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1.
Exposure to standard solution S extract ofPunica granatum, Thymus vulgaris andArtemisia absinthium for 72 h reduced the numbers of active nematodes by 100% forMeloidogyne incognita and by 95.7%, 71.4% and 42.9% forHelicotylenchus dihystera, respectively. Exposure to S/2 dilutions for 72 h reduced nematode motility by 100%, 77.3 and 72.7% forM. incognita, and by 92.9%, 37,1%, and 37,1% forH. dihystera, respectively. As exposure to S and S/2 extracts ofCitrullus colosynthis andRicinus communis reduced nematode motility by less than 32% forM. incognita and by less than 30% forH. dihystera. WhenM. incognita andH. dihystera were transfered to water for 72h, more than 85% of the individuals resumed normal movement at all extract dilutions except S ofA. absinthium andT. vulgaris and S and S/2 ofP. granatum. However, recovery ofM. incognita was more less than that ofH. dihystera. Exposure to S extracts ofP. granatum andT. vulgaris for 30 days reduced egg-hatching ofM. incognita by 100% and by 98.7% for S/2 dilutions. Also, 98.7% reduction in the egg-hatching was obtained by S ofA. absinthium. Extracts ofC. colosynthsis andR. communis gave less egg-hatching inhibition. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was suppressed by more than 75% inH. dihystera treated with S of each ofP. granatum, T. vulgaris andA. absinthium. However, the former extract gave the highest AChE inhibition (98.7%). When nematodes were treated with oxamyl (Vydate 24%), AChE activity was suppressed by 53.3%. The other extract dilutions suppressed AChE activity by less than 50%.  相似文献   

2.
Assay of polyphenol oxidase activity in relation to infection with the reniform nematode, influence of reducing and oxidizing agents and the enzyme activity level inRotylenchulus reniformis- andMeloidogyne incognita-tomatoes were conducted in this study. Polyphenol oxidase activity was greater inR. reniformis-infected than in uninfected roots, but was less in tissues treated with ascorbic acid and glutathione reducing agents than in healthy or in tissues treated with copper oxychloride oxidizing agent. In uninfected roots, activity of polyphenol oxidase was nearly equal to that inR. reniformis infected tissues treated with copper oxychloride. Best plant growth was observed with copper oxychloride which was associated with the least soil and root numbers ofR. reniformis. The enzyme activity in tissues infected withR. reniformis was much higher than in those parasitized withM. incognita. This activity in either nematode infected tissue was higher than that noticed in healthy tissues. This work demonstrated the occurrence of altered metabolism uponR. reniformis infection, involvement of the oxidation-reduction physiological processes anti/pro nematode buildup as well as the detection of noticeable differences in polyphenol oxidase activity whenR. reniformis orm. incognita was present.  相似文献   

3.
High antifeedancy and low toxicity of the plant preparation Neem (azadirachtin), on the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. larvae were proved under laboratory conditions. A high index of Neem antifeedancy was confirmed in all tested concentrations. Under laboratory conditions the Neem had satisfying antifeedancy on Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say third instar larvae too. Field experiments also proved that the foliage protective effect of Neem was very significant. Experiments showed that some antifeedants or repellents, such as Neem, should control olygophagous (L. decemlineata, Coleoptera) insects as well as very polyphagous insects such as L. dispar (Lepidoptera). As a biological, plant-derived preparation, Neem could be suitable for integrated pest management (IPM) programs, especially in small orchards, parks, and tree rows in urban environments and on small private gardens.  相似文献   

4.
Soaking faba beans or treating their soil with the bio-agents Abamectin (a fermentation product from Streptomyces avermitilis), a strain of Bacillus thuringiensis, Nemaless (containing strains of Serratia marcescens), and Sincocin-AG were compared to the nematicide Oxamyl and significantly (P 0.01 and/or P 0.05) reduced the population density of M. incognita with increasing the measured plant growth . On this basis, seed soaking was recommended as an economical, easy and pollution free method for managing M. incognita.  相似文献   

