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1.
Pigs are an attractive animal model to study the progression of cancer because of their anatomical and physiological similarities to human. However, the use of pig models for cancer research has been limited by availability of genetically engineered pigs which can recapitulate human cancer progression. Utilizing genome editing technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9 system allows us to generate genetically engineered pigs at a higher efficiency. In this study, specific CRISPR/Cas9 systems were used to target RUNX3, a known tumour suppressor gene, to generate a pig model that can induce gastric cancer in human. First, RUNX3 knockout cell lines carrying genetic modification (monoallelic or biallelic) of RUNX3 were generated by introducing engineered CRISPR/Cas9 system specific to RUNX3 into foetal fibroblast cells. Then, the genetically modified foetal fibroblast cells were used as donor cells for somatic cell nuclear transfer, followed by embryo transfer. We successfully obtained four live RUNX3 knockout piglets from two surrogates. The piglets showed the lack of RUNX3 protein in their internal organ system. Our results demonstrate that the CRISPR/Cas9 system is effective in inducing mutations on a specific locus of genome and the RUNX3 knockout pigs can be useful resources for human cancer research and to develop novel cancer therapies.  相似文献   

2.
The CRISPR/Cas9 system has enabled the editing of mammalian genomes; however, its applicability and efficiency in the pig genome has not been studied in depth. The α‐gal epitope synthesized by α‐1,3‐galactosyltransferase gene (GGTA1) is known as a xenoantigen obtained upon pig‐to‐human xenotransplantation. We here employed the CRISPR/Cas9 system‐mediated knock‐in of endogenous GGTA1 via targeted homologous recombination (HR). Linearized donors with ~800‐bp homology flanking the CRISPR/Cas9 target site [exon 4 (containing ATG) of GGTA1] served as a template for gene targeting by HR. Using a targeted toxin strategy to select clones lacking α‐gal epitope expression, we successfully obtained several knock‐in clones within 3 weeks of initial transfection. These results suggest that the use of CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated HR to knock‐in a mutated fragment at defined loci represents an efficient strategy to achieve the rapid modulation of genes of interest in swine cells and is a promising tool for the creation of KO piglets.  相似文献   

3.
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing technology is a simple and highly efficient and specific genome modification approach with wide applications in the animal industry. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing combined with somatic cell nuclear transfer rapidly constructs gene-edited somatic cell-cloned pigs for the genetic improvement of traits or simulation of human diseases. Chinese Bama pigs are an excellent indigenous minipig breed from Bama County of China. Research on genome editing of Chinese Bama pigs is of great significance in protecting its genetic resource, improving genetic traits and in creating disease models. This study aimed to address the disadvantages of slow growth and low percentage of lean meat in Chinese Bama pigs and to knock out the myostatin gene (MSTN) by genome editing to promote growth and increase lean meat production. We first used CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing to conduct biallelic knockout of the MSTN, followed by somatic cell nuclear transfer to successfully generate MSTN biallelic knockout Chinese Bama pigs, which was confirmed to have significantly faster growth rate and showed myofibre hyperplasia when they reached sexual maturity. This study lays the foundation for the rapid improvement of production traits of Chinese Bama pigs and the generation of gene-edited disease models in this breed.  相似文献   

4.
Immunotherapeutic strategies have shown promise for the treatment of canine osteosarcoma (cOSA). Very little is known about the immune microenvironment within cOSA, however, limiting our ability to identify potential immune targets and biomarkers of therapeutic response. We therefore prospectively assessed the disease‐free interval (DFI) and overall survival time (ST) of 30 dogs with cOSA treated with amputation and six doses of adjuvant carboplatin. We then quantified lymphocytic (CD3+, FOXP3+) and macrophage (CD204+) infiltrates within the primary tumours of this cohort using immunohistochemistry, and evaluated their association with outcome. Overall, the median DFI and ST were 392 and 455 days, respectively. The median number of CD3+ and FOXP3+ infiltrates were 45.8 cells/mm2 (4.6‐607.6 cells/mm2) and 8.5 mm2 (0‐163.1 cells/mm2), respectively. The median area of CD204+ macrophages was 4.7% (1.3%‐23.3%), and dogs with tumours containing greater than 4.7% CD204+ macrophages experienced a significantly longer DFI (P = 0.016). Interestingly, a significantly lower percentage of CD204+ macrophages was detected in cOSA arising from the proximal humerus compared to other appendicular bone locations (P = 0.016). Lymphocytic infiltrates did not appear to correlate with outcome in cOSA. Overall, our findings suggest that macrophages may play a role in inhibiting cOSA progression, as has been suggested in human osteosarcoma.  相似文献   

