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1.
The role of morbillivirus infection as a cause of disease or death in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from the German North and Baltic Sea was investigated by serology, histology and immunohistochemistry. Blood and tissue samples of lung, brain and lymph nodes from 74 stranded or by-caught harbour porpoises from German waters were collected between 1991 and 1997. According to dentinal growth layers and body length, animals were grouped into four age classes (neonates, 0-1, 1-4, 4-16 years of age). Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections were stained by hematoxylin and eosin (HE). Immunohistology was done in all lung tissues using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase technique and a polyclonal canine distemper virus (CDV) nucleoprotein-specific antibody, which cross-reacts with porpoise morbillivirus (PMV) antigen. A virus neutralization assay for detection of (Onderstepoort-strain) CDV- and PMV-specific antibodies was performed. Due to the cytotoxicity of some sera, only titres of 1:20 or greater were considered positive. PMV or CDV-specific neutralizing antibody titres were found in 88 and 50% of the animals, respectively. Titres were always highest against PMV indicating infection with a homologous porpoise virus strain. There were no significant differences in neutralizing antibody titres between animals of the different age groups. No histological lesions specific for morbillivirus infection were detected and by immunohistology all cases were negative for morbillivirus antigen. The absence of morbillivirus antigen and the lack of characteristic morbillivirus-specific lesions showed that morbillivirus infection was not a cause of death or illness in the investigated population. However, the high incidence of PMV-specific antibodies in all age groups indicated a continuous spread of infection with a morbillivirus among harbour porpoises from the German Baltic and North Sea.  相似文献   

2.
Thymic cysts have not been previously reported in harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). Two hundred forty stranded or "by-caught" harbor porpoises originating from the German North Sea and Baltic Sea and 14 animals from the waters of Greenland were necropsied. Thymuses of 78 porpoises of the North Sea and Baltic Sea were considered suitable for histopathologic examination based on the extent of postmortem autolysis. Immunohistochemistry using an anti-cytokeratin antibody was employed to demonstrate thymic epithelial structures in selected cases. Thymic macrocysts were rare and were only found in animals > or =7 years of age. Thymic microcysts, lined by a single cytokeratin-positive cell layer, were common in involuting thymuses, and the prevalence increased with advancing age. Thymic cysts might have arisen from degenerating Hassall's corpuscles or condensed epithelial reticulum. Thymuses were easily identified macroscopically in most adult healthy harbor porpoises, suggesting that physiological thymic involution proceeds slowly in this species.  相似文献   

3.
In the present study the occurrence of morbillivirus infection in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from the Black Sea was investigated. Blood and tissue specimens of lung, brain and spleen from 73 stranded or by-caught harbour porpoises derived from the three Black Sea subregions such as Bulgaria, Georgia and Ukraine were collected between 1997 and 1999 and processed for histology, immunohistochemistry and serology. Age determination was performed according to dental growth layers and body length. The age of the investigated population ranged from neonates to a 12-year-old animal. Morbillivirus-specific neutralizing antibodies were detected in 53% of harbour porpoises. Generally, titres were very low and ranged from 20 to 270. There was no correlation between age, geographical origin and titre levels. The most common histological finding (97%) consisted of a mild to severe granulomatous bronchopneumonia due to lung worm infection. There were no changes indicative of a morbillivirus infection. Using immunohistology none of the animals were positive for morbillivirus antigen. However, the serological data are suggestive of a continuously circulating morbillivirus among harbour porpoises from the Black Sea indicating that harbour porpoises may serve as carriers for fatal diseases in susceptible cetacean species.  相似文献   

4.
Staphylococcus aureus septicaemia was diagnosed in a dead, stranded harbour porpoise from the German Baltic Sea and in a live harbour porpoise by-caught in inner Danish waters and taken into captivity. Lesions included pyogranulomatous myocarditis, necrotising suppurative bronchopneumonia, pyelonephritis, osteomyelitis and leptomeningitis, and abscesses in lymph nodes and skeletal muscles. The captive animal had fibrinous suppurative epicarditis and pyogranulomatous myocarditis with abscesses. In both animals the organism was suspected to have entered through skin lesions or via the respiratory tract.  相似文献   

