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北川河流域退耕地植物群落土壤抗蚀性研究 总被引：23，自引：0，他引：23
土壤抗蚀性指土壤抵抗水的分散和悬浮的能力。国家退耕还林还草科技试验县———青海省大通县北川河流域的抗蚀性试验研究结果表明 ,用于衡量土壤抗蚀性的 12项指标 ,经过主成分变换后 ,能够反映特征根大部分信息 (85 .6 % )的主成分包括无机黏粒类、团聚类、无机胶粒类和水稳性团粒类 4大类。通过对 4个主成分进行聚类 ,北川河流域植物群落分为 3大类 ,其中抗蚀性最好的一类以天然林为主 ;抗蚀性居中的一类以退耕时间较长的人工林地为主 ;抗蚀性较差的一类以新退耕还林地为主。随着退耕时间的延伸 ,退耕地人工林的抗蚀性较耕地不断提高 ,而与当地天然次生林的抗蚀性愈来愈接近。以仿自然林为手段的退耕地人工林的营造是成功的 ,以土壤抗蚀性为基础 ,结合其他多方面的生态功能 ,退耕地人工林可以起到很好的水土保持作用 相似文献
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国家退耕还林(草)科技示范点陕西省吴旗县的退耕地植物群落的抗蚀性试验研究结果表明:通过对衡量土壤抗蚀性的12项指标主成分分析,反映特征值大部分信息(88.671%)的主成分包括无机黏粒类、团聚类、无机胶粒类和水稳性团粒类4大类。对4个主成分进行聚类,将吴旗县内的植物群落分为3大类,其中以退耕时间长的人工林地和还草地为主的植物群落抗蚀性最好,其次是退耕时间长的蒿类群落为主,以新退耕还林(草)地和坡耕农用地为主的植物群落抗蚀性较差。从土壤抗蚀性这一重要指标来看,随着退耕时间的延伸,退耕地人工林地抗蚀性较坡耕农用地不断提高,逐渐接近于天然林地,而退耕时间较晚的还林(草)地和坡耕农用地相对较差。 相似文献
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黄土沟壑丘陵区退耕对土壤侵蚀影响的模拟研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
随着在黄土沟壑丘陵区退耕政策的实施,退耕必将对该地区的水土流失特征产生重大影响。对退耕的水土保持效益进行模拟研究,可为退耕政策的合理实施提供理论依据。选定位于黄土沟壑丘陵区的安塞研究区,在RS和GIS支持下,采用USLE,模拟研究了不同退耕方案对土壤侵蚀的影响。在2001年土地利用的遥感解译图和GIS计算分析基础上设计了8种不同的退耕方案,模拟结果显示,各种退耕方案对土壤侵蚀的减少主要发生在强度及强度以上侵蚀区,退耕后研究区已没有发生剧烈侵蚀的区域,强度和极强度侵蚀明显减少;土壤侵蚀量的减少主要发生在≥25°退耕和≥15°退耕,≥25°退耕还草和还林分别使土壤侵蚀总量减少了19.9%和23.2%,≥15°退耕还草和还林分别使土壤侵蚀总量减少了36.6%和42.6%。≥8°退耕方案和全部退耕方案与≥15°退耕方案相比,水保效益并没有显著差别。 相似文献
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[目的] 研究裸露砒砂区天然降雨条件下不同类型人工林地的侵蚀特征,为裸露砒砂区植被建设和减轻泥沙入黄提供科学指导。[方法] 以裸露砒砂岩区广泛栽植的油松人工林、山杏人工林、沙棘人工林和柠条人工林以及草地和裸地为研究对象,采用径流小区监测的手段,对各类型样地的年内天然降雨以及土壤侵蚀量进行监测。[结果] ①依据研究的年内降雨数据,裸露砒砂岩区长历时的暴雨和中到大雨的情况下,瞬时雨量呈现双峰趋势,累积降雨量呈梯式增长规律;短历时的暴雨和小到中雨的瞬时雨量呈单峰趋势,累积降雨量分别呈S形和线性增长趋势; ②裸露基岩坡面侵蚀较为严重,总产流量达28.48 L,总土壤侵蚀量达31.85 t/(hm2·a),有植被的坡面总产流量在9.8～18.41 L之间,总土壤侵蚀量在1.67～10.14 t/(hm2·a)之间。各类型人工林地的产流量随着降雨类型的变化并无统一规律;但土壤侵蚀量均呈现：裸地>草地>柠条林>山杏林>油松林>沙棘林的规律。油松林和沙棘林地的产流量和土壤侵蚀量均呈极显著相关关系,相关系数分别0.929,0.893;各类型样地的平均雨强和I30均与土壤侵蚀量呈显著相关关系,相关系数高于0.595。③各类型人工林地降雨量分别与径流量、土壤侵蚀量呈多元线性(R2>0.771)的关系。降雨产流模型的Nse值高于0.62,除柠条人工林外降雨产沙模型的Nse值高于0.57,表明模型精度相对较高。[结论] 在裸露砒砂岩区侵蚀性降雨条件下,人工林地降雨、产流与产沙均存在一定的函数关系且人工林地的侵蚀量小于裸露坡面的侵蚀量。 相似文献
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选择我国西南山地典型人工林为对象,调查全山坡人工林的植被盖度及根系密度,利用137Cs示踪技术确定人工林坡地土壤侵蚀速率,探讨人工林坡地植被盖度及其细根与土壤侵蚀的关系.结果表明:整个人工林坡地表现为严重土壤侵蚀,侵蚀速率达25.25 t/(hm2·a).不同类型植被覆盖下土壤侵蚀再分布速率为裸地(-36.32 t/(hm2·a))＜乔木(-0.57 t/(hm2·a))＜灌木(0.53 t/(hm2·a))＜草(0.60t/(hm2·a)).回归分析表明,人工林坡地土壤侵蚀速率与植被盖度无显著相关性,土壤侵蚀速率随＜1mm的植被细根密度的增加而降低,二者之间呈显著负相关关系(P＜0.01),但与＞10 mm径级的植被粗根密度没有显著相关性.人工林地植被细根控制土壤侵蚀的有效性可以用植被细根密度与土壤再分布速率的关系方程来定量评价.当植被细根密度为60～100 g/m2时,可以看作人工林植被防蚀拦沙的有效根密度.结果表明,植被细根在控制坡地土壤侵蚀比植被盖度更为重要.因此,禁牧保护植被细根是控制人工林地土壤侵蚀与土地退化的有效措施. 相似文献
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陕北子洲县“7·26”特大暴雨引发的小流域土壤侵蚀调查 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
