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1.
《水产科学》2021,(3)
为探究不同水质调控方式下仿刺参池塘沉积物—水界面N、P营养盐物质交换,采用沉积物—水界面N、P营养盐扩散通量室内培养法,研究2015年10月至2016年9月位于庄河市海参养殖基地的自然纳潮、微孔曝气(空压机0.1 kW/667 m~2)和养水机(750 kW/h)3种不同水质调控技术下605 m×85 m参池沉积物—水界面N、P通量。试验结果显示,自然纳潮和微孔曝气池塘的NO_x~-通量的变化为-36.0～10.8、-12.0～7.8 mg/(m~2·d),且在3月、7月和8月产生了负通量,通量值于7月分别达到了全年最低[-36.0、-12.0 mg/(m~2·d)],而养水机池塘全年均为正值且变化为0.6～5.4 mg/(m~2·d);自然纳潮池塘、微孔曝气池塘NH_4~+通量变化为-102.6～71.4、-90.6～78.0 mg/(m~2·d),在7、8月均为负值,而养水机池塘全年均为正值且变化为5.4～81.6 mg/(m~2·d);3种参池PO_4~(3-)通量全年均为正值且于7、8月达到最大,变化为自然纳潮池塘18.6～76.2 mg/(m~2·d)、微孔曝气池塘30.0～73.2 mg/(m~2·d)、养水机池塘29.4～50.4 mg/(m~2·d);养水机池塘沉积物—水界面N、P通量极差较另两池塘均最小。试验结果表明,养水机的作用有助于池底形成稳定氧化环境,有利于池底N、P物质释放。 相似文献
2.
为探究不同管理方式对刺参养殖池塘(简称参池)沉降颗粒物及相关底泥、水体指标的影响,分别测定9口参池(分为养水机、自然纳潮、微孔曝气3组参池,每组3个重复)颗粒物质在四季的平均沉降量和水平空间分布情况,底泥有机质含量和弧菌(Vibrio)总数,水体营养盐含量、浮游植物生物量和净初级生产力。结果显示,自然纳潮和微孔曝气池塘颗粒物质平均沉降量的季节、水平分布均无显著差异(P>0.05);养水机池塘颗粒物质平均沉降量在夏季为(30.33±2.46) g/(m2?d),极显著高于另外2组参池(P<0.01),在冬季为(7.49±1.17) g/(m2?d),显著低于另外2组参池(P<0.05);在水平分布上,养水机池塘沉降颗粒物的分布较另外2组参池更均匀;在相同季节,养水机池塘底泥有机质含量和弧菌总数均处于3组参池的最低水平,微孔曝气池塘总体次之,自然纳潮池塘总体最高;3组参池的水体营养盐含量接近,而养水机池塘浮游植物生物量、净初级生产力均处于3组参池中最高水平,微孔曝气池塘总体次之,自然纳潮池塘总体最低。本研究表明,传统海参养殖在自然纳潮换水管理基础上,辅助适宜设备能够影响颗粒物质的沉降规律,加快参池底泥–水体之间营养物质交换,改善水底养殖环境。 相似文献
3.
通过实验室可控条件,以桑沟湾(Sanggou Bay)养殖海带(Sacharina japonica)为研究对象,探讨养殖海带碎屑降解过程中营养盐释放速率及对底质、溶解氧的影响.实验设置2个底质条件(加底泥,无底泥)、2个溶氧条件(好氧,厌氧),各处理组设3个平行,实验持续27 d.结果显示,(1)加入底泥,可以促进海带碎屑的降解.实验结束时,加入底泥组无机氮(DIN)、总氮(TN)、活性磷酸盐(DIP)、总磷(TP)的平均释放速率分别为1.234、1.802、0.028、0.033 μmo1/(g.d),显著高于未加底泥组的0.039、1.476、0.005、0.010 μmo1/(g·d).而未加底泥组的可溶性有机氮(DON)释放速率为1.437 μmo1/(g·d),显著高于底泥组的0.568 μmo1/(g.d).(2)厌氧条件有利于海带碎屑中P的降解释放,释放的TP中以可溶性有机磷(DOP)为主.TP、DIP、DOP的降解速率显著高于非厌氧条件.但是,厌氧条件下无机氮释放速率为0.097 μmo1/(g·d),仅为好氧条件下无机氮的8％,而总氮为好氧条件下的71％.(3)底泥的加入显著提高了水体的N:P,达到207.83±301.37,厌氧状态使水体N:P降低到9.38±6.55,都较大的偏离对照组的16.82±1.26,远远偏离经典Redfield值(16∶1).整个实验说明养殖海带降解过程受底质、溶氧条件影响,同时,大量海带碎屑腐烂降解,将会对养殖系统的营养盐浓度及结构产生影响. 相似文献
4.
