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1.
短命植物是荒漠生态系统重要的植物类群，其具有多样化的生境，且很多种类还具有异时萌发特性。植物生物量积累和分配能体现其对环境的响应与适应性特征，因此，研究不同环境条件下短命植物生物量分配格局有助于进一步了解短命植物的生存策略。以裸沙春萌（Bare Sand-Spring Germination,BS）、藻结皮春萌（Algal-Spring Germination,AS）、地衣结皮春萌（Lichen-Spring Germination,LS）3种自然结皮生境中萌发的尖喙牻牛儿苗春萌株及裸沙区夏季萌发（Summer Germination in Bare Sand,SG）的尖喙牻牛儿苗夏萌株为研究对象，采用全株挖掘法获取地上和地下生物量，系统对比分析了4个类型间植株生物量分配及异速生长关系的差异性，以探究其资源分配策略的变异性和保守型。结果表明：（1）尖喙牻牛儿苗单株地上、地下及总生物量总体表现为BS>AS>LS=SG的格局，其根冠比则呈SG=LS=AS>BS的特征。（2）BS和SG类型植株地上与地下生物量间为等速生长关系，而AS和LS生境为异速生长关系，但4个类型具有共... 相似文献
2.
类短命植物粗柄独尾草器官生物量分配与估测 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
粗柄独尾草(Eremurus inderiensis)是古尔班通古特沙漠特有类短命植物。采用全株挖掘法研究粗柄独尾草盛花期的生物学特征、器官生物量分配及生物量估测模型。结果表明：粗柄独尾草地上形态指标之间及其与器官生物量间均呈显著正相关,协同生长关系较强。粗柄独尾草地下生物量平均为(12.00±5.85) g/株,占全株58.23%±6.07%,地上生物量平均为(9.15±5.75) g/株,占全株41.77%±6.07%,根冠比为1.44±0.34。根生物量所占比例最大(51.61%±5.93%),其次为有性繁殖器官(25.14%±5.02%)和光合器官(16.63%±3.75%),这种分配模式体现了类短命植物生活型的特点。根冠比与地上形态指标间均为负相关关系。叶片、花序、地上及地下生物量间的相关生长分析表明,仅叶片重与地上生物量、叶片重与花序生物量间呈等速生长关系,其他均为异速关系。基于D (花柄基径)、HD2 (H为株高)的地上、地下和总生物量直接估测模型均较为精确,且地下生物量的直接和间接估测(基于异速关系)效果相同。 相似文献
3.
新疆十字花科短命植物系统发育关系及分化时间 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用核[WTBX]ITS、叶绿体trnL F（含trnL内含子和trnL trnF间隔区）[WTBZ]DNA序列,研究分布在新疆的十字花科短命植物的系统发育关系,探讨本区十字花科短命植物与非短命植物之间的系统关系,并利用分子钟原理,估算短命植物的分化时间。主要研究结果如下：短命植物不是单系群,而是聚为多个分支,镶嵌在非短命植物类群中;短命植物分支（属/种）分别与分类学上相近的非短命植物分类单位（近缘属/同属物种）具有很近的系统发育关系,说明短命植物并非单一起源,其分化和发育并未超越属种的演化关系。十字花科短命植物的亲缘关系：涩荠属、丝叶芥属、鸟头荠属、念珠芥属、四齿芥属、绵果荠属、棒果芥属和紫罗兰属亲缘关系较近;离子芥属、脱喙荠属和异果芥属具有较近的亲缘关系;舟果荠属、菘蓝属、厚翅荠属3个属的物种嵌合在一起,并与线果芥属的关系较近;四棱荠属和螺喙荠属系统发育关系很近;庭荠属、独行菜属、高河菜属的短命植物均与同属的物种聚在一起,高河菜属与四棱荠属、螺喙荠属的关系较近。计算表明,涩荠属短命植物的分化时间大致在14~6 Ma,即中新世中期至晚期,要早于第三纪末第四纪初的结论。短命植物在这个时间段的分化可能与期间青藏高原的不断隆起密切相关,青藏高原的隆起导致亚洲内陆气候的干旱化以及干旱、半干旱区逐渐形成,促进了短命植物在新疆的进化和发育。 相似文献
4.