[目的]2017年7月25日20时到26日8时陕北榆林地区突降了一场特大暴雨,造成了严重的洪水灾害与经济损失。通过考察该次暴雨造成的土壤侵蚀危害,旨在为今后该区水土流失治理及暴雨灾害的防御提供依据。[方法]于2017年8月2—6日赴暴雨受灾区子洲县,选取了清水沟、马家沟、蛇家沟3个典型小流域作为重点调查区域,对该次暴雨下流域内坡耕地、退耕林草地、梯田、填沟造地、淤地坝、道路等的土壤侵蚀特征进行了调查与分析。[结果]在"7·26"特大暴雨洪水下,坡耕地细沟发育明显,甚至产生小切沟;而2000年退耕的林地和自然恢复草地以面蚀为主,无明显细沟产生;新修梯田连接两阶田面的道路及承接路面来水的田面冲毁严重,田埂部分区段被冲开,田坎发生塌落;在削坡填沟造地区域,不仅农作物和坝体遭到严重破坏,而且残蚀了田旁新修道路,切割裸露沟壁多处发生土体塌落;淤地坝或轻或重都存在损毁与隐患,但在该次暴雨中滞洪拦沙作用明显。同时,在调查中发现该区陡坡耕种现象依然存在,小流域蓄排水系统缺乏,部分水土保持工程管理与维护不到位,经济发展水平低,农民水土保持意识淡薄。[结论]"7·26"特大暴雨洪水造成的土壤侵蚀依然很严重,而退耕林草地的土壤侵蚀轻微,证明水土保持工作在该区依然十分重要。在生态环境脆弱的陕北黄土高原地区,应该继续加强环境保护措施,加大水土保持治理力度,特别是陡坡退耕。同时,专业设计并实施小流域蓄水、引水、排水网络系统十分必要。 相似文献
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为快速、有效评估西江流域丘陵山地中长期土壤侵蚀状况,初步掌握区域土壤侵蚀与沉积规律,定量化西江流域土壤侵蚀强度,采用放射性核素Cs-137示踪方法,结合相关土壤侵蚀定量估算模型,探讨了西江流域梧州段典型丘陵山地人工林坡地和坡耕地的土壤侵蚀状况。结果表明,研究区Cs-137背景值为968.19Bq/m~2,Cs-137含量在坡面土壤中随土壤深度增加而递减,呈较好的线性关系。人工林地与坡耕地坡面土壤均呈侵蚀现象,人工林谷底表现为堆积现象。人工林地与坡耕地坡面土壤的侵蚀强度表现为上坡中坡下坡。人工林坡面年均土壤侵蚀模数为3 889t/(km~2·a),坡耕地坡面年均土壤侵蚀模数为4 257t/(km~2·a),坡耕地侵蚀模数大于人工林坡地,二者均为土壤中度侵蚀。在西江流域土地开发过程中,要加强对丘陵山地土壤的利用规划,防止过度开发;同时,要营造有效的水土保持措施,减少土壤侵蚀的形成,促进区域经济和环境的可持续发展。 相似文献
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Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made. 相似文献
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Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland. 相似文献
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The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management. 相似文献
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土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。 相似文献
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基于30年长期定位试验,通过测定黑土光谱反射率和不同腐殖质组分含量,探究了不同施肥对黑土土壤腐殖质含量、土壤颜色及二者之间的关系。试验设置5个处理:(1)休耕(Fallow);(2)不施肥处理(CK);(3)单施化肥(NPK);(4)有机肥部分替代化肥(NPKM);(5)秸秆部分替代化肥处理(NPKS)。结果表明:与NPK处理相比,Fallow、NPKS、NPKM分别显著提高49.7%,74.3%,27.0%的土壤有机碳含量(p<0.05)。NPKM处理中胡敏酸(HA)含量最高为3.9 g/kg,随后依次为CK、NPKS、NPK、Fallow。NPKM、NPKS和Fallow处理中土壤富里酸(FA)含量为2.2~2.3 g/kg,显著高于NPK和CK。NPKM处理中胡敏素(HM)含量为18.6 g/kg,显著高于其他处理(p<0.05)。不同处理间土壤光谱反射率由高到低依次为NPK>Fallow、CK>NPKS>NPKM,与CK处理相比,NPK土壤光谱反射率在平均提高6.5%,NPKS和NPKM则分别降低11.1%和15.1%。根据线性相关分析结果,黑土土壤光谱反射率与土壤HAHM均呈显著负相关关系(p<0.01),相关系数(r)分别为-0.858,-0.681。综合上述结果,长期有机物料投入可以显著提高黑土腐殖物质含量,降低黑土光谱反射率,使黑土颜色加深,而长期化肥施入则使黑土光谱反射率提高,出现"褪色"现象,有机粪肥在黑土中对土壤有机质和腐殖质含量的提升效果优于秸秆。 相似文献
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金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant. 相似文献
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Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered. 相似文献
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设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。 相似文献