5.
This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of KRAS gene editing via CRISPR/Cas9 delivery by electroporation and analyzed the effects of the non-homologous end-joining pathway inhibitor Scr7 and single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide (ssODN) homology arm length on introducing a point mutation in KRAS. Various concentrations (0–2 µM) of Scr7 were evaluated; all concentrations of Scr7 including 0 µM resulted in the generation of blastocysts with a point mutation and the wild-type sequence or indels. No significant differences in the blastocyst formation rates of electroporated zygotes were observed among ssODN homology arm lengths, irrespective of the gRNA (gRNA1 and gRNA2). The proportion of blastocysts carrying a point mutation with or without the wild-type sequence and indels was significantly higher in the ssODN20 group (i.e., the group with a ssODN homology arm of 20 bp) than in the ssODN60 group (gRNA1: 25.7% vs. 5.4% and gRNA2: 45.5% vs. 5.9%, p < .05). In conclusion, the CRISPR/Cas9 delivery with ssODN via electroporation is feasible for the generation of point mutations in porcine embryos. Further studies are required to improve the efficiency and accuracy of the homology-directed repair.  相似文献   

6.
Recently, we established the GEEP (“gene editing by electroporation of Cas9 protein”) method, in which the CRISPR/Cas9 system, consisting of a Cas9 protein and single guide RNA (sgRNA), is introduced into pig zygotes by electroporation and thus induces highly efficient targeted gene disruption. In this study, we examined the effects of sgRNA on the blastocyst formation of porcine embryos and evaluated their genome‐editing efficiency. To produce an animal model for diabetes, we targeted PDX‐1 (pancreas duodenum homeobox 1), a gene that is crucial for pancreas development during the fetal period and whose monoallelic disruption impairs insulin secretion. First, Cas9 protein with different sgRNAs that targeted distinct sites in the PDX‐1 exon 1 was introduced into in vitro‐fertilized zygotes by the GEEP method. Of the six sgRNAs tested, three sgRNAs (sgRNA1, 2, and 3) successfully modified PDX‐1 gene. The blastocyst formation rate of zygotes edited with sgRNA3 was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that of control zygotes without the electroporation treatment. Our study indicates that the GEEP method can be successfully used to generate PDX‐1 mutant blastocysts, but the development and the efficiency of editing the genome of zygotes may be affected by the sgRNA used for CRISPR/Cas9 system.  相似文献   

7.
Our lack of understanding of the immune microenvironment in canine osteosarcoma (cOSA) has limited the identification of potential immunotherapeutic targets. In particular, our ability to utilize readily available tissue from a dog's primary tumour to predict the type and extent of immune response in their pulmonary metastatic lesions is unknown. We, therefore, collected 21 matched pairs of primary tumours and pulmonary metastatic lesions from dogs with OSA and performed immunohistochemistry to quantify T‐lymphocyte (CD3), FOXP3+ cell, B‐lymphocyte (Pax‐5), and CD204+ macrophage infiltration. We found that T‐lymphocytes and FOXP3+ infiltrates in primary tumours positively correlated with that of metastatic lesions (ρ = 0.512, P = 0.038 and ρ = 0.698, P = 0.007, respectively), while a strong trend existed for CD204+ infiltrates (ρ = 0.404, P = 0.087). We also observed T‐ and B‐lymphocytes, and CD204+ macrophages to be significantly higher in a dog's pulmonary metastasis compared to their primary tumour (P = 0.018, P = 0.018, P = 0.016, respectively), while FOXP3+ cells were only significantly higher in metastases when all primary tumour and metastasis lesions were compared without pairing (P = 0.036). Together, these findings suggest that the metastatic immune microenvironment may be influenced by that of the primary cOSA, and that primary tumour immune biomarkers could potentially be applied to predict immunotherapeutic responses in gross metastatic disease. We, therefore, provide a rationale for the treatment of cOSA pulmonary metastases with immunotherapeutics that enhance the anti‐tumour activity of these immune cells, particularly in dogs with moderate to high immune cell infiltration in their primary tumours.  相似文献   