白梭梭幼苗生长和生物量分配对不同盐分类型和浓度的响应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用盆栽实验,设置3种盐分类型（NaCl,Na2SO4以及两者等摩尔比例混合盐）和6个浓度梯度〔0（CK）,50,100,200,300,500 mmol/L）〕,探讨了白梭梭（Haloxylon persicum Bunge ex Boiss. et Buhse）幼苗生长以及不同生长期地上地下生物量分配,对不同盐分类型及浓度的响应。结果发现：① 不同盐分类型和浓度处理下,白梭梭幼苗同化枝直径和分叉数具有明显差异,幼苗株高、基径和同化枝枝长随盐分浓度增大而减小,适度盐分浓度（300 mmol/L）促进主根生长,高盐分浓度（500 mmol/L）则具有显著抑制作用。② 随处理时间和盐分浓度的增加,白梭梭幼苗生物量积累受到的抑制不断增大,与对照相比,处理后期（第75 d）500 mmol/L浓度的NaCl,Na2SO4和混合盐处理下,白梭梭幼苗总生物量分别降低77%,87%和78%,地上生物量分别降低78%,87%和74%,地下生物量分别降低75%,81%和76%。③ 随时间的延长,白梭梭幼苗根冠比在各盐分处理下均呈增大趋势,但随盐浓度增加,根冠比变化趋势随盐分类型和处理时间的不同而有所区别。④ 白梭梭幼苗地上-地下生物量存在明显异速生长关系,且盐分处理未显著改变异速生长指数,均表现为地下生物量累积速率大于地上生物量。研究结果表明,在盐分胁迫下,白梭梭幼苗地上地下生物量分配对Na2SO4作出的响应要先于NaCl和混合盐,随处理时间的延长,对3种盐分类型作出的响应趋于一致,即将更多的生物量分配给地下根系,以缓解盐分过多造成的水分短缺等影响,维持植物的存活,符合最优分配理论。 相似文献
5.
田菁(Sesbania cannabina)是我国华南、华中和华东等地区危害严重的外来入侵杂草，通过测定其构件(根、茎、叶、花、果)生物量和植株高度等数据，分析其构件生物量分配特征及其与异速生长的关系，以期掌握该入侵杂草的生长发育规律。结果表明：田菁的构件生物量分配关系表现为茎>叶>果>根>花，而其变异系数从大到小为果>茎>叶>根>花，其地上与地下以及生殖与营养构件间的生物量均表现出极显著的差异性。此外，田菁各构件之间以及株高与构件间均为异速生长关系，株高与各构件生物量间呈极显著正相关性。田菁种群各构件间的异速生长关系以及较高的地上构件生物量与其较强的入侵性有密切联系，该结果对评估田菁的入侵机制具有重要价值。 相似文献
6.
选择分布于准噶尔荒漠的10种短命植物,研究在野外埋藏条件下种子萌发特性及其与种子大小和形状的关系,探讨荒漠短命植物的种群更新对策及生态适应机制。结果表明：当年结实的短命植物种子萌发率和萌发速率较低,说明大部分种子存在休眠现象;埋藏9个月后短命植物的种子萌发情况表现出差异,可根据萌发格局将植物种分为3类：埋藏促进型（如旱麦草、庭荠、甘新念珠芥、小车前、柯尔车前、鳞果海罂粟）、埋藏抑制型（如弯果胡卢巴）和埋藏不变型（如角果毛茛、鸟头荠、播娘蒿）;当年结实种子和沙埋种子的萌发率、萌发速率与种子大小无显著相关关系,而当年结实种子和沙埋种子萌发速率与种子形状呈正相关关系。总之,埋藏后短命植物种子萌发特性及休眠释放差异显著,是该物种长期适应沙漠环境形成异质的种群更新对策及生态适应机制。 相似文献
7.
