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1.
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are members of a protein superfamily which can be responsible for efflux of drugs from cells of target organisms. In this way, the transporters may provide a mechanism of protection against cytotoxic drugs. In laboratory-generated mutants of fungi, overproduction of ABC transporters can cause multi-drug resistance to azoles and other non-related toxicants. The impact of this mechanism of resistance in field populations with decreased sensitivity to azoles remains to be established. Inhibitors of ABC transporter activity may synergize activity of azoles to populations of both sensitive and azole-resistant pathogens. The natural function of ABC transporters in plant pathogenic fungi may relate to transport of plant-defence compounds or fungal pathogenicity factors. Therefore, inhibitors of ABC transporter activity may act as disease control agents with an indirect mode of action. ©1997 SCI  相似文献   

2.
Drug transporters are membrane proteins that provide protection for organisms against natural toxic products and fungicides. In plant pathogens, drug transporters function in baseline sensitivity to fungicides, multidrug resistance (MDR) and virulence on host plants. This paper describes drug transporters of the filamentous fungi Aspergillus nidulans (Eidam) Winter, Botrytis cinerea Pers and Mycosphaerella graminicola (Fückel) Schroter that function in fungicide sensitivity and resistance. The fungi possess ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug transporters that mediate MDR to fungicides in laboratory mutants. Similar mutants are not pronounced in field resistance to most classes of fungicide but may play a role in resistance to azoles. MDR may also explain historical cases of resistance to aromatic hydrocarbon fungicides and dodine. In clinical situations, MDR development in Candida albicans (Robin) Berkhout mediated by ABC transporters in patients suffering from candidiasis is common after prolonged treatment with azoles. Factors that can explain this striking difference between agricultural and clinical situations are discussed. Attention is also paid to the risk of MDR development in plant pathogens in the future. Finally, the paper describes the impact of fungal drug transporters on drug discovery.  相似文献   

3.
 项目组从健康香蕉植株根部中分离得到一株对多种植物病原真菌具有抑菌活性的内生细菌。结合形态特征观察、生理生化分析及分子鉴定,鉴定该菌株为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens),命名为BEB17。双皿对峙实验结果表明,该菌株产生的挥发性有机物(Volatile organic compounds, VOCs)可抑制多种病原真菌生长,其中对香蕉枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4,Foc4)抑制效果最强,抑制率达66.86%±0.90%,并能抑制其孢子萌发。用BEB17产生的挥发性物质做熏蒸处理后,Foc4菌丝发生缢缩膨大,细胞膜被破坏。采用顶空法固相微萃取结合气质联用(HS-SPME-GC-MS)对BEB17产生的挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行收集鉴定,得到10类33种单体有机物组分。  相似文献   

4.
枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillus subtilis Y13是一株高效广谱的生防菌，对油茶主要病害具有较好的生防效果，试验表明其发酵产生的挥发性物质对油茶炭疽病菌有较好的抑制作用。对菌株Y13产生的挥发性物质进行定性定量分析，并测定其抑菌活性，为油茶病害无公害防治及药剂开发提供理论依据。采用顶空固相微萃取技术（HS-SPME）和气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）收集并分析Y13挥发性物质成分，购买相应挥发性物质纯品，采用双皿倒扣法测定其抑菌活性。Y13挥发性物质对10种植物病原真菌抑菌率在19.2%～83.9%，其中挥发性物质对果生炭疽菌Colletotrichum fructicola的抑菌活性最强，抑菌率达到83.9%；检测其中10种挥发性化合物纯品对果生炭疽菌的抑菌活性发现，除了正十八烷外，其他9种挥发性化合物纯品均具有不同程度的抑菌活性；筛选出的4种高效抑菌挥发性化合物纯品对7种常见的油茶病原真菌的抑菌活性检测结果表明，4种挥发性化合物纯品（10 μL/平板）对7种常见的油茶病原真菌均具有较好的抑菌活性，抑菌活性壬醛 > 苯甲醛 > 3-甲基-4-苯基吡唑 > 苯丙噻唑。Y13挥发性物质对油茶主要病害病原菌有很好的抑制作用，具有一定的研究意义和良好的开发价值。  相似文献   