8.
This study was conducted to determine suitable conditions for an experimental method in which the CRISPR/Cas9 system is introduced into in vitro‐produced porcine zygotes by electroporation. In the first experiment, when putative zygotes derived from in vitro fertilization (IVF) were electroporated by either unipolar or bipolar pulses, keeping the voltage, pulse duration and pulse number fixed at 30 V/mm, 1 msec and five repeats, respectively, the rate of blastocyst formation from zygotes electroporated by bipolar pulses decreased compared to zygotes electroporated by unipolar pulses. In the second experiment, the putative zygotes were electroporated by electroporation voltages ranging from 20 V/mm–40 V/mm with five 1‐msec unipolar pulses. The rate of cleavage and blastocyst formation of zygotes electroporated at 40 V/mm was significantly lower (p < .05) than that of zygotes electroporated at less than 30 V/mm. Moreover, the apoptotic nuclei indices of blastocysts derived from zygotes electroporated by voltages greater than 30 V/mm significantly increased compared with those from zygotes electroporated by voltages less than 25 V/mm (p < .05). When zygotes were electroporated with Cas9 mRNA and single‐guide RNA (sgRNA) targeting site in the FGF10 exon 3, the proportions of blastocysts with targeted genomic sequences were 7.7% (2/26) and 3.6% (1/28) in the embryos derived from zygotes electroporated at 25 V/mm and 30 V/mm, respectively. Our results indicate that electroporation at 25 V/mm may be an acceptable condition for introducing Cas9 mRNA and sgRNA into pig IVF zygotes under which the viability of the embryos is not significantly affected.  相似文献   

9.
The in vitro antiproliferative, apoptotic and cell‐cycle effects of 2‐methoxyestradiol (2ME2), an endogenous oestrogen metabolite, were investigated using a variety of canine tumour cell lines. The cells were cultured under standard conditions and incubated with varying concentrations of 2ME2. Inhibition of tumour cell proliferation was evaluated using a tetrazolium‐based colorimetric assay. DNA content analysis was performed using propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry. Cytologic analysis with Leukostat staining solution and Hoechst 33342 staining and Annexin V‐fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) fluorescence were used to quantify cell‐cycle distribution and apoptosis induction. Tumour cell proliferation was inhibited by 50% at concentrations of 2ME2 ranging from 0.88 to 7.67 µM, depending on the cell line tested. Profound G2/M phase arrest, an increase in binucleate cells and induction of apoptosis were observed in all cell lines tested, in a dose‐dependent manner. Based on these results, this compound has potential as an agent for the treatment of canine cancer and warrants further investigation. The canine lymphoma cell line, 1771, was inhibited at concentrations that may be achievable in vivo.  相似文献   

10.
CRISPR/Cas9系统是一种广泛存在于细菌和古菌中的免疫机制。近年来,已发展为一种快捷高效的基因编辑工具,用于研究编码或非编码RNA的功能。非编码RNA是一类不编码蛋白质的RNA,其可通过多种调控途径在动物的生长发育、疾病免疫等生理或病理过程中发挥重要的生物学功能。CRISPR/Cas9技术可以靶向核酸序列稳定敲除基因,得到敲除小鼠或细胞系,虽然其在非编码RNA功能研究中的使用干扰了邻近基因或宿主基因表达,但该技术的出现为非编码RNA功能机制的探索提供了不同的途径。本文通过简要概述CRISPR/Cas系统的发展和作用原理,并重点介绍CRISPR/Cas9技术在动物miRNA、lncRNA及circRNA功能研究中的应用,以期为相关研究提供参考。  相似文献   