水分胁迫下荒漠地区2种草本植物生物量分配策略 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
水分胁迫是荒漠地区生态系统结构和功能变化的主要驱动力。分析水分胁迫下,不同生长阶段荒漠植物生物量在地上-地下的分配比例,对精确估算地下有机碳存储量有重要的理论意义。通过盆栽控制实验,设置对照、中度和重度胁迫的水分梯度,选取荒漠地区2种草本植物涩荠（Malcolmia africana）和角果藜（Ceratocarpus arenarius）,分析其生物量在地上-地下的分配比例变化。结果表明：无论水分胁迫存在与否,总生物量累积均符合Sigmoidal生长模型;水分胁迫对植株早期发育阶段总生物量的累积无明显影响,但显著减少了发育后期总生物量的累积;植株每生长10 d,涩荠和角果藜叶片占总生物量的比例分别减少8.9%～10.6%和3.1%～3.4%。几乎等同于茎所增加的比例。水分胁迫使得地下生物量显著增加,但总生物量的累积仍以地上部分为主;根冠比在整个生长过程中呈4个渐变的阶段。 相似文献
8.
祁连山北坡天然草地根冠比与气候因子的关系 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用祁连山北坡5类天然草地地上/地下生物量和同期的气象资料,分析5类草地的根冠比（R/S）与气候因子的关系。结果表明：5类草地生物量为山地草甸＞山地草原＞山地草甸草原＞高寒草原＞山地荒漠草原,除高寒草原、山地草甸草原和山地草原的生物量之间无显著差异外,其余各类之间差异显著（P＜0.05）;高寒草原、山地草甸、山地草甸草原、山地草原和山地荒漠草原的R/S分别为9.3,8.7,5.1,7.0和7.1;5类草地R/S的季节变化均呈反抛物线型,但变化不尽相同;高寒草原的月R/S随上月土壤含水量的增加而显著降低,山地草甸草原和山地草原的月R/S随上月潜在蒸散量的增加也呈显著降低趋势,而山地草甸和山地荒漠草原的月R/S与前期的水热因子无显著相关关系。 相似文献
9.
以玉米为试材,于2017—2018年在天津市滨海盐碱土进行了膜下滴灌试验, 分析了覆膜和灌溉对玉米盐分离子质量分布特征、玉米干物质的变化规律和产量的影响。结果表明：（1）覆膜和灌溉对玉米离子分布的影响显著,显著减小了根部Na+吸收质量,成熟期FI20处理比LI10小56%,从而减少了盐分对叶片的伤害;显著增大了茎部K+的积累质量,成熟期FI20处理比LI10高24%,提高了植物的耐盐性;显著增加了叶部Ca2+质量,苗期FI20处理比LI10高96%,促进作物幼根的生长和根毛的形成,改善了玉米体内的离子平衡,减轻了盐胁迫作用;显著增加了叶部Mg2+质量,拔节期FI20处理比LI10高136%,增强了植株叶片的光合作用,提高了植株的耐盐性。（2）玉米地上部和根系干物质重均随着生育期进程而增加,覆膜和灌溉改变了植物体内盐分离子质量,对玉米生物量的积累影响较大,成熟期FI20处理比LI10高1%~46%;对玉米根冠比（R/S）有显著影响,使生物量分配比例显著改变,成熟期根冠比（R/S）FI20处理比LI10小48%~52%。（3）利用2017年玉米试验数据采用Logistic曲线建立了干物质生长模拟方程,引入了盐分离子修正系数,拟合方程显著。利用2018年玉米试验数据对建立的玉米干物质盐离子模型进行了验证,各个处理的拟合曲线与其实测值都较接近;建立的干物质生长模型能够较好地模拟盐碱地玉米干物质的累积过程。综上,覆膜和灌水定额为20 mm的FI20处理对植株的盐离子调节作用最显著,提高了玉米的耐盐性,改变了生物量的分配比例,获得了适当的干物质累积量,产量最高。 相似文献
10.