《渔业科学进展》2016,(2)
通过实验室可控条件,以桑沟湾(Sanggou Bay)养殖海带(Sacharina japonica)为研究对象,探讨养殖海带碎屑降解过程中营养盐释放速率及对底质、溶解氧的影响。实验设置2个底质条件(加底泥,无底泥)、2个溶氧条件(好氧,厌氧),各处理组设3个平行,实验持续27 d。结果显示,(1)加入底泥,可以促进海带碎屑的降解。实验结束时,加入底泥组无机氮(DIN)、总氮(TN)、活性磷酸盐(DIP)、总磷(TP)的平均释放速率分别为1.234、1.802、0.028、0.033μmol/(g·d),显著高于未加底泥组的0.039、1.476、0.005、0.010μmol/(g·d)。而未加底泥组的可溶性有机氮(DON)释放速率为1.437μmol/(g·d),显著高于底泥组的0.568μmol/(g·d)。(2)厌氧条件有利于海带碎屑中P的降解释放,释放的TP中以可溶性有机磷(DOP)为主。TP、DIP、DOP的降解速率显著高于非厌氧条件。但是,厌氧条件下无机氮释放速率为0.097μmol/(g·d),仅为好氧条件下无机氮的8%,而总氮为好氧条件下的71%。(3)底泥的加入显著提高了水体的N∶P,达到207.83±301.37,厌氧状态使水体N∶P降低到9.38±6.55,都较大的偏离对照组的16.82±1.26,远远偏离经典Redfield值(16∶1)。整个实验说明养殖海带降解过程受底质、溶氧条件影响,同时,大量海带碎屑腐烂降解,将会对养殖系统的营养盐浓度及结构产生影响。 相似文献
5.
1999年7月至2000年6月逐月测定了隔河岩水库上下游共5个站点的初级生产力.全库年均水柱日产O2量2.60吕/(m2·d),上游桃山站1.39 g/(m2·d),下游沿市口3.70 g/(m2·d),由上游至下游逐级升高.月际变化在0.59～4.55 g/(m2·d),1月最低,5月及9月最高,显示受水库蓄排水影响较大.初级生产力垂直分布提示水流运动复杂.年净产浮游植物鲜重32 775 kg/hm2,产鲢、鳙潜力114.71 kg/hm2.建议以能改善水质的滤食性鱼类养殖为基础,向游钓渔业拓展. 相似文献
6.
家鱼池塘底泥耗氧率与理化因子的相关性分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用原位底泥耗氧测定法,研究了10口家鱼鱼池底泥耗氧率与底部水体理化因子(溶氧、温度、pH值、氧化还原电位)和底泥有机质含量及深度的相关关系。结果显示:池塘平均底泥耗氧率(SOD)为0.91 g/(m2.d),变动范围为0.76～1.09 g/(m2.d)。双变量相关性分析表明,底泥耗氧率与池塘底部水体理化指标的相关性均达到极显著水平(P<0.01),与溶氧相关性最高(Pearson相关系数为0.779),其次是温度、pH值和氧化还原电位,相关系数分别为0.587、0.557和-0.421;底泥耗氧率与底泥深度相关性达到显著水平(P<0.05)。偏相关分析结果表明,底泥耗氧率与溶氧和温度呈极显著相关(P<0.01),与其它因素均未达到显著水平。影响底泥耗氧率最重要的环境因子是溶氧,其次是温度。利用BP神经网络分析影响SOD的理化因子,以溶氧、温度和底泥深度为BP神经网络模型的输入变量建立BP神经网络模型对SOD进行预测分析,BP神经网络模型训练和测试相关系数分别为0.911和0.879,平均相对误差分别为11.6%和10.4%,预测值与真实值偏差较小,拟合度较高,可有效预测池塘底泥耗氧率。 相似文献
7.
