the magnitude of strain change during weight bearing at the trot, but the magnitude of strain change at the walk was not affected. Results of the study indicated that the HES can be successfully adapted to provide continuous strain measurement without subjective signs of discomfort or lameness in horses during or after instrumentation.  相似文献   

16.
Every equine hoof has a certain amount of distortion. This presents in various forms: flares, dished toes, under-run heels, and cracks. Several farrier texts anecdotally suggest a correlation between hoof capsule distortion and lameness. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of the Sigafoos Series I glue-on shoe on hoof capsule distortion, and specifically, the effect on dorsal wall deviation. Measurements of the hoof were made using the Metron hoof evaluating system by Eponatech. Comparisons were made of the following values: dorsal length, hoof angle, dorsal wall deviation, hairline angle, hairline deviation, heel/toe height, heel height, heel angle, and support length. The study group consisted of front feet of horses shod exclusively in the Sigafoos glue-on shoe for a period of 1 year, and the control group consisted of 133 front feet from horses using nailed on shoes for a similar period and with a musculoskeletal complaint. The results indicate a 48% reduction in dorsal wall deviation for the study group. This finding supports the use of this glue-on shoe as beneficial with the goal to reduce capsular distortion of the dorsal wall.  相似文献   

17.
The objective of this study was to establish representative treadmill ground reaction force (GRF) and interlimb co-ordination time data of clinically sound horses at the trot. It was anticipated that these normative standards would provide a reference data base against which lame horses could be compared. GRF-time histories were collected from 30 Warmblood riding horses with easy, wide natural gaits. Data were recorded of all four limbs simultaneously by the use of an instrumented treadmill. A total of 912 stride cycles per limb were analysed for force, time and spatial parameters and were averaged. The shape and amplitude of the treadmill force curves were very similar to force traces recorded with a stationary force plate. The horses showed a high degree of symmetry in all investigated parameters (95% reference interval of left-right asymmetry +/-1.8-6.8%). No significant differences were found between left and right mean values. Intra-individual coefficients of variance of the various parameters did not exceed 2.7%. Inter-individual coefficients of variance were 2.5-3.5 times larger than the respective intra-individual coefficients. An instrumented treadmill provides a number of decisive advantages, such as time-efficient data acquisition of all four feet simultaneously over successive strides, or the high regularity of the horse's gait pattern at controlled velocities, which allow the clinical assessment of locomotor performance of horses.  相似文献   

18.
OBJECTIVE: To measure the effect of subject velocity on hind limb ground reaction force variables at the walk and to use the data to predict the force variables at different walking velocities in horses. ANIMALS: 5 clinically normal horses. PROCEDURE: Kinematic and force data were collected simultaneously. Each horse was led over a force plate at a range of walking velocities. Stance duration and force data were recorded for the right hind limb. To avoid the effect of horse size on the outcome variables, the 8 force variables were standardized to body mass and height at the shoulders. Velocity was standardized to height at the shoulders and expressed as velocity in dimensionless units (VDU). Stance duration was also expressed in dimensionless units (SDU). Simple regression analysis was performed, using stance duration and force variables as dependent variables and VDU as the independent variable. RESULTS: Fifty-six trials were recorded with velocities ranging from 0.24 to 0.45 VDU (0.90 to 1.72 m/s). Simple regression models between measured variables and VDU were significant (R2 > 0.69) for SDU, first peak of vertical force, dip between the 2 vertical force peaks, vertical impulse, and timing of second peak of vertical force. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Subject velocity affects vertical force components only. In the future, differences between the forces measured in lame horses and the expected forces calculated for the same velocity will be studied to determine whether the equations can be used as diagnostic criteria.  相似文献   

19.
OBJECTIVE: To calculate forces in the flexor tendons and the influence of heel wedges in affected and contralateral (compensating) forelimbs of horses with experimentally induced unilateral tendinitis of the superficial digital flexor (SDF) tendon. ANIMALS: 5 Warmblood horses. Procedure-Ground reaction force and kinematic data were obtained during a previous study while horses were trotting before and after induction of tendinitis in 1 forelimb SDF and after application of 6 degrees heel wedges to both forehooves. Forces in the SDF, deep digital flexor (DDF), and the suspensory ligament (SL) and strain in the accessory ligament (AL) of the DDF were calculated, using an in vitro model of the distal region of the forelimb. RESULTS: After induction of tendinitis, trotting speed slowed, and forces decreased in most tendons. In the affected limb, SL force decreased more than SDF and DDF forces. In the compensating limb, SDF force increased, and the other forces decreased. After application of heel wedges, SDF force in both limbs increased but not significantly. Furthermore, there was a decrease in DDF force and AL strain. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The increase in SDF force in the compensating forelimb of horses with unilateral SDF tendinitis may explain the high secondary injury rate in this tendon. The lack of decrease of SDF force in either limb after application of heel wedges suggests that heel wedges are not beneficial in horses with SDF tendinitis. Instead, heel wedges may exacerbate the existing lesion.  相似文献   

20.
The shoe types most commonly applied to horses with navicular disease or other forms of palmar heel pain are shoes with heel wedges and eggbar shoes, although their efficacy has been a matter of debate among veterinarians and farriers for centuries. To quantify the effect of these different types of “navicular” shoeing on static hoof pressure distribution, 6 warmblood horses were shod with 6° wedge, eggbar, and plain shoes. While standing square with weight evenly distributed across both forelimbs, the center of pressure and pressures at selected areas of interest (AOI: toe, medial and lateral toe, medial and lateral heel) were measured using a Footscan (RsScan International, Belgium) pressure plate in a Latin square design using the plain shoe as a reference.Wedge shoes did not provide a significant shift in the center of pressure. The application of eggbar shoes did not alter the relative position of the center of pressure under the hoof. However, the absolute distance from the toe to the center of pressure was significantly larger with eggbar shoes (77 + 12 mm) compared with plain and wedged shoes (70 ± 8 mm, P < .05) resulting in an absolute, caudal shift of the center of pressure. When pressure (N/cm2) values at the five AOIs were averaged for each shoe type, the wedge and eggbar shoe recordings showed a significantly lower mean pressure than plain shoes (P < .05).In conclusion, mean AOI pressures decreased with wedge and eggbar shoes, and eggbar shoes provided a caudal shift in the center of pressure. These effects are believed to decrease the moment of the coffin joint and reduce the pressure on the navicular bone. Thus, the findings of this study might contribute to the scientific evidence of efficacy of the use of wedge and eggbar shoes in “navicular” lame horses.  相似文献   

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