共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 468 毫秒
1.
Brune WH Anderson JG Toohey DW Fahey DW Kawa SR Jones RL McKenna DS Poole LR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1991,252(5010):1260-1266
The nature of the Arctic polar stratosphere is observed to be similar in many respects to that of the Antarctic polar stratosphere, where an ozone hole has been identified. Most of the available chlorine (HCl and ClONO(2)) was converted by reactions on polar stratospheric clouds to reactive ClO and Cl(2)O(2) throughout the Arctic polar vortex before midwinter. Reactive nitrogen was converted to HNO(3), and some, with spatial inhomogeneity, fell out of the stratosphere. These chemical changes ensured characteristic ozone losses of 10 to 15% at altitudes inside the polar vortex where polar stratospheric clouds had occurred. These local losses can translate into 5 to 8% losses in the vertical column abundance of ozone. As the amount of stratospheric chlorine inevitably increases by 50% over the next two decades, ozone losses recognizable as an ozone hole may well appear. 相似文献
2.
Brune WH Toohey DW Anderson JG Starr WL Vedder JF Danielsen EF 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1988,242(4878):558-562
In order to test photochemical theories linking chlorofluorocarbon derivatives to ozone(O(3)) depletion at high latitudes in the springtime, several related atmospheric species, including O(3), chlorine monoxide(ClO), and bromine monoxide (BrO) were measured in the lower stratosphere with instruments mounted on the NASA ER-2 aircraft on 13 February 1988. The flight path from Moffett Field, California (37 degrees N, 121 degrees W), to Great Slave Lake, Canada (61 degrees N, 115 degrees W), extended to the center of the polar jet associated with but outside of the Arctic vortex, in which the abundance of O(3) was twice its mid-latitude value, whereas BrO levels were 5 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) between 18 and 21 kilometers, and 2.4 pptv below that altitude. The ClO mixing ratio was as much as 65 pptv at 60 degrees N latitude at an altitude of 20 kilometers, and was enhanced over mid-latitude values by a factor of 3 to 5 at altitudes above 18 kilometers and by as much as a factor of 40 at altitudes below 17 kilometers. Levels of ClO and O(3) were highly correlated on all measured distance scales, and both showed an abrupt change in character at 54 degrees N latitude. The enhancement of ClO abundance north of 54 degrees N was most likely caused by low nitrogen dioxide levels in the flight path. 相似文献
3.
Webster CR May RD Toohey DW Avallone LM Anderson JG Newman P Lait L Schoeberl MR Elkins JW Chan KR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1993,261(5125):1130-1134
Simultaneous in situ measurements of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and chlorine monoxide (ClO) in the Arctic winter vortex showed large HCl losses, of up to 1 part per billion by volume (ppbv), which were correlated with high ClO levels of up to 1.4 ppbv. Air parcel trajectory analysis identified that this conversion of inorganic chlorine occurred at air temperatures of less than 196 +/- 4 kelvin. High ClO was always accompanied by loss of HCI mixing ratios equal to (1/2)(ClO + 2Cl(2)O(2)). These data indicate that the heterogeneous reaction HCl + ClONO(2) --> Cl(2) + HNO(3) on particles of polar stratospheric clouds establishes the chlorine partitioning, which, contrary to earlier notions, begins with an excess of ClONO(2), not HCl. 相似文献
4.
[目的]利用紫外分光光度法和碘量法测定二氧化氯的稳定性.[方法]以粉剂二氧化氯为试验材料,确定紫外分光光度法和碘量法的试验条件,然后分别用2种方法研究温度、活化时间、降解时间对二氧化氯的影响.[结果]二氧化氯的最大吸收波长为357 ～ 360nm.利用碘量法测定二氧化氯溶液中ClO2和ClO2-的离子浓度,适宜pH 6.85 ～ 7.15.当二氧化氯溶液浓度增加或溶液温度升高时,紫外吸收时吸光值随之升高,同时碘量法显示溶液中ClO2和ClO2-的离子浓度也逐渐升高.二氧化氯使用时需活化210 ～ 220 min,此时溶液的吸光值最大,ClO2的离子浓度最高,ClO2-的离子浓度最低.二氧化氯使用时快速降解,溶液吸光值降低,溶液中ClO2和ClO2-的离子浓度下降.[结论]该研究可为粉剂二氧化氯的推广应用提供科学依据. 相似文献
5.