为研究草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)–鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)–鲫(Carassius carassius)零换水池塘营养盐收支状况,阐明其零换水机制,以草鱼–鳙–鲫零换水池塘为实验组,以草鱼–鳙–鲫常规换水池塘为对照组,开展了为期2年的池塘有机碳(TOC)、氮(N)、磷(P)收支的研究。结果显示,2组池塘TOC、N、P的主要来源均为饲料投入,分别为77.06%和81.00%,92.08%和92.77%,94.18%和95.63%;TOC、N、P的主要输出途径均为底泥积累,分别占输入营养盐的43.32%和22.10%,61.40%和52.82%,78.71%和79.58%。2组池塘养殖鱼类收获分别占输入碳(C)、N、P的10.08%和13.05%,21.00%和25.57%,15.41%和18.60%。零换水池塘的C、N、P水体积累量和积累率均显著低于常规池塘(P<0.05),其积累率分别降低92.91%、88.52%和87.12%。零换水池塘的N、P底泥积累量显著高于常规池塘,但C、N底泥积累率显著低于常规池塘(P<0.05),分别降低了48.99%和13.97%。零换水池塘养殖鱼类的C、N、P利用率均显著高于常规池塘(P<0.05),分别提高了29.49%、21.72%和20.65%。研究表明,零换水模式能降低营养盐积累,有效提高系统物质利用率,是一种绿色高效养殖模式,具有较好的推广价值。 相似文献
8.
利用Peeper(pore water equilibriums)技术采集上覆水-沉积物间隙水整个垂直剖面的原位水样,然后使用微量分光光度法测定样品中主要营养盐NH4+-N、NO3--N、NO2--N、PO43--P和SO42--S的浓度,从而分析吉富罗非鱼(GIFT,Oreochromis niloticus)温棚养殖池塘各营养盐的垂直分布特征,并估算其在上覆水-沉积物界面处的交换通量。结果表明:(1)两罗非鱼温棚养殖池塘,4个Peeper实验组在上覆水-沉积物间隙水中各营养盐组间重复性都较好,且各营养盐都有较强的垂直分布规律。NH4+-N主要存在于沉积物间隙水中,从其表面深度0至6 cm间隙水中NH4+-N浓度迅速增高,8 cm后趋于相对稳定;NO3--N主要存在于上覆水中,沉积物0至4 cm间隙水中3NO--N浓度迅速降低;NO2--N浓度在沉积物表层2 cm处出现峰值;PO43--P浓度在沉积物0至4 cm间隙水中浓度迅速增加至最大值,深度超过4 cm浓度有降低趋势;SO42--S主要存在于上覆水中,沉积物0至8 cm间隙水中SO42--S浓度迅速降低。(2)不同深度的水样根据营养盐浓度,各实验组都可聚类为3组差异显著的类群:上覆水组、表层沉积物组(上覆水-沉积物交界面组)和深层沉积物组。(3)通过Fick第一定律估算营养盐在上覆水-沉积物界面的扩散通量得出:NH4+-N和PO43--P为从沉积物间隙水扩散至上覆水中;NO3--N和SO42--S为从上覆水扩散至沉积物中。4个Peeper实验组NH4+-N的扩散通量分别为22.44 mg/(m2·d)、22.93 mg/(m2·d)、50.84 mg/(m2·d)和16.74 mg/(m2·d),为两罗非鱼温棚养殖池塘主要的沉积物内源释放营养盐。与类似研究比较,本研究通量相对较高,表明养殖池塘沉积物有机质含量相对较高。SO42--S的扩散通量分别为–87.05 mg/(m2·d)、–164.87 mg/(m2·d)、–77.37 mg/(m2·d)和–91.30 mg/(m2·d),为两养殖池塘沉积物最大的吸收营养盐,表明SO42--S还原可能为罗非鱼养殖池塘沉积物中有机质降解的主要途径之一。 相似文献
9.