5.
The pathological changes observed in the lungs of 197 freshly dead to moderately decomposed harbour porpoises (Phocoenaphocoena) stranded in England and Wales between October 1990 and December 1996 were reviewed. In 135 (69 per cent of the cases) macroscopic nematode infections of the bronchial tract with Pseudalius inflexus and Torynurus convolutus, either singly or in combination, were recorded, and 106 (54 per cent) also had P inflexus within the pulmonary blood vessels. All the macroscopically parasitised porpoises were adults or juveniles although two neonates had histological evidence of nematode infection. There were 62 cases of mild to severe, subacute to chronic bronchitis and bronchiolitis, 113 cases of mild to severe chronic granulomatous interstitial pneumonia, and 34 cases of mild to severe vasculitis or thrombovasculitis of pulmonary blood vessels attributable to these nematode infections. In 35 cases necropurulent or purulent (broncho)pneumonias were attributed either to secondary bacterial infections of the lungs or to septicaemias associated in seven cases with Streptococcus canis, in two cases with group B Salmonella species, in one case with Escherichia coli and in one case with Streptococcus lactis. The pulmonary lesions in 67 animals known or diagnosed to have been entrapped in fishing gear were non-specific and included persistent foam in the airways in 45 cases, diffuse congestion in 53, oedema in 50, and multifocal intra-alveolar haemorrhage in 33 cases. Seven cases of acute fibrinous or chronic fibrous pleuritis, seven cases of chronic necropurulent pneumonia associated with mycotic infections, four porpoises with traumatic lesions of the thorax and other parts of the body consistent with fatal attack from bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), and one case of diffuse bronchointerstitial pneumonia associated with generalised morbillivirus infection were also recorded.  相似文献   

6.
The present study was designed to identify 15 beta-hemolytic streptococci isolated during a period between 1988 and 2005 from nine harbour seals and six grey seals from various origins of the North Sea. All isolates were identified as Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. The bacteria were additionally investigated for relatedness by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of PCR amplified 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region and gene szp and by macrorestriction analysis of chromosomal DNA of the strains by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. The molecular analysis yielded identical or closely related patterns within the strains of the present study and with the S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus strains isolated from harbour seals of German North Sea which were investigated previously [Akineden, O., Hassan, A.A., Alber, J., El-Sayed, A., Estoepangestie, A.T.S., L?mmler, C., Weiss, R., Siebert, U., 2005. Phenotypic and genotypic properties of S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus isolated from harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) from the German North Sea during the phocine distemper outbreak in 2002. Vet. Microbiol. 110, 147-152]. This indicates that this single or closely related bacterial clone existed during both phocine distemper virus epidemics in 1988 and 2002 and that a direct transmission of the strains has occurred between two seal species and between seal populations of far distant regions possibly with grey seals as a vector.  相似文献   

7.
Between 1993 and 1998, 28 Indo-Pacific hump-backed dolphins (Sousa chinensis) and 32 finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocoenoides) stranded in Hong Kong territorial waters were examined postmortem for parasites. The nematode Halocercus pingi was discovered in the lungs of one hump-backed dolphin and in 10 finless porpoises, typically within abscesses or granulomata, and they were frequently accompanied by a catarrhal exudate and lesions characteristic of pneumonia. Seven of the 10 finless porpoises were calves with substantial lungworm infections, and three were neonates with visible fetal folds and umbilical remnants, suggesting that H pingi is transferred to the neonate before birth or during lactation. Electron micrographs of H pingi should allow the nematode to be identified by other researchers. An ectoparasitic stalked barnacle (Xenobalanus globicipitis) was recovered from a finless porpoise, the first time that this species of barnacle has been recorded in Hong Kong's territorial waters.  相似文献   

8.
The relapse of the outbreak of the phocine distemper virus in the Danish island of Anholt this June, emphasizes the importance of the topic among experts. During the phocine distemper virus (PDV) epidemic in 1988, a total of 23,000 harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) died. In 2002 a second outbreak of PDV resulted in the death of more than 30,000 harbor seals. Both epidemics originated near the Danish island of Anholt and spread to adjacent colonies. Additional centres of infection were observed in the Dutch Wadden Sea far from the infected Danish seal populations. Arctic seals and grey seals were considered as vectors. Grey seal populations may serve as a reservoir for PDV or act as subclinically infected carriers of the virus between Arctic and North Sea seal populations. Mixed colonies of grey and harbour seals are widely distributed in the North and Baltic Seas. The role of environmental contaminants and their potential impact on immune function are discussed. The duration and geographical patterns of the two PDV epidemics are compared.  相似文献   

9.
The present study was designed to identify and compare 32 beta-hemolytic streptococci isolated from 28 different harbor seals of the German North Sea during the phocine distemper outbreak in 2002. The bacteria were identified as Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus based on cultural, biochemical, serological and molecular studies. Epidemiological investigations by PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region and gene szp and by macrorestriction analysis of the chromosomal DNA of the strains by pulsed field gel electrophoresis revealed that all 32 strains appeared to be identical. These results indicate that a single bacterial clone seemed to be distributed among the harbor seal population of the German North Sea during this outbreak.  相似文献   