5.
解淀粉芽胞杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens XJ5挥发性物质对苹果褐腐病菌Monilinia fructigena等多种病原真菌具有良好的拮抗活性。通过固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱联用仪（Solid-phase microextraction-Gas chromatography mass spectrometry，SPME-GC-MS）对菌株XJ5产生的挥发性物质进行检测，利用平板对扣法测定挥发性化合物的抑菌活性，并离体接种评价菌株XJ5挥发性物质对苹果褐腐病的防效。结果表明，XJ5菌株挥发性物质对9种植物病原真菌的抑菌率在47.9%~84.8%，其中对苹果褐腐病菌的抑菌率最高为84.8%。SPME-GC-MS检测及抑菌活性测定表明，菌株XJ5分泌的主要挥发性物质为十二醛（Dodecanal），具有抑菌活性的挥发性物质主要为2-壬醇（2-Nonanol）、2-乙基己醇（2-Ethyl-1-hexanol）和2-十一醇（2-Undecanol）。其中2-壬醇抑制苹果褐腐病菌的EC50为3.43 μg/mL，且XJ5菌液离体熏蒸与2-壬醇离体熏蒸均可有效抑制苹果褐腐病菌丝生长及病斑扩展，其对苹果褐腐病的离体防效分别在14.4%~71.2%和66.4%~97.6%，与对照差异显著。  相似文献   

6.
甾醇生物合成抑制剂类(SBIs)杀菌剂通过抑制植物病原真菌甾醇生物合成途径中不同环节的酶,干扰或阻断病原菌麦角甾醇生物合成而发挥抗真菌作用。综述了植物病原真菌对SBIs杀菌剂的抗药性发生现状、遗传机制、生理生化机制、分子机制及治理策略等方面的最新研究进展。室内及田间有关SBIs杀菌剂抗药性的研究结果表明,植物病原菌对该类杀菌剂的抗药性可能是由1种或多种机制共同作用的结果。ABC和MFS运输蛋白基因及CYP51蛋白基因是植物病原真菌对SBIs杀菌剂产生抗药性的主要分子机制。其中ABC运输蛋白基因能够通过翻转酶将药剂从膜内层转移至外层而排出细胞体外;MFS运输蛋白基因的超表达和本底表达则是导致病原菌产生抗药性的关键因素;而CYP51蛋白基因与药剂作用时易在病原菌体内发生基因点突变或基因超表达,造成编码蛋白与药剂亲和力下降,导致病原菌产生抗药性。随着分子生物学的迅速发展,可从基因水平上寻找出与抗药性直接相关的基因、蛋白及调控途径等信息,同时与其他学科结合,合理设计新的、多作用位点的高效甾醇生物合成抑制剂,从而延长该类杀菌剂的使用寿命。  相似文献   

7.
Coprophilous fungi are a large group of saprotrophic fungi mostly found in herbivore dung. The number of these fungi undergoing investigation is continually increasing, and new species and genera continue to be described. Dung‐inhabiting fungi play an important ecological role in decomposing and recycling nutrients from animal dung. They produce a large array of bioactive secondary metabolites and have a potent enzymatic arsenal able to utilise even complex molecules. Bioactive secondary metabolites are actively involved in interaction with and defence against other organisms whose growth can be inhibited, resulting in an enhanced ecological fitness of producer strains. Currently, these antibiotics and bioactive secondary metabolites are of interest in medicine in particular, while very little information is available concerning their potential use in agriculture. This review introduces the ecology of dung‐inhabiting fungi, with particular emphasis on the production of antibiotic compounds as a means to compete with other microorganisms. Owing to the fast pace of technological progress, new approaches to predicting the biosynthesis of bioactive metabolites are proposed. Coprophilous fungi should be considered as elite candidate organisms for the discovery of novel antifungal compounds, above all in view of their exploitation for crop protection. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

8.
Resistance to plant disease is often specific and metabolites and receptors contributing to this specificity may have specific structures. However, simple, structurally-unrelated compounds induce systemic resistance in unrelated plants to diverse pathogens including fungi, bacteria and viruses. Both resistance and induced systemic resistance (ISR) are associated with the rapid accumulation of the same structurally unrelated putative defense compounds that have diverse functions. It has been suggested that cultivar (race)-specific resistance is initiated by the specific interaction of a pathogen product (or pathogen induced product) and a plant receptor. However, restricted infection by pathogens can result in ISR and many different compounds can cause ISR. It is thus evident that there are both specific and non-specific routes to the master switch for ISR and there may be more than one master switch. Are reactive oxygen species and free radicals regulating the master switch(es) via both routes? It is also evident there are many switches, other than the master switch. Adding to the complexity of resistance and ISR are the observations that different compounds and pathways may mediate different biochemical resistances. Activation of one of the pathways may antagonize or enhance the activation or effectiveness of another. The review will address these complexities and questions and propose directions of research which require high priority. Factors which encourage and suppress the application of ISR in agriculture will also be addressed.  相似文献   