研究了青海湖鸟岛地区不同土壤水分梯度下个体与群落水平株高,根长和地上、地下生物量的分配。旨在：(1) 在小尺度上调查不同土壤水分梯度对草地高、根长和地上、地下生物量分配的影响;(2) 在个体和群落水平上检验同速生长理论;(3) 为青海湖周边地区地下生物量估计提供数据支持,并讨论环境因素对地下生物量与地上生物量比值(R/S)的影响。结果表明：个体水平上株高、根长、地上生物量、地下生物量都随土壤含水量的增加而降低;群落水平上地上生物量随土壤含水量的增加而增加,而地下生物量随土壤含水量的增加而降低。青海湖流域鸟岛地区个体水平上根长、株高比值的变化范围为0.3～6.0,均值和中值分别为1.6和1.3;个体水平地下生物量与地上生物量的比值也有较大的变化范围（0.4～11.3）,均值和中值分别为2.5和1.5;群落水平地上生物量变化范围为221.59～352.77 g·m-2,地下生物量变化范围为741.98～1182.20 g·m-2,地下、地上生物量比值的变化范围为1.4～7.1,均值和中值分别为3.0和1.9。土壤水分在个体和群落水平上都影响到了植物株高、根长以及生物量的分配。基本表现为：个体水平上株高、根长、地上生物量、地下生物量都随土壤含水量的增加而降低;群落水平上地上生物量随土壤含水量的增加而增加,而地下生物量随土壤含水量的增加而降低。该区域草地生物量分配规律在个体和群落水平上都不支持等速生长假说。 相似文献
11.
Lianlian FAN 《干旱区科学》2019,11(5):729-739
Biomass allocation patterns among plant species are related to their adaptive ecological strategies. Ephemeral, ephemeroid and annual plant life forms represent three typical growth strategies of plants that grow in autumn and early spring in the cold deserts of China. These plants play an important role in reducing wind velocity in the desert areas. However, despite numerous studies, the strategies of biomass allocation among plant species with these three life forms remain contentious. In this study, we conducted a preliminary quadrat study during 2014-2016 in the southern part of the Gurbantunggut Desert, China, to investigate the allocation patterns of above-ground biomass (AGB) and below-ground biomass (BGB) at the individual level in 17 ephemeral, 3 ephemeroid and 4 annual plant species. Since ephemeral plants can germinate in autumn, we also compared biomass allocation patterns between plants that germinated in autumn 2015 and spring 2016 for 4 common ephemeral species. The healthy mature individual plants of each species were sampled and the AGB, BGB, total biomass (TB), leaf mass ratio (LMR) and root/shoot ratio (R/S) were calculated for 201 sample quadrats in the study area. We also studied the relationships between AGB and BGB of plants with the three different life forms (ephemeral, ephemeroid and annual). The mean AGB values of ephemeral, ephemeroid and annual plants were 0.806, 3.759 and 1.546 g/plant, respectively, and the mean BGB values were 0.106, 4.996 and 0.166 g/plant, respectively. The mean R/S value was significantly higher in ephemeroid plants (1.675) than in ephemeral (0.154) and annual (0.147) plants. The mean LMR was the highest in annual plants, followed by ephemeroid plants and ephemeral plants, reflecting the fact that annual plants allocate more biomass to leaves, associated with their longer life span. Biomass of ephemeral plants that germinated in autumn was significantly higher than those of corresponding plants that germinated in spring in terms of AGB, BGB and TB. However, the R/S value was similar in plants that germinated in autumn and spring. The slope of regression relationship between AGB and BGB differed significantly among the three plant life forms. These results support different biomass allocation hypotheses. Specifically, at the individual level, the AGB and BGB partitioning supports the allometric hypothesis for ephemeroid and annual plants and the isometric hypothesis for ephemeral plants. 相似文献
12.
Invasive plants may be more plastic than non‐invasive plants and maintain high fitness under various environmental conditions. Previous studies mainly focused on the comparisons between invasive and native plants, and comparisons between highly invasive and less invasive exotic species are still relatively rare, especially for comparisons at the subspecies level. This study examined the effects of nutrient addition and shading on the performance of the highly invasive Mimosa invisa and its less invasive subspecies M. invisa var. inermis under either isolated or competitive conditions. Nutrient addition increased biomass and plant height and decreased root‐to‐shoot ratio (R/S). Shading decreased biomass and R/S and increased plant height. Under isolated conditions, the two invaders did not differ in R/S, plant height and plasticity of these traits in response to nutrient addition or shading, and the two invaders also did not differ in biomass production under each of the nutrient and light treatments. When the two invaders competed with each other, M. invisa outcompeted M. invisa var. inermis under high soil nutrient conditions, and the two invaders did not differ in performance under other growth conditions. Thus, only considering competition may we find out the difference between highly invasive species and their closely related, less invasive subspecies. Management of M. invisa should focus on habitats with high soil nutrient availability, in which M. invisa is more likely to dominate. 相似文献
13.