《渔业现代化》2015,(5)
为初步了解菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)养殖水体浮游植物初级生产力(PP)的变化规律及其与环境因子的相关性。于2013年8月—2014年1月,采用黑白瓶法对莆田后海垦区2个菲律宾蛤仔养殖池的初级生产力进行逐月采样调查。结果显示,PP平均值分别为(1.17±0.31)g O2/(m2·d)、(0.76±0.21)g O2/(m2·d),夏秋季节显著高于冬季(P0.05);PP与叶绿素a(Chl-a)的变化并不同步,呈先下降后上升趋势;PP与温度、总氮呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与透明度呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与溶氧、氨氮呈显著负相关(P0.05);Chl-a与水温呈显著负相关(P0.05)、与总氮呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与溶氧呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与氨氮、亚硝酸盐呈显著正相关(P0.05)。建立了多个水质因子与Chl-a、PP的相关线性方程,并结合典型相关分析结果。研究表明,透明度、溶氧、营养盐是浮游植物PP的主要影响因子。 相似文献
10.
近几年,池塘养殖已由薄利阶段进入微利阶段,因此,具有良好养殖效益和市场前景的鲂鱼便成为养殖户的首选品种。由于养殖水平不同,其收益状况也不同,要取得较好的养殖收益,在鲂鱼养殖中应注意以下几个问题:一、池塘条件1.池塘条件 鲂鱼成鱼池一般面积5亩~30亩均可,鱼池水深1.5m~2.5m,水源充足,池塘底泥以20cm~30cm为宜。2.水质条件 鲂鱼养殖最适pH值7.0~8.5;鱼体正常生长发育时水体溶解氧含量为5.5mg/L以上,溶解氧低于1.7mg/L则鱼体呼吸受到抑制,溶解氧低于0.6mg/L则鱼体死亡;有机物耗氧量应低于1.5mg/L。二、放养模式以鲂鱼为主,混养… 相似文献
11.
为了解三沙湾大黄鱼（）网箱养殖衍生有机物（AOM）的沉降特征,采用原位实验方法,收集区域内使用颗粒饲料和冰鲜饵料两种典型饲喂方式下距离网箱200 m范围内AOM样品,分析其沉降量、营养物质[颗粒有机物（POM）、颗粒有机碳（POC）、颗粒态氮（PN）、总磷（TP）]沉降通量和扩散特点。研究结果表明,饲喂颗粒饲料状态下AOM沉降量显著高于投喂冰鲜饵料,两者均值分别为（563.66±119.18）g/（m2·d）和（266.07±139.15）g/（m2·d）。POM、POC、PN和TP沉降通量在两种饲喂方式下的差异与之相似,饲喂颗粒饲料时各参数均值分别为（27.25±2.43）g/（m2·d）、（6.03±0.58）g/（m2·d）、（0.66±0.06）g/（m2·d）和（0.39±0.04）g/（m2·d）;饲喂冰鲜饵料时各参数均值分别为（13.04±1.62）g/（m2·d）,（3.57±0.45）g/（m2·d）、（0.51±0.06）g/（m2·d）和（0.22±0.04）g/（m2·d）。沿近底层海流主导流向距离养殖网箱100 m的空间范围内,AOM沉降量和营养物质沉降通量均呈现自网箱处递减的变化特征,下降程度在饲喂冰鲜饵料时尤为显著。AOM中POC、PN和TP含量在饲喂冰鲜饵料时较高,在距离养殖网箱50 m范围内呈现递减趋势。综上,在三沙湾大黄鱼网箱养殖过程中,投喂颗粒饲料引发的环境污染程度高于冰鲜饵料,两种情形下的AOM沉降影响主要限于距离养殖网箱50~100 m的空间范围。三沙湾内饲喂颗粒饲料引发较高营养物质沉降通量源于较大的AOM沉降量,此现象说明养殖过程中可能存在颗粒饲料过度投喂、饵料利用效率较低等问题,围绕此类问题的针对性研究对于减缓区域内养殖活动的环境影响具有重要意义。 相似文献
12.