二氧化氯对青椒采后生理和贮藏品质的影响 总被引：21，自引：0，他引：21
【目的】研究二氧化氯(ClO2)对青椒的保鲜作用，为青椒的贮藏提供新方法。【方法】用二氧化氯气体(0、5、10、20、50 mg·L-1)处理青椒，研究二氧化氯对青椒采后生理和贮藏品质的影响。【结果】5、10、20、50 mg·L-1的ClO2处理对青椒的腐烂有明显的抑制作用，40 d时其腐烂率均小于对照的50%；其中50 mg L-1的处理对腐烂的抑制效果最明显，贮藏到30 d时才有腐烂发生，40 d只有对照的1/4。20、50 mg L-1ClO2可显著抑制青椒的呼吸(P<0.05)，5、10 mg·L-1对呼吸的抑制作用不显著(P>0.05)。除50 mg·L-1外，5、10、20 mg L-1ClO2处理使MDA含量低于对照，但无显著差异(P>0.05)。5 mg·L-1的处理可以减缓青椒叶绿素的降解，10、20、50 mg·L-1的处理使青椒叶绿素含量低于对照，但无显著影响(P>0.05)。ClO2可保持青椒的营养成分，对青椒VC、可滴定酸和可溶性固形物含量有一定的保留作用；对青椒的风味无影响。【结论】二氧化氯可以有效延缓青椒的采后生理变化，保持青椒的品质。 相似文献
6.
Mount GH Solomon S Sanders RW Jakoubek RO Schmeltekopf AL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1988,242(4878):555-558
Scattered sunlight and direct light from the moon was used in two wavelength ranges to measure the total column abundances of stratospheric ozone(O(3)) and nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) at Thule, Greenland (76.5 degrees N), during the period from 29 January to 16 February 1988. The observed O(3) column varied between about 325 and 400 Dobson units, and the lower values were observed when the center of the Arctic polar vortex was closest to Thule. This gradient probably indicates that O(3) levels decrease due to dynamical processes near the center of the Arctic vortex and should be considered in attempts to derive trends in O(3) levels. The observed NO(2) levels were also lowest in the center of the Arctic vortex and were sometimes as low as 5 x 10(14) molecules per square centimeter, which is even less than comparable values measured during Antarctic spring, suggesting that significant heterogeneous photochemistry takes place during the Arctic winter as it does in the Antarctic. 相似文献
7.
How strong is the case linking global release of chlorofluorocarbons to episodic disappearance of ozone from the Antarctic stratosphere each austral spring? Three lines of evidence defining a link are (i) observed containment in the vortex of ClO concentrations two orders of magnitude greater than normal levels; (ii) in situ observations obtained during ten high-altitude aircraft flights into the vortex as the ozone hole was forming that show a decrease in ozone concentrations as ClO concentrations increased; and (iii) a comparison between observed ozone loss rates and those predicted with the use of absolute concentrations of ClO and BrO, the rate-limiting radicals in an array of proposed catalytic cycles. Recent advances in our understanding of the kinetics, photochemistry, and structural details of key intermediates in these catalytic cycles as well as an improved absolute calibration for ClO and BrO concentrations at the temperatures and pressures encountered in the lower antarctic stratosphere have been essential for defining the link. 相似文献
8.
测定了稳定性ClO2活化液中各种不同氧化性氯组分的含量,研究活化液经过改变pH、吹高纯氮气和吹高纯氮气后再稀释等处理后杀菌特性的变化情况;应用正交实验对稳定性ClO2活化液在葡萄干加工中的杀菌工艺进行优化并对其可行性作分析。结果表明:稳定性ClO2活化液中可氧化性氯主要以ClO2和ClO2-(亚氯酸根)形式存在,约占5%的ClO2对稳定性ClO2活化液的杀菌能力起到不可替代的作用;稳定性ClO2活化液对葡萄干原料的杀菌效果明显,经活化液浸泡处理后的葡萄干产品中可氧化性氯的残留非常低,不会对人体健康产生影响。 相似文献
9.
[目的]研究二氧化氯消毒副产物的形成和各种操作参数的影响。[方法]采用腐殖酸作为模拟废水进行试验,考察高纯二氧化氯在饮用水消毒过程中三氯甲烷和二氧化氯无机副产物的生成情况,研究温度、反应时间、pH、腐殖酸浓度和二氧化氯浓度等因素对饮用水中三氯甲烷和无机副产物形成的影响。[结果]有机物浓度、二氧化氯浓度是三卤甲烷形成的主要因素,三卤甲烷的含量随着腐殖酸浓度的增加而增加,但反应4 h后低于7μg/L,当二氧化氯浓度大于1.2 mg/L时,可产生大量的三卤甲烷,而pH的影响不大,温度有一定影响。无机副产物的形成与ClO2/TOC的值有较强的关联,pH为6和7时的ClO3-和ClO2+ClO2-+ClO3-的含量要高于在其他pH时的含量。[结论]该研究可为有效控制三卤甲烷的形成提供参考。 相似文献
10.