Dynamics of above‐ground and below‐ground biomass of Rumex crispus,Rumex obtusifolius and the new weedy species Rumex hybrid cv. OK‐2 (R. patientia x R. tianschanicus) in the seeding year 
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下载免费PDF全文 Docks can be serious weeds of arable land and permanent grasslands where they can persist through well‐established root systems. A Rumex hybrid (R. patientia x R. tianschanicus; cv. OK‐2, Uteusha) has been planted as a forage and energy crop since 2001 in Czechia and has now become a new weed species. As its ecological characteristics are unknown, there is a need for improved knowledge for developing control measures and strategies. In 2010 and 2011, we performed a tube pot experiment to investigate above‐ground and below‐ground biomass growth dynamics and below‐ground biomass allocation of Rumex OK‐2. We compared the hybrid with Rumex crispus and Rumex obtusifolius during the vegetation season in the seeding year. Above‐ground and below‐ground biomass of Rumex species tended to increase from July to September. In the seeding year, flowering was recorded only for one plant of Rumex OK‐2 and 27.5% of R. obtusifolius plants, whereas R. crispus did not flower. The proportion of below‐ground biomass of Rumex species in the upper 30 cm was about 70–80%. The growth dynamics and allocation of below‐ground biomass of Rumex OK‐2 were more like R. crispus than to R. obtusifolius. These similarities indicate the potential of Rumex OK‐2 to become a troublesome weedy species, comparable with R. crispus. 相似文献
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Sakineh Rashidi Ali Reza Yousefi Majid Pouryousef Nieves Goicoechea 《Weed Biology and Management》2020,20(3):95-108
Over the last decades, tillage, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides have reduced the beneficial fungal population size in arable soils. Though soil inoculation can be a practical way to restore arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) population size, weeds may also be benefited, as well. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of three AMF species (Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizoglomus fasciculatum, and Rhizoglomus intraradices) on photosynthetic rate, secondary metabolites content, reproductive organs percentage and nutrient uptake in Solanum nigrum L. and Digitaria sanguinalis L. weed species. Our results showed species variation in response to AMF inoculation, so that, while inoculation with R. intraradices fungal species decreased total biomass in S. nigrum plants significantly, it increased total biomass of D. sanguinalis plants by 26–49%. In addition, inoculation with F. mosseae species increased phenol, anthocyanin, and total terpenoid content in S. nigrum plants much more than D. sanguinalis. Increased photosynthetic rate, secondary metabolites content, and flowering percentage in AMF‐inoculated S. nigrum plants show the enhanced competitive ability and allelopathic potential of this weed when associated with AMF, which makes it a good competitor against other plant species in the environment. 相似文献
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Salsola australis, like other agricultural weed species of the Salsola genus, produces a mobile seedbank. Aspects of this mobile seedbank were investigated in three field trials, including total seed production, rate of seed shedding, rate at which seeds lose germinability and the distance and directionality of plant movement. Total seed production was highly variable (ranging from 138 to 7734 seeds per plant), but was directly related to aboveground plant biomass at maturity. Following senescence, mature plants broke free of their root system and the wind driven plants moved considerable distances (1.6–1247.2 m). Half of the mobile plants moved <100 m, as they became entangled with other S. australis plants within the stand. Seed shedding commenced before the plants became mobile and increased with movement, but was also related to the aging and weathering processes experienced by stationary or mobile plants. All plants retained a proportion of their seed in spite of movement, weathering and ageing of the plants, although germinability of retained seed dropped to <2% after 2 months. Salsola australis engages in broad scale seed dispersal similar to that observed in other species of the Salsola genus, allowing this species to maintain a high rate of invasion and range expansion. 相似文献
16.