Phosphorus Budgets for Channel Catfish Ponds Receiving Diets with Different Phosphorus Concentrations 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Amit Gross Claude E. Boyd Richard T. Lovell Jonathan C. Eya 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》1998,29(1):31-39
Phosphorus budgets were prepared for channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus ponds at Auburn, Alabama, that received one of five diets ranging from 0.60 to 1.03% phosphorus. Fish production did not differ ( P > 0.05) among diets. There were few differences among treatments with respect to soluble reactive phosphorus, total phosphorus, and chlorophyll a concentrations or gross primary productivity. Phosphorus loss in effluents when ponds were drained for harvest did not differ among treatments ( P > 0.05). Phosphorus removed from ponds in fish at harvest and the amounts of phosphorus adsorbed by bottom soils increased as dietary phosphorus concentration increased (P < 0.05). Low-phosphorus diets did not decrease phytoplankton productivity or improve effluent quality. Uptake of phosphorus by bottom soils is a major factor controlling phosphorus concentrations in pond water. Low-phosphorus diets can be beneficial in catfish pond management by reducing the phosphorus load to bottom soils and conserving their ability to adsorb phosphorus. 相似文献
13.
M.V. Lukowicz 《Aquacultural Engineering》1982,1(2):121-137
Experiments over three years, in a pond of approximately 1500 m2, to intensify production at high stocking densities with controlled feeding resulted in a substantial increase in yield (weight gain per hectare and year: 2·6 tonne for C3–4, 9·1 tonne for C2–3, 15·4 tonne for C1–2). At the same time water requirement could be reduced to 4 m3 kg?1 fish produced. However, the stocking densities achieved resulted in a continuously increasing eutrophication effect which expressed itself in mass development of phytoplankton. This led to considerable diurnal fluctuations in oxygen concentration (0·5–20·0 mg O2 litre?1) and total ammonia (0–11·0 mg NH3NH4+ litre?1; maximum of 1·5 mg NH3 litre?1). The high stocking density contributed indirectly to the diurnal fluctuations (fertilization through faeces and lost feeds). However, its contribution to the overall oxygen depletion amounted to less than 25% at night. The amplitude of the fluctuation was mainly determined by the photosynthetic and respiratory activity of the phytoplankton and by microbiological degradation processes. With increasing water temperature during summer, increasing feeding rate, continuous fish biomass increment, and decreasing light period per day and danger of total fish stock mortality was greatest in August. Only at maximum photosynthetic activity during daylight was the total ammonia production in the pond adequately counteracted and sufficient oxygen produced. Even heavy aeration could not always successfully provide for oxygen during night. In order to avoid a breakdown of the system, algae and nutrients had to be diluted from time to time by excessive water replacement. Despite the temporary overloading of the pond system, losses in numbers had been kept below 6·5% (normally: 10–20%).Pellets were offered via self-feeding devices. Food uptake was continuously recorded. No diurnal feeding rhythmic could be observed, but feeding activity was entirely dependent on oxygen levels in pond water. Feed conversion efficiencies reached values between 1·96 and 2·48. 相似文献
14.
Sedimentation and Resuspension in Earthen Fish Ponds 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Yoram Avnimelech Malka Kochva John A. Hargreaves 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》1999,30(4):401-409
Resuspension of particles from pond sediment into the water column may be an important nutrient transfer mechanism in aquaculture ponds. However, the magnitude of sediment re-suspension cannot be determined directly because sediment traps collect particles settling from the water column as well as those re-suspended from the pond bottom. We developed a dilution analysis method to differentiate the magnitude of the two particle source fluxes based upon the concentration of soil-derived elements (Si, Al, and Fe) and water-derived elements (C, N) in material collected by sediment traps placed in earthen ponds. Estimated organic C sedimentation from feed residues and algae was compared with trapped organic C as an independent and approximate measure of resuspension. Resuspension fluxes based independently on analyses of three soil-derived elements and on the estimation of expected C sedimentation were similar and accounted for 60–90% of the total solids flux (121–2,676 g/m2 per d) in most ponds sampled. The proportion of total flux that was derived from resuspension in ponds stocked with common carp Cyprinus carpio and tilapia Oreochromis spp . was modeled as a hyperbolic function of fish size and density, with a threshold fish size of 200–300 g. Resuspension flux was conservatively estimated to be equivalent to the daily suspension of a few mm of the pond bottom. These results indicate that sediment resuspension is a major process in carp and tilapia ponds, suggesting that the exchange of nutrients between the sediment and overlying water is intensive. 相似文献
15.