5.
Laboratory evaluation of Neem Azal-S and Margosan-O was carried out against the adult and larvae ofLiriomyza trifolii Burgess. The feeding deterrent activity of both compounds was significantly realized against the adults particularly at high concentrations which lasted for 5 days after treatment. Both formulations also deterred the females from laying eggs and the percentage of oviposition deterrent index (ODI) reached 80.7 and 52.6 for Neem Azal-S and Margosan-O (2%), respectively.Post infestation treatment of bean seedlings containing 3rd instar larvae indicated that the toxic action of the tested extracts was quite limited. However, different percentages of malformed pupae were obtained. The sex ratio between the resulting adults was nearly unaffected with the exception of individuals whose larvae were treated with 2% Neem Azal-S where all the resulting progenies were females.With 2 tables  相似文献   

6.
Different concentrations of Neem Azal-T/S, an insect growth regulator (IGR) (antiecdysone) and various other insecticides were tested against the pistachio psyllid (Agonoscena targionii) affecting pistachio (Pistacia vera L.), in northern Syria. From 1997?–?99, three applications were made annually, in April, May, June or July. Results revealed that Neem Azal-T/S, at the rate of 0.5 and 0.7?%, Flufenoxuron, Teflubenzuron, and the antagonistic fungus Beauveria bassiana Bals. were highly effective against the psyllid especially on the 1st and 2nd nymph instars in the April application. The possibilities of using these pesticides in integrated management against pistachio psyllid in Syria are discussed.  相似文献   

7.
The interactions of root-knot nematode and VAM fungus on common bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and the sequence of nematode infection were studied in the greenhouse. The inoculation with VAM fungus caused a significant increase in plant height and fresh weight compared with non treated plants.Meloidogyne infection unsignificantly decreased plant height and dry weight. When fungus was inoculated at 15 and 30 days prior toM. incognita infection, a significant increase in fresh weight was observed. There were no significant differences in total nitrogen (mg/plant) between plants inoculated withM. incognita alone or those inoculated with bothM. incognita and VAM fungus at the same time or 15 days after the fungus inoculation. Plants preinoculated with VAM fungus 30 days prior to nematode infection had a significant increase in total nitrogen. The inoculation with VAM fungus caused a significant increase in phosphorus content. However, it was significantly decreased in plants inoculated with nematode alone and in plants inoculated with VAM fungus andM. incognita at the same time. Gall index and final nematode population were significantly increased when nematodes were treated at the same time with fungus, although there were significant decrease in nematode final population and gall index when the plants were treated with nematodes at 15 and 30 days after mycorrhizal infection. A decrease in percentage of fungal colonization was observed when nematodes were inoculated with fungus at the same time.  相似文献   

8.
Zusammenfassung Zwecks Untersuchung der Beutepräferenz und der Effizienz des räuberischen NematodenDiplogaster sp. wurden dessen Adulten mit den Larven zweier pflanzenparasitärer Nematodenarten (Pratylenchus zeae undMeloidogyne incognita var. 3) sowie mit den Larven zweier Fliegenarten (Ceratitis capitata undMusca domestica) zusammen gehalten.Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß dieDiplogaster-Nematoden einen großen Teil der Beutetiere fraßen, und zwar in der ReihenfolgeM. incognita, P. zeae, C. capitata undM. domestica. Die beiden phytoparasitären Nematodenarten wurden somit den Insekten-larven vorgezogen. Die Vernichtungsquoten betrugen in dieser Reinhenfolge 81,5-76-55 und 44%.
Effect of different kinds of food source on the predation efficiency ofDiplogaster sp. nematode (Rhabdita, Diplogasteridae)
The present investigation was conducted to assess the favorable prey of different vermiform larvae of certain insects (Ceratitis capitata, Musca domestica) and phyto-parasitic nematodes (Pratylenchus zeae, Meloidogyne incognita var. 3) which would exterminated by the predator nematode,Diplogaster sp.The obtained results indicate thatDiplogaster sp. exteriminated large numbers of prey ofM. incognita var. 3 andP. zeae, followed byC. capitata andM. domestica. The larvae of phytoparasitic nematodes were preferable prey toDiplogaster nematode, than that of insects. The predatious rate on the larvae ofM. incognita, P. zeae, C. capitata andM. domestica was 81.5, 76, 55, and 44%, respectively.