Competitive traits of the invasive grass Arundo donax are enhanced by carbon dioxide and nitrogen enrichment 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and soil nitrogen (N) may confer competitive advantages to invasive species over native plant species. We conducted a two‐way factorial experiment, growing the model invasive plant Arundo donax in CO2 growth chambers to test how CO2 and N availability interact to affect plant growth and biomass allocation. CO2 was supplied at c. 400 mg L?1 and c. 750 mg L?1. N was supplied as ammonium nitrate at 640, 320 and 80 mg L?1. We hypothesised that the fertilisation effect of CO2 enrichment would offset limitations from N deficiency. The results indicated that A. donax plants grown with enriched CO2 and abundant N accumulated approximately 50–100% more biomass and allocated approximately 50% more biomass to rhizomes than plants grown under ambient CO2 conditions. Neither treatment affected the leaf area per unit mass (specific leaf area; SLA). Greater growth will likely increase A. donax's competitive potential, because increased rhizome biomass has been associated with increased stress tolerance and post‐disturbance resprouting capacity. The consistent SLA under all treatments suggests that A. donax has a morphological strategy that prioritises increasing leaf quantity over increasing individual leaves' photosynthetic potential. These results reveal the ecological strategies that contribute to the successful establishment, dominance and persistence of this invasive plant species. 相似文献
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Alpine meadow ecosystem is fragile and highly sensitive to climate change.An understanding of the allocation of above-and below-ground plant biomass and correlations with environmental factors in alpine meadow ecosystem can result in better protection and effective utilization of alpine meadow vegetation.We chose an alpine meadow in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau of China as the study area and designed experimental warming plots using a randomized block experimental design.We used single-tube infrared radiators as warming devices,established the warming treatments,and measured plant above- (AGB) and below-ground biomass (BGB) during the growing seasons (May to September) in 2012 and 2013.We determined the allocation of biomass and the relationship between biomass and soil environment under the warming treatment.Biomass indices including above-ground biomass,below-ground biomass and the ratio of root to shoot (R/S) ,and soil factors including soil moisture and soil temperature at different depths were measured.The results showed that (1) BGB of the alpine meadow had the most significant allometric correlation with its AGB (y=298.7x~ (0.44) ,P0.001) ,but the relationship decreased under warming treatment and the determination coefficient of the functional equation was 0.102 which was less than that of 0.188 of the unwarming treatment (control) ; (2) BGB increased,especially in the deeper soil layers under warming treatment (P0.05) .At 0–10 cm soil depth,the percentages of BGB under warming treatment were smaller than those of the control treatment with the decreases being 8.52% and 8.23% in 2012 and 2013,respectively.However,the BGB increased 2.13% and 2.06% in 2012 and 2013,respectively,at 10–50 cm soil depths; (3) BGB had significant positive correlations with soil moisture at 100 cm depth and with soil temperature at 20–100 cm depths (P0.05) ,but the mean correlation coefficient of soil temperature was 0.354,greater than the 0.245 of soil moisture.R/S ratio had a significant negative correlation with soil temperature at 20 cm depth (P0.05) .The warmer soil temperatures in shallow layers increased the biomass allocation to above-ground plant parts,which leading to the increase in AGB;whereas the enhanced thawing of frozen soil in deep layers causing by warming treatment produced more moisture that affected plant biomass allocation. 相似文献
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Rumex species are important weeds in grasslands and on arable land. The Rumex hybrid (R. patienta × R. tianschanicus; cv. OK‐2, Uteusha) has been planted as a forage and energy crop since 2001 in the Czech Republic, but its ecological requirements and its potential to become a new weedy species have never been investigated. In 2010 and 2011, we performed a pot experiment to investigate the effect of none, one and two cuts per year on biomass production of Rumex OK‐2 and common broad‐leaved Rumex species (Rumex obtusifolius, R. crispus and R. alpinus). The higher cutting frequency can reduce the belowground biomass, but no effect on the aboveground biomass was detected. Flowering in the seeding year was recorded in only 50% of R. obtusifolius plants. Non‐flowering R. obtusifolius plants produced significantly more belowground biomass than flowering plants under no cutting or one cut treatments. The growth response of Rumex OK‐2 to different cutting treatments was very similar to R. crispus. These similarities indicate the weed potential of the hybrid to become a troublesome weedy species, similar to R. crispus. 相似文献