A polyculture experiment with the large carp rohu, catla and either mrigal or common carp (as cash crop fish), and the small indigenous fish punti (as food for the farmer's family) was carried out at Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. The main objectives were to compare polycultures of large carp in which the bottom feeder is either the native mrigal or the exotic common carp, and to assess the effects of adding the small indigenous species punti to those polycultures. The results of fish–fish interactions and overall fish production have already been reported. The present paper presents the effects on the water quality, and discusses fish–environment interactions. The main conclusions are: time changes in the pond environment were stronger than fish composition effects. The main practice affecting water quality was liming, that incresed alkalinity, pH and water transparency and decreased ammonia. Rain affected photosynthesis and the match‐mismatch of the two steps of nitrification. The more that bottom feeding fish species disrupt the mud bottom, the stronger their effects on pond environment. Common carp produce the strongest disruption of the mud bottom, followed by punti and then by mrigal. Mud disruption produced by common carp leads to a stronger liming effect, nutrient release into the water, and provides more particles that rain‐floods wash out, facilitating the mismatch of the two steps of nitrification, and increased phosphorus adsorption into the mud bottom. Mud disruption by punti is only enough to improve the liming effect. Mud disruption by mrigal is the least, hence less particles are resuspended, nitrification is not affected during floods and relatively more phosphate remains in the water available for photosynthesis. The bottom feeder common carp can be seen not only as a target‐cultured fish but also as a management tool. Farmers can get double benefit in introducing common carp in the ponds as it enhances the effectiveness of lime application and increases the availability of nutrients to phytoplankton. Through the manipulation of species in the polyculture alone, farmers can maintain the environment better and also reduce input costs. 相似文献
16.
A combined aquaculture-algae system was developed for the purification and reuse of effluent water from intensive fish production
in a combination of a high-rate algal pond and extensive fishpond. The integrated system was operated as a closed system,
thus the water demand was reduced through the recirculation of the treated water. The pilot-scale experimental system consisted
of three different compartments: tanks for intensive fish production, an algal pond where the excess nutrients are removed
by algae uptake and a fishpond where the produced algae biomass was consumed by fish. The objective of this study was to describe
and evaluate the nutrient transformation efficiency of the combined system through the analysis of the organic carbon, nitrogen
and phosphorus budgets. 相似文献
17.
Selected water quality variables were measured at monthly intervals for 1 yr in 10 commercial channel catfish ponds in northwest Mississippi. Temporal changes in most variables appeared to be related to seasonal periodicity of phytoplankton abundance. Phytoplankton standing crops and total organic matter were highest in summer months when primary production was favored by warm water temperatures, high solar irradiance, and large inputs of nutrients resulting from high summer fish feed allowances. As day length, water temperature, and feed inputs decreased in autumn and winter, phytoplankton abundance and organic matter concentrations decreased. Seasonal changes in total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations were similar to phytoplankton abundance because much of the total nitrogen and phosphorus was contained within phytoplankton cells. Contrasting to the seasonal trend for total nitrogen, concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen were lowest in the summer and highest in the cooler months. Rapid assimilation by phytoplankton served to maintain relatively low concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen during the summer despite highest nitrogen loading rates during that period. Low water temperatures and generally less favorable conditions for phytoplankton growth decreased rates of nitrogen assimilation in the winter and ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate accumulated. Soluble reactive phosphorus concentrations were low throughout the year because physico-chemical processes, such as precipitation and adsorption to bottom muds acted to continually remove inorganic phosphorus from the water column. 相似文献
18.