Mit einer Tabelle  相似文献   

9.
Bioactivity of essential oils (EOs) from Monarda species has never been investigated on phytoparasitic nematodes. In this study, the EOs from two Italian ecotypes of Monarda didyma and M. fistulosa and their main compounds, carvacrol, γ-terpinene, o-cymene, and thymol, were evaluated for their in vitro activity on the infective stages of phytoparasitic nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and Pratylenchus vulnus, as well as on M. incognita egg hatch. Soil treatments with the two EOs were also investigated for their suppressiveness on M. incognita on tomato. Both EOs were strongly active on M. incognita juveniles, as a only 1.0 μL mL?1 LC50 value was evaluated after a 24-h exposure to both EOs, whereas a lower activity was recorded on P. vulnus (15.7 and 12.5 μL mL?1 LC50 values for M. didyma and M. fistulosa EOs, respectively). Among the EOs’ main compounds, carvacrol was highly active also at a short exposure in low concentrations, whereas γ-terpinene and thymol were much less active on both nematode species and o-cymene showed a discrete activity on P. vulnus only at the highest concentration. Hatch percent of M. incognita eggs treated with M. didyma and M. fistulosa EOs was always significantly lower than in water or in Tween 20 and Oxamyl solutions. In the experiment in soil, the multiplication of M. incognita and gall formation on tomato roots was significantly reduced by soil treatments with both EOs. The strong nematicidal activity of both Monarda EOs may suggest them as potential sources of new sustainable nematicidal products.  相似文献   

10.
In this study, the effects of two different commercial neem insecticides (NeemAzal T/S and Neem Oil) were determined on different stages of Nezara viridula (L.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) under laboratory conditions. Neem Azal and Neem Oil were applied at concentrations of 0.5 % and 2 %, respectively. Mortality was recorded after 3, 7 and 14 days for nymphs and adults; 7 and 14 days for old (4-day-old) eggs; and 14 days for newly laid (one-day-old) eggs. Both products have no significant effect on adults and newly laid eggs. However Neem Oil was found to be more effective than NeemAzal T/S on nymphs and on old laid eggs after 7 and 14 days. It can be concluded that both neem products have potential for insecticidal efficacy (approximately 60 %) against nymphs of N. viridula. at concentrations recommended by manufacturers for registered pests.  相似文献   

11.
The potential of the two predators,Chrysoperla carnea Steph. andCoccinella undecimpunctata Reich., as well as the two parasitoidsDiaeretiella rapae andEretmocerus mundus in an open field and under green house were conducted after several releases againstAphis gossypii, A. fabae, Brevicorine brassicae andBemisia tabaci. Double releases ofC. carnea (1∶5 predator∶aphids) achieved 100% reduction inA. gossypii after 12 days. A single release ofC. undecimpunctata (1∶50 predator∶aphids) resulted in 99.97% reduction in the same aphid. Releasing ofD. rapae to controlB. brassicae at the rate of 1∶50 resulted in 29% parasitism. ReleasingE. mundus for the control ofB. tabaci in cabbage at the rate of 5 adults/m2 resulted in 32% parasitism. Three releases ofC. undecimpunctata adults in a greenhouse cultivated with soybean, decreasedA. fabae population from 207 to 7.6 aphids/plant.  相似文献   