以苯胺为研究对象,对微波/ClO2体系降解苯胺的过程进行了研究,分别考察了微波功率、微波辐照时间、ClO2投加量、初始pH和ClO2反应时间对苯胺降解的影响规律。结果表明,微波/ClO2体系适宜处理苯胺浓度较低的废水,在微波功率500 W、辐照时间10min、ClO2投加量180 mg/L,初始pH5时效果较优。微波/ClO2体系降解水中苯胺具有协同作用,出水满足《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978-1996）中3级标准。 相似文献
11.
12.
Santee ML Read WG Waters JW Froidevaux L Manney GL Flower DA Jarnot RF Harwood RS Peckham GE 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1995,267(5199):849-852
Simultaneous global measurements of nitric acid (HNO(3)), water (H(2)O), chlorine monoxide (CIO), and ozone (O(3)) in the stratosphere have been obtained over complete annual cycles in both hemispheres by the Microwave Limb Sounder on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite. A sizeable decrease in gas-phase HNO(3) was evident in the lower stratospheric vortex over Antarctica by early June 1992, followed by a significant reduction in gas-phase H(2)O after mid-July. By mid-August, near the time of peak CIO, abundances of gas-phase HNO(3) and H(2)O were extremely low. The concentrations of HNO(3) and H(2)O over Antarctica remained depressed into November, well after temperatures in the lower stratosphere had risen above the evaporation threshold for polar stratospheric clouds, implying that denitrification and dehydration had occurred. No large decreases in either gas-phase HNO(3) or H(2)O were observed in the 1992-1993 Arctic winter vortex. Although CIO was enhanced over the Arctic as it was over the Antarctic, Arctic O(3) depletion was substantially smaller than that over Antarctica. A major factor currently limiting the formation of an Arctic ozone "hole" is the lack of denitrification in the northern polar vortex, but future cooling of the lower stratosphere could lead to more intense denitrification and consequently larger losses of Arctic ozone. 相似文献
13.
以樱桃番茄(Lycopeisicon esculentum Mill)为原料研究壳聚糖和二氧化氯联合保鲜的效果。首先测定单种药物对樱桃番茄失重率和腐烂率的影响,然后通过正交试验评价两种药物混合作用对总酸、总糖和维生素C等与贮存品质相关指标的影响,比较了在顺次处理的组合作用中二氧化氯和壳聚糖不同作用顺序的联合保鲜效果。结果表明,二氧化氯和壳聚糖单独作用时均能显著降低樱桃番茄的腐烂率,并在一定程度上降低失重率;正交试验显示,二氧化氯对维生素C的含量影响最大,而壳聚糖对失重率和总糖含量的影响最大,优化后混合保鲜剂的最佳配方为:壳聚糖浓度1%、二氧化氯浓度10.0 mg/L、乙酸浓度0.5%、浸泡时间3 min;联合作用时,在二氧化氯浸泡之后再进行壳聚糖涂抹能更有效降低腐烂率。试验证明了二氧化氯和壳聚糖联合作用具有可行性。 相似文献
14.
[目的]研究UV光催化联合ClO2降解水溶液中苯酚的方法。[方法]以模拟苯酚废水为处理对象,ClO2为氧化剂,UV作为辅助手段,考察ClO2/UV氧化处理苯酚废水工艺中ClO2投加量、UV辐照时间、废水pH等因素对苯酚处理效果的影响。[结果]处理质量浓度为100 mg/L的苯酚废水,pH在8左右,ClO2投加量为140 mg/L,UV辐照时间为30 min的条件下,处理效果最好,苯酚去除率高达99.6%。并且在相同的处理条件下,ClO2/UV氧化苯酚的效率明显高于单一ClO2或UV法,同时大大缩短了反应时间。[结论]ClO2/UV氧化法是一种行之有效的含酚废水的处理方法。 相似文献
15.
The observed presence of water vapor convectively injected deep into the stratosphere over the United States can fundamentally change the catalytic chlorine/bromine free-radical chemistry of the lower stratosphere by shifting total available inorganic chlorine into the catalytically active free-radical form, ClO. This chemical shift markedly affects total ozone loss rates and makes the catalytic system extraordinarily sensitive to convective injection into the mid-latitude lower stratosphere in summer. Were the intensity and frequency of convective injection to increase as a result of climate forcing by the continued addition of CO(2) and CH(4) to the atmosphere, increased risk of ozone loss and associated increases in ultraviolet dosage would follow. 相似文献
16.