11.
The breakthrough and rapid advance of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) technology has enabled the efficient generation of gene-edited animals by one-step embryo manipulation. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR-associated protein 9 delivery to the livestock embryos has been typically achieved by intracytoplasmic microinjection; however, recent studies show that electroporation may be a reliable, efficient, and practical method for CRISPR/Cas9 delivery. The source of embryos used to generate gene-edited animals varies from in vivo to in vitro produced, depending mostly on the species of interest. In addition, different Cas9 and gRNA reagents can be used for embryo editing, ranging from Cas9-coding plasmid or messenger RNA to Cas9 recombinant protein, which can be combined with in vitro transcribed or synthetic guide RNAs. Mosaicism is reported as one of the main problems with generation of animals by embryo editing. On the other hand, off-target mutations are rarely found in livestock derived from one-step editing. In this review, we discussed these and other aspects of generating gene-edited animals by single-step embryo manipulation.  相似文献   

12.
Pig transportation is associated with intestinal oxidative stress and results in destruction of intestinal integrity. Autophagy has been contributed to maintain cell homeostasis under stresses. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of transport stress on morphology, intestinal mucosal barrier and autophagy/mitophagy levels in pig jejunum. A total of 16 finishing pigs were randomly divided into two groups. The control group was directly transported to the slaughterhouse and rested for 24 hr. The experimental groups were transported for 5 hr and slaughtered immediately. The results showed that transportation induced obvious stress responses with morphological and histological damage in jejunum accompanying with an elevated level of malondialdehyde (MDA; p < .05), endotoxin (LPS; p < .05), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH; p < .05) and a decreased level of serum superoxide dismutase (SOD; p < .05). Also, hemeoxy genase 1 (HO‐1; p < .01) as well as tight junction protein (claudin‐1 [p < .001], occludin [p < .05] and zonula occludens 1 [ZO‐1; p < 0.05]) levels were attenuated in jejunum tissue, and NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1; p < .01) mRNA expression was up‐regulated. Further research indicated that transport stress could induce autophagy through increasing microtubule‐associated protein light chain 3 (LC3; p < .05) and autophagy‐related gene 5 (ATG5; p < .01) levels and suppressing p62 expression. Additionally, transport stress increased the protein levels of PTEN‐induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1; p < .05) and Parkin (p < .05) which was associated with mitophagy. In conclusions, transport stress could induce the destruction of intestinal integrity and involve in the intestinal mucosal barrier oxidative damage, and also contribute to activation of autophagy/mitophagy.  相似文献   

13.
徐鑫  刘明军 《中国畜牧兽医》2022,49(11):4129-4138
随着基因编辑技术的迅速发展,研究者利用基因编辑技术在越来越多的领域中取得了许多突破性的进展。目前,众多的基因编辑工具中CRISPR/Cas9（clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9）系统应用最为广泛。CRISPR/Cas9及其衍生出的碱基编辑器（base editor,BE）和先导编辑器（prime editor,PE）系统使研究者可以在目标基因组中简单、高效地完成碱基的删除、插入和替换等修饰。CRISPR/Cas9相关基因编辑技术在生产具有特定遗传特征的动物方面有巨大的潜在价值。绵羊作为具有许多重要经济性状的家畜,是理想的基因工程研究大动物模型。CRISPR/Cas9相关基因编辑技术已经用于绵羊基因组工程研究,如生产具有优良特性的品种,利用乳腺生产疾病治疗药物,构建用于人类疾病和再生医学研究的动物模型。作者从CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术的原理出发,着重阐述了利用CRISPR/Cas9系统进行基因编辑的具体流程,并概述了CRISPR/Cas9系统在绵羊研究和生产中的应用情况。  相似文献   