9.
植物内生真菌及其展望   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文
内生真菌在自然界广泛存在,有些内生真菌可以促进植物营养吸收、提高植物抗生物逆境和非生物逆境的能力、刺激植物产生活性物质等。因此,内生真菌是植物病虫害生物防治领域的重要研究内容之一。本文就内生真菌与寄主共生的分子基础、内生真菌对植物影响机制、内生真菌与寄主特异性相互作用、特殊的内生真菌--植物病原真菌、内生真菌形成的分子机制和内生真菌研究展望等6个方面对内生真菌进行了叙述,期望为科学地利用内生真菌资源提供一些参考。  相似文献   

10.
Sharon M  Freeman S  Sneh B 《Phytopathology》2011,101(7):828-838
Certain hypovirulent Rhizoctonia isolates effectively protect plants against well-known important pathogens among Rhizoctonia isolates as well as against other pathogens. The modes of action involved in this protection include resistance induced in plants by colonization with hypovirulent Rhizoctonia isolates. The qualifications of hypovirulent isolates (efficient protection, rapid growth, effective colonization of the plants, and easy application in the field) provide a significant potential for the development of a commercial microbial preparation for application as biological control agents. Understanding of the modes of action involved in protection is important for improving the various aspects of development and application of such preparations. The hypothesis of the present study is that resistance pathways such as systemic acquired resistance (SAR), induced systemic resistance (ISR), and phytoalexins are induced in plants colonized by the protective hypovirulent Rhizoctonia isolates and are involved in the protection of these plants against pathogenic Rhizoctonia. Changes in protection levels of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants defective in defense-related genes (npr1-1, npr1-2, ndr1-1, npr1-2/ndr1-1, cim6, wrky70.1, snc1, and pbs3-1) and colonized with the hypovirulent Rhizoctonia isolates compared with that of the wild type (wt) plants colonized with the same isolates confirmed the involvement of induced resistance in the protection of the plants against pathogenic Rhizoctonia spp., although protection levels of mutants constantly expressing SAR genes (snc1 and cim6) were lower than that of wt plants. Plant colonization by hypovirulent Rhizoctonia isolates induced elevated expression levels of the following genes: PR5 (SAR), PDF1.2, LOX2, LOX1, CORI3 (ISR), and PAD3 (phytoalexin production), which indicated that all of these pathways were induced in the hypovirulent-colonized plants. When SAR or ISR were induced separately in plants after application of the chemical inducers Bion and methyl jasmonate, respectively, only ISR activation resulted in a higher protection level against the pathogen, although the protection was minor. In conclusion, plant colonization with the protective hypovirulent Rhizoctonia isolates significantly induced genes involved in the SAR, ISR, and phytoalexin production pathways. In the studied system, SAR probably did not play a major role in the mode of protection against pathogenic Rhizoctonia spp.; however, it may play a more significant role in protection against other pathogens.  相似文献   

11.
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12.
Fungal phytopathogens have evolved efficient mechanisms that enable them to exploit the plant nutrient reservoir for the purpose of growth and propagation. These are counteracted by the plants to arrest fungal development. Two general principles control the specificity of host/fungus interactions. In several cases, the interplay between fungus-produced toxins and either plant toxin targets or detoxification mechanisms determine the outcome of the interaction. An analogous principle appears to be operative in the opposite direction; deposition by plants of fungitoxic compounds that can be detoxified by pathogenic fungi. Presumably of more general importance is the recognition-based plant defense system. The ensuing resistance is frequently controlled by single genes in both interacting organisms. Originally observed in many crop plants at the sub-species level, it has recently also been described in wild plants and at the species level. The structures of disease resistance genes cloned to date from different plants allow the conclusion that the plant protective system against pathogens is based on a general principle that appears to be as effective as the animal disease protection system.  相似文献   

13.
Despite technological advances in global agriculture in recent years, the problem of pathogenic fungi in the production of cereal crops continues to be an issue. Currently, the high variability of weather factors that are considered unusual for specific locations affect the growth and physiology of pathogens attacking cereal crops. One of the most common plant protection methods is the use of synthetic pesticides; however, there is growing controversy over this approach due to the build-up of pesticides in the environment and the presence of their residues in food. The purpose of this literature review is to explore the current state of knowledge regarding the potential of using Trichoderma species as a biostimulator and for the biological protection of cereal crops against pathogenic fungi. Trichoderma fungi—through mycoparasitism, antibiosis and competition for space and nutrients—help to inhibit the growth of pathogens and have a positive impact on the growth of plants, including their root system, which is considered a desirable effect during drought episodes. It has also been demonstrated that Trichoderma fungi can convert Fusarium toxins into new metabolites that can be of lower toxicity. However, the highly limited number of in vivo studies investigating the use of these fungi for biocontrol in cereal crops remains an obstacle to the commercialization of Trichoderma fungi. It appears that the determination of their effectiveness in the biocontrol of cereal crops under variable weather and climate conditions presents a considerable challenge.  相似文献   

