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1.
A monitoring program for Vibrio harveyi and other potential bacterial pathogens of summer flounder was conducted at two facilities in the Northeast United States. Bacterial samples were collected from larval and juvenile fish and live-feed, and identified using API 20E biochemical profiles and 16S rDNA sequencing. Histopathological examinations were conducted in order to relate histological changes with the presence of potential bacterial pathogens. V. harveyi, Vibrio ichthyoenteri, and Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae, three known pathogens of flatfish, were isolated from diseased summer flounder. Although a high proportion of juvenile summer flounder showed microscopic signs of disease, the presence of these potential bacterial pathogens in fish was not associated with large-scale mortalities. An outbreak of flounder infectious necrotizing enteritis with 30% cumulative mortality occurred when juveniles were transported to a new facility. Isolates of V. harveyi from the disease outbreak were genetically different from the isolates from the commercial hatchery. V. harveyi isolates from both facilities were pathogenic to summer flounder by intraperitoneal injection. P. damselae subsp. damselae, V. ichthyoenteri, and Vibrio scophthalmi, also found in fish with gross lesions, were not pathogenic to juvenile summer flounder by intraperitoneal injection. Our research shows that several potential bacterial pathogens are associated with morbidity and mortality in summer flounder larvae and juveniles, especially in situations of stress. Increased knowledge about the environmental conditions that lead to disease, as well as the interactions of V. harveyi with other microbial species, could lead to the development of management strategies in summer flounder farms.  相似文献   

2.
ABSTRACT

Over 71% of the aquaculture production of Chile is based on salmonids, and given the recents problems in the world salmon industry, it is necessary to investigate the culture of new species as a vital priority to maintain an industry of great social and economic impact for Chile. Small-eye flounder, Paralichthys microps, and chilean flounder P. adspersus, are native, high-value flatfish present off the coasts of Perú and Chile, that are commonly exploted by artisanal fishermen. Since 1986 both species have been objects of research studies for culture based on techniques developed for Japanese flounder. This paper is a review of current knowledge of this species and to identify research needs for the near future. Natural spawning of small-eye flounder and chilean flounder broodstock in captivity is already possible, but the manipulation of spawning using photoperiod and hormonal inducement, as well as the role of broodstock nutrition in egg and larval quality, needs to be explored. Successful incubation and larval culture protocol for both species have been developed, with larval survival over 24% from certain egg batches. Nutritional characterization and requirements for chilean flounder eggs and larvae during the culture period, optimal temperature, density, light intensity and green-water culture, are all subjects of ongoing research. Efforts to improve early culture protocol continues with emphasis on causes of larval mortality, early use of dry feed, microbial ecology of culture tanks and water quality. Weaning from live to formulated diets has been investigated, demonstrating survival of 30-50%. Presently only about 1-5% of hatchery raised flounder show a pigment disorder. Research on formulated diets and the weaning process are under way to ameliorate these results. Juveniles are being grown experimental in tanks and net pens systems and their performance (growth, survival, health) in both systems is being evaluated. Chilean flounder require approximately 2.8 years to reach 1 kg. Effort is also focusing on improving juvenile growing protocol, including recirculation systems, culture environment and diet formulation. Much future research will be required to attain optimal production of the species, such as species-specific nutritional requirements, optimum stocking density, disease and health management and growing protocols with new systems (shallow raceway). At present there is enough known about chilean flounder to begin a pilot-stage that will be the key for future development of its culture.  相似文献   

3.
The myxozoan genus Parvicapsula contains 14 species infecting fish, some of which are known to cause severe disease in farmed and wild salmonids. Parvicapsula pseudobranchicola infections were first reported from seawater-reared Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, in Norway in 2002 and have since then been an increasing problem. The present study describes a Taqman real-time PCR assay for specific detection of P. pseudobranchicola. The Taqman assay targets the 18S rRNA gene of P. pseudobranchicola and is able to detect as few as ten copies of the target sequence. Using the described assay, P. pseudobranchicola was detected in both farmed and wild salmonids, indicating that wild Atlantic salmon, sea trout, Salmo trutta, and Arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus, may be natural hosts of the parasite. Parvicapsula pseudobranchicola was found in samples from wild salmonids in the far south and the far north of Norway, displaying a wide geographic range of the parasite. Farmed salmonids showed P. pseudobranchicola infection levels many folds higher than that observed for wild sea trout, indicating that farmed Atlantic salmon are subjected to an elevated infection pressure compared with wild salmonids.  相似文献   