12.
Effect of nematicidal potential ofZinnia elegans Jacq (1, 2, 3 & 4 plants per pot) as a mix-crop along with tomato againstMeloidogyne incognita andRotylenchulus reniformis was studied under a greenhouse conditions. The nematode final population of both nematodes and their rate of build up as well as the root gall index were significantly affected by the number of zinnia plants when grown with tomato together. There was a negative correlation between the number of zinnia seedlings and the final population of both nematodes. The lowest nematode final population and rate of build up were determined at the highest number of zinnia plants (4 plants per pot). The highest number of root gall index was found on roots of tomato grown alone (4), while, the lowest one was found on roots of tomato (0.7) grown with four plants of zinnia. This type of control is considered inexpensive and pollution-free.
Zusammenfassung Zur Wirkung vonZinnia-Pflanzen in Mischung mit Tomate gegen die NematodenMeloidogyne incognita undRotylenchulus reniformis.Bei Zugabe von 1, 2, 3 oder 4 Pflanzen vonZinnia elegans pro Topf zu Tomate unter Gewächshausbedingungen wurden die Enddichte der Wurzel-NematodenMeloidogyne incognita undRotylenchulus reniformis sowie die Reproduktionsrate und der Wurzelgallenindex signifikant beeinflußt, und zwar mit steigender Zahl an Zinnia-Pflanzen vermindert. Der höchste Wurzelgallen-Index (4,0) wurde bei allein wachsender Tomate pro Topf festgestellt, der niedrigste Index (0,7) bei Anwesenheit von 4 Zinnien. Diese Form der Wurzelnematodenbekämpfung ist billig und frei von Umweltbelastungen.

With 2 tables  相似文献   

13.
许多学者先后对东北林区桦木属的分类进行了深入研究,对种及种下分类等级意见至今不一致,给综合开发利用桦木类群资源造成了混乱。笔者经多年深入林区实践、调查、采集标本,结合种群特征、地理分布、生境特点综合分类,不以蜡叶标本作为唯一依据,鉴定了桦木属种及种下等级,基本上同意傅沛云(1995)对东北林区桦木属的分类。但笔者认为东北白桦(B.mandshurica(Regel) Nakai)应视为独立种,取消栓皮白桦(Betula platyphylla Suk.var. phellodendroides Tung)名称及英吉里岳桦(ermanii Cham.var.yingkiliensis liou et Wang)名称,卵叶桦(Betula ovalifolia Rupr )不应该降为柴桦变种(Betula fruticosa Pall.),仍为独立种。图1表4参10。  相似文献   

14.
The main differences betweenThecodiplosis brachyntera (Schwägrichen) andT. japonensis Uchida et Inouye in morphology, bionomics, host plants, ecology, population dynamics, distribution, parasites, economic importance and control methods are given in this paper. The area ofT. b. onPinus sylvestris is more than 10 times larger than that ofP. j. onP. densiflora andP. thunbergii. The flight period of adults and the length of the first instar larvae ofT. b. is about 4 times shorter than those ofT. j. Both species can be transferred (infestation) to otherPinus spp. Death ofPinus trees attacked byT. b. was never observed in Europe. The influence of air pollution may change this situation.T. japonensis caused death ofPinus trees. Thousands of hectares of forests had to be felled. Parasites and predators are important in controlling the population densities of both species, but in practice biological control was only used againstT. j. Studies of chemical contents of needles and larvae produced interesting data on both species.T. brachyntera has been studied for 150 years andT. japonensis for 50 years.  相似文献   

15.
[目的]为筛选对南方根结线虫具有高致病力的淡紫拟青霉航天诱变菌株,通过淡紫拟青霉山东寿光菌株搭载神舟八号获得10个淡紫拟青霉航天诱变菌株.[方法]以这10个航天诱变菌株对南方根结线虫卵进行寄生试实验,观察了其发酵液对南方根结线虫卵及二龄幼虫的作用,并对与毒力相关的胞外酶几丁质酶和蛋白酶活性进行了测定.在此基础上,通过盆钵试验方法, 检验菌株Sd-m-9、Sd-m-16和Sd-m-26对花椒南方根结线虫的防治效果.[结果]结果表明:10个诱变菌株对南方根结线虫卵的寄生率与原始菌株存在分化,其中有3个诱变菌株的寄生率增强,即Sd-m-9、Sd-m-16和Sd-m-26;这10个诱变菌株的几丁质酶和蛋白质酶的活性与对南方根结线虫卵的寄生率之间呈正相关.在盆钵试验中,菌株Sd-m-9、Sd-m-16和Sd-m-26对南方根结线虫的根结指数较原始菌株下降88.34%~89.70%.[结论]因此,航天诱变菌株Sd-m-9、Sd-m-16和Sd-m-26可用于对南方根结线虫的防治.  相似文献   