14.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)fungi penetrate the cortical cells of the roots of vascular plants,and are widely distributed in soil.The formation of these symbiotic bodies accelerates the absorption and utilization of mineral elements,enhances plant resistance to stress,boosts the growth of plants,and increases the survival rate of transplanted seedlings.We studied the effects of various arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi on the growth and development of licorice(Glycyrrhiza glabra).Several species of AM,such as Glomus mosseae,Glomus intraradices,and a mixture of fungi(G.mosseae,G.intraradices,G.cladoideum,G.microagregatum,G.caledonium and G.etunicatum)were used in our study.Licorice growth rates were determined by measuring the colonization rate of the plants by the fungi,plant dry biomass,phosphorus concentration and concentration of secondary metabolites.We established two cloned strains of licorice,clone 3(C3)and clone 6(C6)to exclude the effect of genotypic variations.Our results showed that the AM fungi could in fact increase the leaf and root biomass,as well as the phosphorus concentration in each clone.Furthermore,AM fungi significantly increased the yield of certain secondary metabolites in clone 3.Our study clearly demonstrated that AM fungi play an important role in the enhancement of growth and development of licorice plants.There was also a significant improvement in the secondary metabolite content and yield of medicinal compounds from the roots.  相似文献   

15.
Induced Disease Resistance in Plants by Chemicals   总被引：23，自引：0，他引：23  
Plants can be induced locally and systemically to become more resistant to diseases through various biotic or abiotic stresses. The biological inducers include necrotizing pathogens, non- pathogens or root colonizing bacteria. Through at network of signal pathways they induce resistance spectra and marker proteins that are characteristic for the different plant species and activation systems. The best characterized signal pathway for systemically induced resistance is SAR (systemic acquired resistance) that is activated by localized infections with necrotizing pathogens. It is characterized by protection against a broad range of pathogens, by a set of induced proteins and by its dependence on salicylic acid (SA) Various chemicals have been discovered that seem to act at various points in these defense activating networks and mimic all or parts of the biological activation of resistance. Of these, only few have reached commercialization. The best- studied resistance activator is acibenzolar-5-methyl (BION). At low rates it activates resistance in many crops against a broad spectrum of diseases, including fungi, bacteria and viruses. In monocots, activated resistance by BION typically is very long lasting, while the lasting effect is less pronounced in dicots. BION is translocated systemically in plants and can take the place of SA in the natural SAR signal pathway, inducing the same spectrum of resistance and the same set of molecular markers. Probenazole (ORYZEMATE) is used mainly on rice against rice blast and bacterial leaf blight. Its mode of action is not well understood partly because biological systems of systemically induced resistance are not well defined in rice. Treated plants clearly respond faster and in a resistant manner to infections by the two pathogens. Other compounds like beta-aminobutyric acid as wdl as extracts from plants and microorganisms have also been described as resistance inducers. For most of these, neither the mode of action nor reliable pre-challenge markers are known and still other pathways for resistance activation are suspected. Resistance inducing chemicals that are able to induce broad disease resistance offer an additional option for the farmer to complement genetic disease resistance and the use of fungicides. If integrated properly in plant health management programs, they can prolong the useful life of both the resistance genes and the fungicides presently used.  相似文献   

16.

BACKGROUND

Chemical products against fungi and oomycetes pose serious environmental issues. In the last decade, the use of less impacting active ingredients was encouraged to reduce chemical inputs in viticulture. In this study, the effect of different antifungal compounds on grapevine agronomic, physiological, and molecular responses in the vineyard was evaluated in addition to protection against powdery and downy mildews.

RESULTS

In 2 years and in two Vitis vinifera cultivars (Nebbiolo and Arneis), a conventional crop protection approach, based on traditional fungicides (sulfur and copper), was compared to combined strategies. A well-known resistance inducer (potassium phosphonate), Bacillus pumilus strain QST 2808 and calcium oxide, both active ingredients whose biological interaction with grapevine is poorly characterized, were applied in the combined strategies in association with chemical fungicides. Despite a genotype effect occurred, all treatments optimally controlled powdery and downy mildews, with minimal variations in physiological and molecular responses. Gas exchange, chlorophyll content and photosystem II efficiency increased in treated plants at the end of season, along with a slight improvement in the agronomic performances, and an activation of molecular defense processes linked to stilbene and jasmonate pathways.

