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水生植物在湖泊生态修复中的作用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《湖北农业科学》2021,60(5)
水生植物在湖泊生态修复中具有成本低、能耗小、环境扰动小和生态观赏性等特点,在湖泊治理中发挥着重要作用。分析了湖泊生态系统退化的原因及退化的形式;阐述了利用4种不同类型水生植物的化感作用、对氮磷等营养物质的吸收作用、对沉积物的吸附作用以及光合作用等对湖泊生态系统进行修复的机制和效果;介绍了国内外相关研究现状,对现有研究方法和存在的问题进行了讨论并提出了建议;对今后的研究方向进行了展望。 相似文献
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当前全球危机频发,环境变化、气候变化等使生态系统面临巨大威胁,影响生态系统的可持续发展。生态系统如何应对这些威胁,维持其结构与功能的稳定性引起了国内外学者的广泛关注。生态系统恢复力理论提供了解决问题的思路,但目前对生态系统恢复力的研究还处于起步阶段。本文主要采用文献分析法,对生态系统恢复力的内涵、影响因素、评价指标、评价方法做出总结。关于生态系统恢复力的研究大多为概念研究与案例分析,相关概念在大量的实证研究中不断得到丰富与完善;针对不同类型的生态系统,根据其影响因素选择合适的指标构建指标体系开展恢复力评价是案例研究中普遍应用的方法,遥感为获取指标数据提供了技术上的支持,地理信息系统的空间分析等功能在评价过程中也具有重要作用。生态系统恢复力评价研究中的尺度问题、定量化问题、指标的选取、指标权重的确定等问题需要进一步的研究。 相似文献
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食物网是群落中各种生物有机体通过营养关系连接成的集合体。关于食物网的基本结构、HSS与MS观点的争论、食物链长度、与食物网大小相关的特性、食物网连接中的问题以及小瀑布模型等等,都是食物网生态学研究的主题。这些问题的深入研究将为认识食物网中种群调控机制,营养级之间的关系、各种食物链的存在及其能量转化机制、生物群落的行为机制以及自然保护设计等等作出贡献。同时,对于食物网理论的进一步完善与发展,生态学理论与应用都具有重要的意义。 相似文献
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磷是生态系统中重要的元素,驱动着生态系统的食物链及其相关的生态过程。沙漠生态系统P元素相对亏缺,了解该地区P元素对生物种群过程的影响及对生物多样性的保护有重要价值。通过定期监测土壤-植物(梭梭Haloxylon ammodendron)和昆虫(天花吉丁虫Julodis varioloris Pall)磷元素变化(磷含量及其RNA),分析土壤-植物-昆虫之间P元素的关系,结果表明:梭梭叶片中的C/P与土壤中有效P呈负相关,吉丁虫体内P和RNA与梭梭叶片中C/P呈负相关,与土壤中有效P含量呈正相关。吉丁虫中P与RNA含量直接受梭梭叶片中C/P影响,间接受土壤有效P影响,土壤和植物间P元素动力学可能是驱动天花吉丁虫种群变化的重要因素。自然条件下天花吉丁虫种群数量与其体内RNA含量变化一致,表明天花吉丁虫种群动态变化可以通过自然环境中磷元素的变化来评估,这可能是一个从微观角度研究昆虫种群变化的新方法。 相似文献
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《云南农业大学学报(自然科学版)》2019,(5)
蚂蚁作为草地生态系统重要组分之一,其种类和分布、筑巢和采食等对草地植被演变和土壤特性变化起重要作用。本文综述了中、高海拔不同草地类型中,蚂蚁的种类及分布、蚂蚁与草地动物的关系及蚂蚁对草地植被和蚁丘土壤理化特征的影响。结果显示:(1)蚂蚁适应性强,分布广,各类草地均有分布,但不同草地类型中蚂蚁种类有所不同;(2)蚂蚁作为草地生态系统的消费者,与其他草地动物有竞争、捕食与被捕食、共生与寄生等关系,这对草地健康的保持有利有弊,但最终维持着草地生态系统的平衡;(3)蚂蚁筑巢降低草地物种多样性,改变草地植物群落结构;(4)蚂蚁的挖掘、搬运、排泄和掩埋等增加蚁丘土壤养分和微生物活性,增加土壤孔隙度而降低容重,但其对土壤水分的影响因草地类型不同而异。为深入揭示蚂蚁在草地生态系统中的作用,未来还需开展如下研究:蚂蚁筑丘及采食活动对草地植被微斑块形成的作用机制及对演替的影响;蚂蚁在草地虫害防控中的作用;蚂蚁分泌物如何影响草地土壤微生物群落的构成。 相似文献
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Trophic cascades in a formerly cod-dominated ecosystem 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Removal of top predators from ecosystems can result in cascading effects through the trophic levels below, completely restructuring the food web. Cascades have been observed in small-scale or simple food webs, but not in large, complex, open-ocean ecosystems. Using data spanning many decades from a once cod-dominated northwest Atlantic ecosystem, we demonstrate a trophic cascade in a large marine ecosystem. Several cod stocks in other geographic areas have also collapsed without recovery, suggesting the existence of trophic cascades in these systems. 相似文献
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Food chain length (FCL) is a fundamental component of food web structure. Studies in a variety of ecosystems suggest that FCL is determined by energy supply, environmental stability, and/or ecosystem size, but the nature of the relationship between environmental stability and FCL, and the mechanism linking ecosystem size to FCL, remain unclear. Here we show that FCL increases with drainage area and decreases with hydrologic variability and intermittency across 36 North American rivers. Our analysis further suggests that hydrologic variability is the mechanism underlying the correlation between ecosystem size and FCL in rivers. Ecosystem size lengthens river food chains by integrating and attenuating discharge variation through stream networks, thereby enhancing environmental stability in larger river systems. 相似文献
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Carpenter SR Cole JJ Pace ML Batt R Brock WA Cline T Coloso J Hodgson JR Kitchell JF Seekell DA Smith L Weidel B 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,332(6033):1079-1082
Catastrophic ecological regime shifts may be announced in advance by statistical early warning signals such as slowing return rates from perturbation and rising variance. The theoretical background for these indicators is rich, but real-world tests are rare, especially for whole ecosystems. We tested the hypothesis that these statistics would be early warning signals for an experimentally induced regime shift in an aquatic food web. We gradually added top predators to a lake over 3 years to destabilize its food web. An adjacent lake was monitored simultaneously as a reference ecosystem. Warning signals of a regime shift were evident in the manipulated lake during reorganization of the food web more than a year before the food web transition was complete, corroborating theory for leading indicators of ecological regime shifts. 相似文献