4.
Abstract. The histopathology of red-sore disease, caused by the gram-negative bacterium, Aeromonas hydrophila , is described for largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides . Externally, lesions range from those affecting a few scales (pin-point), to those associated with extensive chronic ulcerations; there is focal haemorrhage, oedema and dermal necrosis which exposes underlying muscles producing infiltration of mononuclear and granulocytic inflammatory cells. Internally, the liver and kidneys are foci for toxic products produced by A. hydrophila with, in the most severe cases, complete destruction of the structural integrity of both organs. Pathological changes were not serious in either the spleen or heart, even in cases with massive damage in the liver and kidney. Internal and external lesions were similar in both natural and experimentally induced infections. The pathobiology of red-sore disease in bass is postulated to be linked to elevated water temperature stimulating increased metabolism, decreased body condition and stress, leading to the increased production of corticosteroids and the concomitant rise in susceptibility to infection.  相似文献   

5.
牙鲆抗鳗弧菌病AFLP分子标记筛选   总被引：13，自引：1，他引：12  
牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)感病群体和抗病群体通过注射鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)获得。利用61对AFLP引物组合扫描了牙鲆感病群体和抗病群体各20个个体,结果共扩增出3 200条带,8条AFLP带在2个群体中显示了极大的差异(P<0.01),其中有2条带是在抗病群体中出现的高显性基因频率的标记,另外6条带是在感病群体中出现的高显性基因频率的标记。这些标记很可能是与抗病性相关的候选标记。这些抗病性候选标记的获得为实现牙鲆分子标记辅助育种和抗病基因克隆奠定了一定基础。[中国水产科学,2007,14(1):155-159]  相似文献   

6.
迟缓爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella tarda)是牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)的主要致病菌之一,严重影响牙鲆养殖业的可持续发展。本研究主要以2012、2013和2014年选育的优质抗病牙鲆家系为亲本,于2016年建立和培育了28个牙鲆家系,包括F3代家系4个、F_4代家系23个和对照家系1个。经过60 d的鱼苗早期生长性能测定和迟缓爱德华氏菌人工攻毒感染实验,筛选得到7个高抗病力(攻毒感染存活率66%)的家系,包括1个高抗病、速生家系(F1639),攻毒存活率达77.23%,比28个家系的平均值高32.75%,全长日增长率达到0.174 cm/d,比28个家系的均值高0.023 cm/d。该家系亲本源自2007年[F0750,抗鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)病家系]、2009年(F0927,抗鳗弧菌病家系)和2014年(F1421,抗迟缓爱德华氏菌家系)选育的抗病力强家系。历代攻毒感染实验的结果显示,选育的牙鲆家系抗病力逐代提高,说明通过家系选育(同胞选择),能够有效提高选育后代的抗病力。本研究进一步证明,家系选育是培育鱼类抗病优良品种的有效途径,为进一步培育出生长更快、抗病力更强的牙鲆新品种奠定了良好的基础,也为牙鲆对爱德华氏菌抗病性能的遗传解析和抗病机理研究提供了良好的遗传材料,对其他鱼类抗病良种选育具有重要指导作用和应用价值。  相似文献   

7.
Flavobacterium psychrophilum is the causative agent of bacterial cold-water disease and rainbow trout fry syndrome of salmonids. The pathogen has been reported from all regions in the world involved in salmonid aquaculture, but also from natural fresh-water environments. We established a quantitative loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA (LAMP) method to estimate quantities of F. psychrophilum . LAMP primers were designed based on the sequence of the DNA topoisomerase IV subunit B gene, parE , of F. psychrophilum. parE LAMP exhibited a high specificity for the parE gene of F. psychrophilum but not for other related species. parE LAMP detected the gene in a wide range of concentrations from 2.0 × 101 to 2.0 × 109 copies/reaction within 70 min and revealed a good correlation between threshold times and gene copy number.  相似文献   