CONCLUSION

The disease control strategies based on potassium phosphonate, Bacillus pumilus strain QST 2808 or calcium oxide combined with traditional chemical compounds did not cause severe limitations in plant ecophysiology, grape quality, and productive yields. The combination of potassium phosphonate and calcium oxide with traditional fungicides can represent a valuable strategy for reducing copper and sulfur inputs in the vineyards, including those organically managed. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.  相似文献   

17.
Rust fungi are major pathogens of many annual and perennial crops. Crop protection is largely based on genetic and chemical control. Fungicide resistance is a significant issue that has affected many crop pathogens. Some pathogens have rapidly developed resistance and hence are regarded as high‐risk species. Rust fungi have been classified as being low risk, in spite of sharing many relevant features with high‐risk pathogens. An examination of the evidence suggests that rust fungi may be wrongly classified as low risk. Of the nine classes of fungicide to which resistance has developed, six are inactive against rusts. The three remaining classes are quinone outside inhibitors (QoIs), demethylation inhibitors (DMIs) and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs). QoIs have been protected by a recently discovered intron that renders resistant mutants unviable. Low levels of resistance have developed to DMIs, but with limited field significance. Older SDHI fungicides were inactive against rusts. Some of the SDHIs introduced since 2003 are active against rusts, so it may be that insufficient time has elapsed for resistance to develop, especially as SDHIs are generally sold in mixtures with other actives. It would therefore seem prudent to increase the level of vigilance for possible cases of resistance to established and new fungicides in rusts. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

18.
The phenolic composition of olive roots and stems was studied by high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. The in vivo levels of the principal phenolic compounds found in olive plants infected by Phytophthora megasperma Drechsler and Cylindrocarpon destructans (Zinssm.) Scholten differed from the levels observed in non-infected plants. When the antifungal activity of these compounds against both fungi was studied in vitro, the most active were quercetin and luteolin aglycons, followed by rutin, oleuropein, p-coumaric acid, luteolin-7-glucoside, tyrosol and catechin. Microscopic study showed that these phenolic compounds affected the growth, morphology and ultrastructure of the fungi. Taken together, these findings suggest that the phenolic compounds present in olive plants play an active role in the protection against pathogen attack.  相似文献   

19.
寄主诱导的基因沉默技术研究和应用进展   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
病原真菌严重威胁着农作物的产量和品质,提高作物抗性是病原真菌病害防控的重要措施。寄主诱导的基因沉默(host induced gene silencing,HIGS)技术是在RNA干扰的基础上发展而来,以病原真菌生长发育和侵染过程中的关键基因为靶标,通过在寄主植物中表达这些基因的干扰RNA从而抑制病原真菌中靶标基因的表达,达到抵制病原真菌扩展,提高寄主植物抗病性的目的。近年来,HIGS技术被用于防控多种由病原真菌引起的病害,并取得了明显成效,为植物抗病资源的开发及应用提供了新途径。本文综述了HIGS技术的原理、技术路线、操作方法和国内外的主要研究进展,总结了操作中需要注意的事项,并对该技术的发展趋势和应用前景进行了展望。  相似文献   

20.
广西地不容提取物及其化合物的抑菌活性   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
在室内用生长速率法测定了广西地不容块根提取物及其化合物对梨褐斑病菌、梨黑斑病菌、柑橘疮痂病菌和柑橘溃疡病菌的抑菌活性。结果表明,广西地不容块根提取物对上述4种病原菌均有明显的抑制作用,质量浓度为10 g/L时,72 h的抑菌率分别为100%、91.96%、84.76%和100%;在从广西地不容块根提取物分离出的7个化合物中,l-罗默碱对4种病菌均有很高的抑菌活性,质量浓度为1 g/L时,72 h的抑菌率分别为100%、100%、85.04%和100%。紫堇定对梨黑斑病菌抑菌活性高,72 h抑菌率为100%,对梨褐斑病菌和柑橘疮痂病菌也有较高的抑菌活性,而对柑橘溃疡病菌的抑菌活性低。广西地不容块根提取物对梨褐斑病菌、梨黑斑病菌、柑橘疮痂病菌和柑橘溃疡病菌的EC50分别为1.252 5、2.379 3、1.758 2、1.510 0 g/L,l-罗默碱的EC50分别为0.147 3、0.167 1、0.3464、0.118 2 g/L。  相似文献   

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