10.
Sixty-one of 68 sets of bovine lungs from which only Haemophilus somnus was isolated had microscopic lesions of purulent bronchiolitis and bronchopneumonia. In 37 of 61 lungs, the bronchiolar exudates were markedly necrotic with accompanying necrosis of the adjacent bronchiolar epithelium. Bronchiolitis obliterans was prominent in 23 of 28 lungs affected with chronic lesions with abscesses present in seven. Alveolar filling with inflammatory cells (neutrophils with fewer macrophages) was limited to peribronchiolar alveoli in 25 of 61 lungs and was multifocal to diffuse in the other 36. Lesions in the remaining lungs (7 of 68) were classified as fibrinous pneumonia with bronchiolitis (2), fibrinous pleuritis (2), suppurative interstitial pneumonia with vasculitis (2), and diffuse congestion (1).  相似文献   

11.
From post-mortem material (liver and lung) and leucocytes of four (3.6%) out of 112 examined harbour seals during the seal epizootic in 1988 six cytopathogenic viral isolates were obtained which were provisionally classified as herpes-like viruses. Results of physico-chemical and electron microscopic investigations suggested their relationship to the herpesvirus family. Serological examinations were carried out with sera from wildlife as well as captive animals using herpesvirus isolates from four different seals. The neutralization tests revealed as only moderate distribution of seropositive reagents up to 53% of the wildlife seal population. Amongst the seals in the orphanage of Norddeich a very small number of seropositive animals was found. The results obtained indicated a minor role of herpesviruses as primary cause of seal mortality in the North Sea during the 1988 season.  相似文献   

12.
An insight into the epidemiology of dolphin morbillivirus worldwide   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Serum samples from 288 cetaceans representing 25 species and originating from 11 different countries were collected between 1995 and 1999 and examined for the presence of dolphin morbillivirus (DMV)-specific antibodies by an indirect ELISA (iELISA) (N = 267) or a plaque reduction assay (N = 21). A total of 35 odontocetes were seropositive: three harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) and a common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) from the Northeastern (NE) Atlantic, a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) from Kent (England), three striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba), two Risso's dolphins (Grampus griseus) and a bottlenose dolphin from the Mediterranean Sea, one common dolphin from the Southwest (SW) Indian Ocean, three Fraser's dolphins (Lagenodelphis hosei) from the SW Atlantic, 18 long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas) and a bottlenose dolphin from the SW Pacific as well as a captive bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) originally from Taiwan. The presence of morbillivirus antibodies in 17 of these animals was further examined in other iELISAs and virus neutralization tests. Our results indicate that DMV infects cetaceans worldwide. This is the first report of DMV-seropositive animals from the SW Indian, SW Atlantic and West Pacific Oceans. Prevalence of DMV-seropositives was 85.7% in 21 pilot whales from the SW Pacific and both sexually mature and immature individuals were infected. This indicates that DMV is endemic in these animals. The same situation may occur among Fraser's dolphins from the SW Atlantic. The prevalence of DMV-seropositives was 5.26% and 5.36% in 19 common dolphins and 56 harbour porpoise from the NE Atlantic, respectively, and 18.75% in 16 striped dolphins from the Mediterranean. Prevalence varied significantly with sexual maturity in harbour porpoises and striped dolphins; all DMV-seropositives being mature animals. The prevalence of seropositive harbour porpoise and striped dolphins appeared to have decreased since previous studies. These data suggest that DMV is not endemic within these populations, that they are losing their humoral immunity against the virus and that they may be vulnerable to new epidemics.  相似文献   

13.
林麝肺炎及化脓性疾病的病理组织学观察   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为观察患肺炎及化脓性疾病死亡林麝的肺脏、肝脏、心脏和肾脏的病理组织学变化,采用石蜡切片、苏木素-伊红染色后显微镜检查.结果发现,肺脏主要表现为化脓性肺炎,肝脏主要表现为急性肝炎,心脏主要表现为急性心肌心包膜炎,肾脏主要表现为急性肾小球肾炎.  相似文献   

14.
Detailed post mortem examinations were carried out on 41 harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) found dead on the coast of the United Kingdom. The commonest causes of death were entanglement in fishing gear, and parasitic and bacterial pneumonia. Among the non-fatal conditions parasitoses of various organs were common and there was a very wide variety of other conditions. In total 295 diseases and other lesions were found, an average of 7.2 per animal.  相似文献   