8.
Abstract. Largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede), were collected from May to October from the Chowan River, North Carolina and examined for the presence of skin lesions. Over 55% of all largemouth bass greater than 100 mm in length had skin lesions. The largest fish (≥400 mm) had the greatest number of lesions (= 3.4 lesions per fish). When examined by wet mounts, small early lesions frequently (31% of all lesions) had the microscopic recently metamorphosed adult female stage of Lernaea cruciata . Older macroscopically visible adult females were only rarely seen (2% of all lesions). Examinations of wet mounts revealed no identifiable pathogen in 60% of all early lesions but histologically almost all lesions had a similar inflammatory response. Lesions were most common along the ventral surface of the body where 85% of all lesions were present. This was also the most common site of copepod infection, with 95% of all copepods present at this site. Bacterial numbers in early lesions were occasionally high and tended to increase in concentration in advanced lesions. No single organism was consistently identified as predominant in the majority of lesions. The possible relationship of these lesions to red-sore disease is discussed.  相似文献   

9.
Abstract. The lower Murray population of bony bream is subject to an annual epidemic of the oomycete Saprolegnia (principally S. parasitica ) and the bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila. The epidemic is species-specific; it mainly affects adults whose susceptibility may be increased by stress due to winter cold. Lesions occur on the mid-flank and are characterized by an external mycelium, epidermal erosion, scale loss, hypodermal and muscular oedema, haemorrhage, myofibril degeneration and by the presence of Saprolegnia hyphae at all stages of infection. Although A. hydrophila is common in advanced lesions there is no significant systemic bacterial infection. This appears to be a primary mycotic dermatitis and is noteworthy because Saprolegnia is best-known as a secondary pathogen.  相似文献   

10.
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11.
Abstract. The first outbreak of bacterial kidney disease in farmed salmonids in Scotland was recorded in 1976, The number of individual outbreaks has now risen to at least 37. Disease outbreaks are seasonal, reaching a peak during May. In many cases infection has spread following the movement of juvenile fish. Mortalities are variable; in extreme cases 20% per annum occurs. Both gross signs and mortalities are reduced in fish reared in sea water.  相似文献   

12.
The pathogenic bacterium Aeromonas salmonicida is the causative agent of the destructive disease furunculosis in salmonids. Horizontal transmission in salmonids has been suggested to occur via the skin, gills and/or intestine. Previous reports are contradictory regarding the role of the intestine as a route of infection. The present study therefore investigates the possibility of bacterial translocation across intestinal epithelia using Ussing chamber technology, in vitro. Intestinal segments were exposed for 90 min to fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled pathogenic A. salmonicida. Sampling from the serosal side of the Ussing chambers showed that bacteria were able to translocate across the intestinal epithelium in both the proximal and distal regions. Plating and subsequent colony counting showed that the bacteria were viable after translocation. During the 90 min exposure to A. salmonicida, the intestinal segments maintained high viability as measured by electrical parameters. The distal region responded to bacterial exposure by increasing the electrical resistance, indicating an increased mucus secretion. This study thus demonstrates translocation of live A. salmonicida through the intestinal epithelium of rainbow trout, suggesting that the intestine is a possible route of infection in salmonids.  相似文献   

13.
There is a need to develop low-cost methods for larviculture that emphasize disease prevention. We evaluated stagnant water larviculture in flounder Paralichthys olivaceus using rotifer amictic eggs treated with glutaraldehyde. Growth and survival of the larvae were similar to in larvae reared by standard running water larviculture with daily feeding of rotifers (control). In the experimental group, the n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid content of rotifers in the rearing water was higher than in the enriched rotifers fed to the control group. We also observed a similar pattern for the fatty acid composition of flounder larvae. The viable bacterial counts associated with rotifers in stagnant water were lower than those associated with enriched rotifers, and there were fewer bacterial genera. However, the viable bacterial count was the same or higher in the experimental rearing water compared with that in the control group. The α-Proteobacteria and Cytophaga–Flavobacterium–Bacteroidetes group dominated the bacterial community structure after larval hatching. To our knowledge, this is the first time that stagnant water larviculture, using only disinfected amictic eggs, has been successfully demonstrated on a mass production scale. This method appears to offer benefits including improved nutrition, more favorable bacterial communities, and lower cost.  相似文献   