Three simultaneous observations of atomic chlorine (Cl) and the chlorine monoxide radical (ClO) are reported which encompass the altitude interval between 25 and 45 kilometers. Together, Cl and ClO form a gas-phase catalytic cycle potentially capable of depleting stratospheric ozone. Observed Cl and C1O densities, although variable, imply that chlorine compounds constitute an important part of the stratospheric ozone budget. The results are compared with recent models of stratospheric photochemistry which have been used as a basis for predicting ozone depletion resulting from fluorocarbon release. 相似文献
17.
为探讨二氧化氯（ClO2）对桑叶质量、家蚕微孢子虫和肠球菌的灭活作用及其稳定性、腐蚀性,以直接喷洒桑园桑叶和浸泡离体桑叶消毒的方式,测定ClO2对桑叶质量的影响,并用悬液法和桑叶片载体法处理家蚕微孢子虫,测定ClO2对微孢子虫的灭活效果。结果显示,浓度在500 mg/L以下的ClO2溶液对桑叶质量无显著影响;采用悬液法时,30 mg/L ClO2溶液处理6.0 min即可达到完全杀灭家蚕微孢子虫的效果,而漂白粉精浓度需要达到0.24%才具有同等效果;采用桑叶片载体法时,300 mg/L ClO2溶液处理10.0 min可达到完全杀灭家蚕微孢子虫的效果。以10 mg/L ClO2溶液处理1.0 min,可完全杀灭家蚕肠球菌。ClO2稳定性较差,对金属具有中度腐蚀性。可见,ClO2适合作为桑叶消毒剂用于预防家蚕微粒子病的发生。 相似文献
18.
Laboratory studies of heterogeneous reactions important for ozone depletion over Antarctica are reported. The reaction of chlorine nitrate (ClONO(2)) with H(2)0 and hydrogen chloride (HCl) on surfaces that simulate polar stratospheric clouds [ice and nitric acid (HNO(3))-ice and sulfuric acid] are studied at temperatures relevant to the Antarctic stratosphere. The reaction of ClONO(2) on ice and certain mixtures of HNO(3) and ice proceeded readily. The sticking coefficient of ClONO(2) on ice of 0.009 +/- 0.002 was observed. A reaction produced gas-phase hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and condensed-phase HNO(3); HOC1 underwent a secondary reaction on ice producing dichlorine monoxide (Cl(2)O). In addition to the reaction with H(2)0, ClONO(2) reacted with HCl on ice to form gas-phase chlorine (Cl(2)) and condensed-phase HNO(3.) Essentially all of the HCl in the bulk of the ice can react with ClONO(2) on the ice surface. The gaseous products of the above reactions, HOCl, Cl(2)0, and Cl(2), could readily photolyze in the Antarctic spring to produce active chlorine for ozone depletion. Furthermore, the formation of condensed-phase HNO(3) could serve as a sink for odd nitrogen species that would otherwise scavenge the active chlorine. 相似文献
19.
稳定性粉状二氧化氯对鱼类受精卵上附着菌的清除作用 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
采用浓度为1.0、2.0、3.0、4.0、5.0、6.0、7.0、8.0、9.0和10.0g/ml的稳定性粉状二氧化氯（ClO2）溶液分别浸泡草鱼、鲢和鳙等3种鱼类的受精卵20min后，用平皿法测定附着在受精卵上的细菌数量，结果表明用ClO2溶液浸泡鱼类受精卵，对附着在受精卵上的细菌有明显地清除作用，并且随着ClO2溶液浓度的升高对受精卵上附着菌的清除作用越强，当ClO2溶液的浓度为2.0μg/ml以上时，对受精卵上附着菌的除除作用优于浓度为1.0μg/ml的孔雀石绿溶液。 相似文献
20.
硫酸盐法竹浆无元素氯漂白的研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
研究了硫酸盐法竹浆低二氧化氯用量的DQP漂白中各个漂段的影响因素,并对D段终点pH值、Q段EDTA用量以及P段MgSO4用量进行优化.结果表明:当D段终点pH值为4,Q段EDTA用量为0.2%,P段MgSO4用量为0.02%(以Mg2+计),DQP漂白效果较好.仅用1.5%的有效氯(0.57%的ClO2)和1.5%的H2O2,就可将硫酸盐竹浆漂到83%ISO的白度.还对竹浆DQP和CEH漂白的漂终结果、纸浆强度性质以及废水特性进行了比较.结果表明:与CEH漂白相比,DQP漂白浆的白度稍低,但白度稳定性好,纸浆粘度高,强度性质较好,对环境污染较小. 相似文献