14.
CRISPR/Cas系统是细菌和古细菌在长期演化过程中形成的一种适应性免疫防御系统,可用来对抗入侵的病毒及外源DNA。相比锌指核酸酶(ZFNs)和TALE核酸酶(TALENs),基于RNA指导的Ⅱ型CRISPR/Cas9系统为基因组定点编辑开辟了一条新的道路,在基因功能研究中具有效率高、成本低、易于操作等显著优点。本文从CRISPR/Cas9系统的基本结构、作用机制及其在植物基因功能研究和作物遗传育种中的应用等方面进行了简述,最后对该系统的发展前景进行了展望。  相似文献   

15.
Benzimidazole anthelmintics have reported anti‐neoplastic effects both in vitro and in vivo. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro chemosensitivity of three canine glioma cell lines to mebendazole and fenbendazole. The mean inhibitory concentration (IC50) (±SD) obtained from performing the MTT [3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay after treating J3T, G06‐A, and SDT‐3G cells for 72 h with mebendazole were 0.030 ± 0.003, 0.080 ± 0.015 and 0.030 ± 0.006 μM respectively, while those for fenbendazole were 0.550 ± 0.015, 1.530 ± 0.159 and 0.690 ± 0.095 μM; treatment of primary canine fibroblasts for 72 h at IC50 showed no significant effect. Immunofluorescence studies showed disruption of tubulin after treatment. Mebendazole and fenbendazole are cytotoxic in canine glioma cell lines in vitro and may be good candidates for treatment of canine gliomas. Further in vivo studies are required.  相似文献   

16.
为了开发基于嗜冷黄杆菌CRISPR/Cas系统的基因组编辑技术,本研究对嗜冷黄杆菌的CRISPR/Cas系统结构及其作用机制进行生物信息学分析。从GenBank数据库中获得8株嗜冷黄杆菌的全基因组序列,利用CRISPRCasFinder软件查找成簇规律间隔短回文重复序列（clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats,CRISPR）结构和CRISPR相关（Cas）蛋白在嗜冷黄杆菌基因组上的数量和分布;利用CRISPRFinder软件分析CRISPR结构的重复序列和间隔序列,并使用Mega X软件对cas基因核苷酸序列做相似性对比;通过与重复序列配对,获得反式激活crRNA （trans-activating CRISPR RNA,tracrRNA）与重复序列配对序列,使用ARNold软件预测tracrRNA基因的终止子;使用BPROM软件预测tracrRNA基因和crRNA前体（pre-CRISPR RNA,pre-crRNA）的启动子;使用Clustal X软件对所有的间隔序列做相似性对比,并使用CRISPRTarget软件对独特的间隔序列配对从而获得原间隔序列（protospacers）及原间隔序列邻近基序（protospacer adjacent motif,PAM）序列;使用WebLogo软件使PAM序列可视化。结果显示,8株嗜冷黄杆菌均含有1个完整的CRISPR/Cas9系统,由1个CRISPR结构和3个Cas蛋白组成。CRISPR结构由短而重复的序列即重复序列和短而可变的序列即间隔序列相间排列组成;重复序列大小为46 bp,核苷酸序列高度保守;间隔序列大小在29~31 bp之间,数量在20~41个之间。Cas蛋白含有Cas9、Cas1和Cas2,并且cas基因核苷酸序列高度保守。8株嗜冷黄杆菌的tracrRNA基因均位于cas9基因上游并且核苷酸序列相似性为100%。tracrRNA上有一段大小为24 bp的核苷酸序列,其中23个核苷酸与重复序列完全配对。每个重复序列均含有一个较短的启动子,可单独启动pre-crRNA的转录。不同菌株的间隔序列比对结果表明,新获得的间隔序列可以插入到嗜冷黄杆菌CRISPR结构的5'端或内部。在65个独特的间隔序列中,13个间隔序列能够配对上原间隔序列,这些原间隔序列均来源于噬菌体或质粒。原间隔序列上游侧翼序列分析结果表明,嗜冷黄杆菌Cas9识别的PAM序列是5‘-GANTTTT-3’。以上结果表明嗜冷黄杆菌的CRISPR/Cas9系统理论上可以开发适用于嗜冷黄杆菌的基因组编辑技术。  相似文献   