Three different pond bottom treatments were evaluated in 12 earthen ponds. Bottoms of four ponds on the Auburn University Fisheries Research Unit, Auburn, Alabama, were dried for 1 mo and tilled with a roto-tiller (dry-till treatment). Four other ponds were dried and tilled, and after filling with water, enough gypsum (calcium sulfate) was applied to give a total hardness of about 200 mg/L. Gypsum was reapplied as needed to maintain the hardness (dry-till with gypsum treatment). Four ponds were not subjected to bottom drying, tilling or gypsum treatment (controls). Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus fingerings were stocked at 15,000/ha. Selected water quality variables were measured at 1- to 2-wk intervals during the growing season. Concentrations of most variables increased over time because feeding rate was increased progressively as fish grew. Compared to the controls, both treatments had lower concentrations of total phosphorus and soluble reactive phosphorus, and higher concentrations of dissolved oxygen ( P < 0.05). In addition, ponds of the dry-till with gypsum treatment had in addition lower concentrations ( P < 0.05) of chlorophyll a , chemical oxygen demand, gross primary productivity, and total alkalinity than control ponds. The reduction in chlorophyll a concentration suggested less phytoplankton in gypsum-treated ponds, and this effect was probably related to lower phosphorus availability because of calcium phosphate formation. Secchi disk visibility, total suspended solids concentrations, and turbidity did not differ significantly among the treatments ( P < 0.05). Total fish production and survival rate did not differ significantly ( P < 0.05) among the treatments. These findings suggest that water quality improvement can be achieved by drying and tilling pond bottoms between crops, and benefits possibly may be increased by treating low hardness waters with gypsum. 相似文献
19.
Monthly budgets for nitrogen and phosphorus for a marine fish pond in Eilat were determined for the period September 1983 to June 1984. The ponds are operated as a semi-open system, 41% of the pond water being replaced each day by water from a nearby seawater well. Only 29% of the phosphorus and 36% of the nitrogen are incorporated into harvestable fish flesh (Sparus aurata or Mugil sp.). The remainder reaches the pond as uneaten food, fish faeces or excreted matter, and it is then available to support high levels of phytoplankton and heterotrophic activity. The total input of nutrients supplied to the ponds showed a seasonal trend, with the lowest amount being supplied at the beginning of the sampling period (October) (5.2 moles N/day, 0.25 moles P/day), and increasing in June to 10.6 moles N/day, 0.57 moles P/day. All the increase was due to the amount of food fed. A large proportion (70–80%) of the excess nutrients was exported from the system as dissolved or particulate matter in the overflow. Because of this the water quality of the ponds has remained at levels which have enabled 6.5–12 tons fish/ha to be cultured without regular drying of the ponds. Oysters have been grown on the plankton carried out with the overflow. The ponds have a surplus of nutrient inflow in October/November (1.9 moles N/day, 0.06 moles P/day), a small deficit of N (0.4 moles/day), and surplus of P (0.01 moles/day) in spring, and a large surplus again in May and June of 1.3 moles N/day, 0.11 moles P/day. In all, 60–120% of the nutrient inputs are directly accounted for. 相似文献
20.
Phosphorus Fractions in Soil and Water of Aquaculture Ponds Built on Clayey Ultisols at Auburn, Alabama 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Phosphorus fractions in soil and water were determined for a 22-year-old, 400m2 fish pond constructed on clayey Ultisols at Auburn, Alabama. This pond had been used in pond fertilization and fish feeding experiments each year. Total phosphorus concenlrations in bottom soil were greater in deep water than in shallow water areas. Highest concentrations of phosphorus occurred in the 5–10 cm soil layer, but phosphorus had accumulated above its original concentration to depths of 20 to 45 cm ( x = 36.8 cm). The soil phosphorus accumulation rate was 2.68 g/m2 per year. Less than 1% of the total phosphorus in soils from three ponds was extractable in distilled water or 0.5 M NaHCO3 . Sequential extraction with 1 M NH4 Cl, 0.5 N HCl, and 0.1 N NaOH removed less than 25% of the total phosphorus. The loosely-bound phosphorus fraction (1 M NH4 Cl extractable) was 0.4 to 5.2% of the extractable phosphorus. The ability to adsorb phosphorus decreased and the capacity to release phosphorus increased in pond soils as total phosphorus concentration increased. After 22 years of aquacultural production, phosphorus adsorption sites in a pond soil were only about half-saturated. Although soluble phosphorus accounted for 37% of the phosphorus in pond water, only 7% of the total phosphorus in pond water was soluble reactive phosphorus. The phosphorus pool in pond soil was over 500 times greater than that of pond water, but most of the soil phosphorus was strongly adsorbed and unavailable. 相似文献