14.
The hybrid grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (♀) × Epinephelus lanceolatus (♂), is a newly bred cultivated marine fish species of high economic value. However, a skin ulcer disease with high mortality has occurred, and the responsible pathogen remains unknown. In this study, we summarized the epidemic status and external signs of this disease. We screened potential pathogens and finally isolated one bacterial strain ML01 from affected fish. We subjected healthy juvenile hybrid groupers to bacterial challenge tests with the isolate by immersion, immersion after dermal abrasion and intraperitoneal injection, respectively. Within 14 days post‐infection, the isolate ML01 caused mass mortality of juveniles infected via immersion after dermal abrasion or intraperitoneal injection. Diseased juveniles displayed obvious signs of skin ulcers. The median lethal dose of ML01 by intraperitoneal injection was 1.10 × 105 colony‐forming units. ML01 was identified as Vibrio harveyi by bacterial morphology, analytical profile index identification, 16S rDNA sequencing and multilocus sequence analysis. Antibiotic susceptibility tests showed that ML01 was sensitive to ceftriaxone, doxycycline and minocycline. The results of this study suggest that V. harveyi is the causal agent of skin ulcer disease in juvenile hybrid groupers, thus providing a basis for effective control and prevention of this disease.  相似文献   

15.
Lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV), a large icosahedral DNA virus classified to the iridovirus family, is the causative agent of lymphocystis, a disease which occurs in marine and freshwater fish species and is characterized by formation of papilloma-like lesions on the surface of the skin. In vitro, LCDV infection causes flounder gill cells, an adherent cell line, to exhibit an obvious cytopathic effect (CPE). In order to test whether apoptosis is responsible for the observed CPE, cells infected with LCDV at a multiplicity of infection (m.o.i.) of 5 PFU per cell were examined at various time intervals for the appearance of apoptotic signs. Nuclear fragmentation, DNA laddering and caspase activation were observed in the infected cells at the time (i.e. 10 days post-infection) when an intensive CPE was observed. These findings demonstrate that LCDV is capable of inducing apoptosis in vitro, which is different from the result of LCDV infection in vivo, and consequently suggest an intricate LCDV-host interaction.  相似文献   

16.
Detailed observations of the behaviour of harbour seals, Phoca vitulina L., at sites within the estuaries of the Rivers Dee and Don, in north-eastern Scotland, were made over two full years between 1993 and 1996. Small numbers of grey seals, Halichoerus grypus Fab., were also present. The presence of seals within the estuaries was strongly related to season, with maximum numbers observed in winter and early spring; seals were virtually absent in June and July. The River Don was used largely as a haul-out site, while the River Dee was used predominantly as a foraging site, although it was not possible to determine whether the same seals were using the two estuaries. More seals were hauled-out on the River Don during twilight and dark than in daylight. The seals were observed to eat mostly salmonids, Salmo salar L. and S. trutta L., unidentified roundfish and flounder, Pleuronectes flesus L. The otoliths identified in scats collected at the mouth of the River Don belonged to marine species indicating that the seals were also feeding outside the estuaries. A minimum estimate is given of the numbers of large salmonids eaten in each river during the course of the year. Although no information was available on the numbers of salmonids using the rivers or the reproductive status of the fish eaten by the seals, as a cause of mortality, seal predation on large salmonids in estuaries is apparently an order of magnitude less important than mortality caused by angling within the river.  相似文献   

17.
迟缓爱德华氏菌病是海水鲆鲽鱼类的主要病害,发掘抗病分子标记辅助育种是十分有效的策略。本研究以牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus) rnd1基因(Pornd1)为对象,对该基因在牙鲆抗病免疫方面的作用进行系统分析。首先对Pornd1基因进行克隆鉴定和抗病相关单核苷酸多态性位点的定位,然后利用荧光定量PCR (qRT-PCR)对Pornd1基因的组织分布、细菌感染后表达情况以及在抗病和易感家系中的表达水平进行检测。结果显示,Pornd1 c DNA开放阅读框为699 bp,编码232个氨基酸。结合前期GWAS分析数据,本研究对Pornd1基因扩增和测序,确定Pornd1基因内含子2上存在一个抗迟缓爱德华氏菌病相关单核苷酸多态性位点,该位点在易感家系和抗病家系中分别是C/T,抗病家系(freqT=0.92)高于易感家系(freqT=0.20),具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。Pornd1在心、肝和肾中的相对表达量较高;迟缓爱德华氏菌感染后肝、肾和脾中Pornd1的表达量在6 h降低后逐渐升高,在48 h达到最高。Pornd1在抗病家系肝脏中的表达量显著高于易感家系。在蛋...  相似文献   