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根据2017年6月—2019年2月在热带太平洋东部海域(14°03′N~30°22′S, 179°36′E~114°29′W)开展的6个航次金枪鱼延绳钓渔获采样资料及胃含物组成数据,运用12个食物网网络分析指数,研究热带东太平洋中上层食物网结构特征。结果显示,本食物网物种（类群）数为83,连接数为542,食物网的平均营养级为2.4,顶级物种、中间物种、基础物种的比例分别为10.85%、83.13%、6.02%。食物网不同营养级物种的比例、杂食性指数（omnivorous, O=92.77%）、连接复杂性指数（connection complexity index, CSC=13.22）和特征路径长度（characteristic path length, P=1.85）的分析表明,该食物网结构处于较稳定状态;聚类系数（clustering coefficient, Cc=0.242）表明食物网物种间可形成几个连接性较密切的子网络结构;由连接密度（linkage density, D=6.53）和连通度指标（connectance , Cl=0.08）可知食物网的复杂性处于正常水平,对人为扰动以及环境变化存在一定的抵御性。研究可以为今后热带太平洋食物网功能的深入研究及基于生态系统的大洋渔业管理提供重要参考。 相似文献
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Scale invariance in food web properties 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The robustness of five common food web properties is examined by varying the resolution of the data through aggregation of trophic groupings. A surprising constancy in each of these properties is revealed as webs are collapsed down to approximately half their original size. This analysis of 60 invertebrate-dominated community food webs confirms the existence of all but one of these properties in such webs and addresses a common concern held by critics of food web theory that observed food web properties may be sensitive to trophic aggregation. The food web statistics (chain length; predator/prey ratio; fraction of top, intermediate, and bottom species; and rigid circuits) are scaling in the sense that they remain roughly invariant over a wide range of data resolution. As such, within present standards of reporting food web data, these statistics may be used to compare systems whose trophic data are resolved differently within a factor of 2. 相似文献
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Conventional ecological theory predicts that predators affect nutrient cycling by decreasing the abundance or activity of prey. By using a predator-detritivore-detritus food chain in bromeliads, we show that predators can increase nutrient cycling by a previously undescribed, but broadly applicable, mechanism: reducing nutrient export by prey emigration. Contrary to expectations, predation on detritivores increases detrital nitrogen uptake by bromeliads. Predation reduces detritivore emergence and hence export of nitrogen from the system. Detritivores therefore benefit their host plant, but only when predators are present. More generally, our results show that predator loss or extinction can dramatically and unexpectedly affect ecosystem functioning. 相似文献
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Primary productivity in the Southern Ocean is approximately 3.5 gigatons of carbon per year, which accounts for nearly 15 percent of the global total. The presence of high concentrations of nitrate in Antarctic waters suggests that it might be possible to increase primary production significantly and thereby alleviate the net accumulation of atmospheric carbon dioxide. An analysis of the food web for these waters implies that the Southern Ocean may be remarkably inefficient as a carbon sink. This inefficiency is caused by the large flux of carbon respired to the atmosphere by air-breathing birds and mammals, dominant predators in the unusually simple food web of Antarctic waters. These top predators may transfer into the atmosphere as much as 20 to 25 percent of photosynthetically fixed carbon. 相似文献
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The diversity and complexity of food webs (the networks of feeding relationships within an ecological community) are considered to be important factors determining ecosystem function and stability. However, the biological processes driving these factors are poorly understood. Resource quality affects species interactions by limiting energy transfer to consumers and their predators, affecting life history and morphological traits. We show that differences in plant traits affect the structure of an entire food web through a series of direct and indirect effects. Three trophic levels of consumers were influenced by plant quality, as shown by quantitative herbivore-parasitoid-secondary parasitoid food webs. We conclude, on the basis of our data, that changes in the food web are dependent on both trait- and density-mediated interactions among species. 相似文献
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Which species affect one another, how intensely, and the mechanisms of those effects are crucial data for understanding how ecological communities work. Tropical islands without lizards, the major top predators, have about ten times as dense web spider populations as those with lizards; processes responsible for this effect were experimentally simulated by removing lizards from randomly selected mainland plots. Spider densities in removal plots averaged 2.5 times as high as controls. Spider survival, prey abundance, and prey consumption were all negatively affected by lizards. Contrary to most studies, predator removal caused an increase in the number of spider species. 相似文献