16.
Two bacterial insecticides,Bacillus thuringiensis H-14 andB. sphaericus 1593 were evaluated for larvicidal potency against mosquito larvae ofAedes aegypti. LC50 values showed thatB.thuringiensis H-14 (4×105 spores/ml) had a higher pathogenicity against fourth larval instars ofA. aegypti thanB. sphaericus (3.1×106 spores/ml) by about 7.75 times. Larval selection with LC90 of both pathogens for 8 successive generations caused a decrease in the susceptibility levels of selected strains ofA. aegypti as compared with the original strain. Moreover, the results indicated that the effect of larval selection with the above bioinsecticides led to an obvious reduction in the egg production and hatchability of eggs produced by mosquito adults that developed from surviving larvae.  相似文献   

17.
The adaptation of the primary internal parasitoid,Trichogramma evanescens (Westw.), as an egg parasitoid ofLobesia botrana (Den. & Schiff.) was the first report in Alexandria region, Egypt. The life-span of this parasitoid on eggs ofL. botrana andSitotroga cerealella Ol. was investigated. The duration from egg to adult, longevity of adult stage, sex-ratio and total life cycle each of the two hosts were recorded. The ovipositional periods of mated females ofT. evanescens on egg ofL. botrana at 27±2co and 75±2% R.H. were studied. Also, percentages of parasitism byT. evanescens ranged from 22%–64% on the eggs ofL. botrana. Therefore, this parasitoid was very efficient as a biocontrol agent against the most serious grape pestL. botrana in Egypt.  相似文献   

18.
印楝叶解剖结构与抗旱性关系初步研究   总被引：16，自引：3，他引：16       下载免费PDF全文
对印楝叶解剖结构的观察和分析，研究发现印楝叶具旱生结构特征：a)较厚的角度层；b)有大量贮水细胞；c)栅栏组织发达，初步具有双栅叶特征；d)叶组织细胞排列紧密，栅栏组织细胞密度大；e)维管系统发达，具维管束鞘的伸展区；f)表皮层较厚，气孔密集；g)含晶细胞分布广，数量多。从解剖学的角度证实印楝是一种抗旱植物，适宜于我国干热河谷地区生长。  相似文献   

19.
Results of two field experiments, one on SA 1 pigeonpea in rainfed and the other on Co.5 pigeonpea in irrigated conditions revealed thatBacillus thuringiensis var.kurstaki (B.t.k.) (Delfin), its combinations with nuclear polyhedrosis virus ofHeliothis armigera andChrysoperla carnea were as effective as endosulfan in reducing the pod borers,Heliothis armigera andExelastis atomosa. However,B.t.k. 1.25 kg+endosulfan 175 g/ha orB.t.k. 2.5 kg+HaNPV, 250 LE/ha gave better control of damage to flowers and pods thanB.t.k. applied alone on SA 1 pigeonpea. The yield differences between these treatments were not significant. A combination of HaNPV 250 LE/ha+endosulfan 175 g/ha was superior toB.t.k. Similar trend was seen on Co.5 pigeonpea. Release ofC. carnea second instar larvae 1 lakh/ha was not effective in increasing the yield of pigeonpea.  相似文献   

20.
In their natural habitat, the antMonomorium floricola prefers to colonize inner cavities of certain plants such as bulb-basedTillandsia species. A colony ofM. floricola was imported from Haiti to Northern Germany with an infested tillandsia. Propagation of the insects was possible under the favourable conditions of a heated room with plants and terrariums. The ant population could be markedly reduced by insecticide-containing baits which are used for the control of pharao ants. The food preferred byM. floricola appeated to be similar to that accepted byM. pharaonis. The paper describes worker and queen ofM. floricola (morphological structures are illustrated by SEM pictures) and gives some notes on their biology.  相似文献   

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