17.
Mutation in myostatin (MSTN) gene resulted in double muscle effect,generating more mutton.To knock out MSTN gene in sheep fetal fibroblast by CRISPR/Cas9 system and obtain MSTN gene knockout cell lines,four plasmids were designed and constructed to target MSTN gene,and confirmed correctly by sequencing.The correct plasmids were delivered into the fetal fibroblast cells.The targeting efficiency was detected using SURVEYOR assay Kit.The stable transfected cell colonies were obtained via limiting dilution procedure.The sequence results demonstrated that the pX330-target 1 and pX330-target 4 plasmids could successfully knockout MSTN gene,and the targeting efficiency were 24.20% and 10.18%,respectively.Twelve MSTN gene knockout cell colonies were obtained via limiting dilution,and one of them was homozygous mutation.Several indel mutations were discovered at specific site,and some of them were frame-shift mutation.Therefore,we concluded that the CRISPR/Cas9 system could apply to the gene editing of sheep efficiently,and the gene knockout cell clones had potential application in generating MSTN gene knockout sheep.  相似文献   

18.
李聪  曹文广 《中国畜牧兽医》2015,42(11):2813-2821
肌肉生长抑制素(myostatin,MSTN)基因突变可引起动物出现"双肌"性状,提高产肉性能。利用CRISPR/Cas9技术制备MSTN基因敲除的绵羊胎儿成纤维细胞,为制备MSTN基因敲除羊提供材料。设计构建4个靶向MSTN基因的CRISPR/Cas9载体,脂质体转染细胞后,通过SURVEYOR分析和测序等方法对敲除效率进行检测,采用极限稀释法挑选稳定敲除的细胞系。试验成功构建了4个靶向MSTN基因的CRISPR/Cas9载体,细胞转染后,测序结果显示pX330-target 1和pX330-target 4载体作用的靶位点处出现突变,SURVEYOR分析检测其在靶位点产生切割的效率分别为24.20%和10.18%。通过极限稀释法,获得12个MSTN基因突变的细胞克隆,其中1个为纯合突变。序列比对发现靶位点处有小片段碱基插入或缺失突变,部分会出现移码突变。成功利用CRISPR/Cas9系统实现了绵羊MSTN基因敲除,证明该系统可有效应用于绵羊基因编辑,产生的突变细胞系为制备MSTN基因敲除羊提供了材料。  相似文献   

19.
规律性成簇间隔的短回文重复序列/CRISPR相关蛋白（clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated,CRISPR/Cas）系统是最新一代能对细胞或生物体基因组进行精准编辑的基因工程技术,与前两代基因编辑技术ZFN和TALEN相比,CRISPR/Cas具有应用成本低、适用编辑范围广、打靶效率高、操作简单、可支持多位点操作等诸多优点。近年来,CRISPR/Cas系统尤其是Type II类、A型的CRISPR/Cas9系统已经作为最新一代基因编辑技术被广泛应用于提高家畜繁殖效率、生产性能、抗病性以及动物模型构建等研究中,并创制了一批基因编辑牛羊育种新材料。本文就其发展历程、技术改造和优化最新进展以及在家畜繁殖性状、生产性状和抗病性状等方面的研究应用进行综述,重点介绍了该系统在家畜育种学研究中已取得的最新进展,并就CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术在家畜育种应用中现存的问题及其应用前景进行简要论述。  相似文献   

20.
功能基因组学的发展促进基因敲除技术的进步,基因敲除技术从载体的构建到细胞筛选再到动物模型都取得长足进步。基因敲除手段种类繁多,其中CRISPR/Cas9作为常用的基因编辑技术,具有高效、便捷、精确等优点,在农业、医学、生物学的模型构建中被广泛运用。随着科研工作的逐渐深入,CRISPR/Cas9技术逐渐渗透到植物和微生物研究领域中。文章综述近年来CRISPR/Cas9的应用,为科研工作的开展提供参考。  相似文献   

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