18.
Ash flows and flooding associated with wildfires represent important but understudied sources of disturbance for fish populations. Knowledge concerning these disturbances is especially limited for larger streams where warm water species dominate. Fire‐related disturbances have been hypothesised to differentially affect native and non‐native fishes, although this hypothesis has only been tested for salmonids. The objective of our research was to contrast effects of uncharacteristically large wildfires followed by flooding on metapopulations of native and non‐native fishes in the Gila River of southwest New Mexico. Probabilities of occupancy, colonisation and local extinction of fishes were calculated across sites before and during disturbance and were also measured across a broader spatial scale during disturbance to identify potential refuge locations. Occupancy was higher for native fishes than non‐natives, but multiple wildfire and flood events increased extinction probabilities of native species. Responses of non‐native species to wildfires were mixed; extinction of non‐native salmonids increased during disturbance, while extinction of several warm water species remained unchanged or decreased. Several undisturbed sites were poor refugia for natives as they were impacted by non‐native piscivores, dewatering, and fragmentation. However, despite exposure to multiple disturbances, sites located in large tributary and valley reaches were consistently occupied by native species, suggesting these habitats provided refugia. We suggest that management actions (forest thinning; prescribed burning) that restore a more natural disturbance regime of small and less severe fires coupled with habitat remediation activities (non‐native removal; decreased water withdrawal; improved connectivity) might diminish extinction risk for native fishes exposed to wildfire disturbance.  相似文献   

19.
Flavobacterium psychrophilum isolates, obtained from ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis, three species of salmonids and two species of cyprinids in Japan, were used in this study. Bacteria were inoculated to serum prepared from ayu or red spotted masu trout (RSMT), Oncorhynchus masou ishikawae, and incubated at 18 °C for 24 h. All isolates (n = 19) from ayu grew well with a 9- to 116-fold increase of CFU in ayu serum, while CFU decreased markedly in RSMT serum. In contrast, isolates (n = 17) from fish species other than ayu exhibited no growth in ayu serum, but some isolates from salmonids survived or grew (1.2-23.5 fold increase of CFU) in RSMT serum. The isolates that could not survive or grow in ayu and RSMT sera grew well in both heat-inactivated sera of ayu and RSMT. Experimental infection by intraperitoneal injection showed that ayu isolates examined were all pathogenic to ayu but not to RSMT, while none of the isolates from salmonids and cyprinids were pathogenic to ayu but some showed pathogenicity to RSMT. These results indicate that the in vitro growth ability of F. psychrophilum isolates in fish serum correlates well with their pathogenicity to fish, particularly in ayu.  相似文献   

20.
Blue crabs affected with shell disease displayed a wide array of pathologies in response to this very common affliction. Grossly, shell disease lesions most commonly presented as variably sized brown to black foci. Such lesions ranged from very small (1 mm2) to locally extensive (up to 200 mm2 in area). The larger of the melanized lesions sometimes appeared ulcerated. The most severe lesions observed (Pamlico River shell disease-PRSD) resulted in loss of up to 25% of the entire carapace. A diverse bacterial flora consisting of aeromonads, vibrios and five other genera were isolated as the predominant organisms from shell disease lesions. Fungi were rarely observed in larger lesions. Protozoa and algae were also rarely observed on the surface of some lesions. Histologically, lesions ranged from mild erosion of the epicuticle and outermost layers of the calcified endocuticle to more extensive endocuticle erosion with accompanying inflammation. In the most severe cases, there was total loss of the endocuticle and epidermis, with pseudomembrane formation, intense haemocyte infiltration, and involvement of adjacent viscera. There was no apparent relationship between the size of gross lesions and their histological severity (as defined by the extent of tissue damage), suggesting that gross examination of shell disease lesions is not a reliable method for assessing the damage to affected blue crabs.  相似文献   

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