15.
The necropsy records of 65 elk ranging from 1 day to 13(1/2) years of age were reviewed to determine the primary cause of death of each animal. The animal carcasses were submitted from 22 separate Pennsylvania elk farms over an approximately 8-year period. The most common causes of mortality in animals in which the cause of death was determined were gastrointestinal parasitism (21 cases), pneumonia (7 cases), enterocolitis (5 cases), malnutrition (5 cases), and rumenitis/acidosis (5 cases). The cause of death was undetermined in 4 of the 65 elk. Nematode organisms (20 cases) were the primary parasites identified in cases of mortality owing to gastrointestinal parasitism. Arcanobacterium pyogenes (3 cases), Escherichia coli (3 cases), and Streptococcus sp. (2 cases) were the most commonly isolated bacteria from the lung in the cases of pneumonia. Fungal organisms, consistent with Aspergillus sp. were present histologically within the pulmonary lesions in 5 cases. Bacterial agents associated with enterocolitis included Clostridium perfringens (2 cases), E. coli (1 case), Salmonella Newport (1 case) and Salmonella Thompson (1 case). The majority (56.3%) of the death loss in elk of known ages occurred in animals 1 year of age or less, with 71.4% of the gastrointestinal parasitism, 60.0% of the malnutrition, 60.0% of the enterocolitis, and 57.1% of the pneumonia cases occurring in animals within this age range. In conclusion, gastrointestinal parasitism, pneumonia, malnutrition, enterocolitis and rumenitis/acidosis were considered the most common causes of death in captive elk in this study.  相似文献   

16.
A monophasic strain of Salmonella group B having the antigenic structure 4, 12: a: - was isolated in culture from various tissues of 39 harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). The tissue from which the organism was recovered most frequently was lung in 33 animals and intestine in 16 animals, but it was also isolated from heart valve, liver, kidney, spleen, mesenteric lymph node, pulmonary lymph node, hepatic lymph node, urethra, sheath and epididymis. As far as we are aware this is the first record of this strain from an animal source, raising the possibility that it may be host-adapted to harbour porpoises. The possible modes of transmission of monophasic group B Salmonella between porpoises are discussed.  相似文献   

17.
A pure growth of Group Eugonic Fermenter-4 bacteria (gram-negative) was isolated from the lungs of an 11-year-old male domestic cat that had been ill for 2 days before death. Clinical signs included anorexia, severe dyspnea, and salivation. The lungs contained several firm, slightly raised, yellowish-gray, spherical nodules of various sizes. Purulent exudate was found in the pericardial sac and left pleural cavity. Histologic evaluation revealed multifocal suppurative pneumonia.  相似文献   

18.
Hundreds of striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) died along the Spanish Mediterranean coast during the second half of 1990. We necropsied 58 dolphins. Partial collapse of the lungs with patchy atelectasis, subcutaneous edema, icterus, and stomatitis were the most prominent gross morphologic changes. Histologically, a bronchiolo-interstitial pneumonia was the most frequent lesion (72% of the animals). It was characterized by hyperplasia of alveolar epithelial type II cells and formation of multinucleate syncytia in alveolar and bronchiolar lumina. Other prominent lesions were encephalitis (69%), lymphoid depletion, and formation of multinucleate syncytia in the cortex of lymph nodes. The distribution of morbillivirus antigen was investigated in 23 well-preserved dolphins using a monoclonal antibody against the hemagglutinin glycoprotein of phocine distemper virus. Positive immunostaining was found in brain (77%), in lung (70%), and in mesenteric (61%), mediastinal (47%), and prescapular (45%) lymph nodes. Phocine distemper virus antigen was demonstrated less frequently in trachea, stomach, biliary epithelium, intestine, kidney, and mammary gland. Necrotizing-hemorrhagic pneumonia and encephalitis due to Aspergillus fumigatus were seen in three dolphins, whereas two animals had lesions of toxoplasmosis. Changes in our dolphins were similar to those caused by distemper in seals and porpoises. The origin of the dolphin virus and the relationships among dolphin, seal, and porpoise morbilli viruses are unknown.  相似文献   

19.
An age resistance in cattle to establishment of infection with Cooperia oncophora was not demonstrated. Cattle exposed to a heavy infection for the first time at approximately 15 months of age were as susceptible to establishment of infection as 3 to 4 month old calves, but stunting of worms and inhibition of ovulation did occur in the older animals, possibly due to a rapid development of resistance as a result of sensitization by a previous extremely light infection.

An age resistance in cattle to infection with Nematordirus helvetianus was not clearly demonstrated. At necropsy, 8 of 9 calves and 2 of 6 yearlings exposed to pasture infections for the first time did harbour Nematodirus worm burdens, while yearlings which were heavily infected previously were completely free of this species.

Under the conditions of this investigation, age and acquired resistance to Ostertagia ostertagi were not demonstrated, since previously non-exposed calves and yearlings and previously infected yearlings had comparable worm burdens.

This study demonstrated the adverse effect that heavy parasitism has on the development of susceptible animals. Animals which had little or no exposure to parasitism were found to be much more susceptible to the effects of parasites than were resistant animals.

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20.
Two common porpoises (Phocoena phocoena), one found stranded on the Isle of Sheppey, Kent, and the other in the Moray Firth, Scotland, in late 1990, were examined post mortem. Lesions of diffuse bronchointerstitial pneumonia were present in both animals; they were characterised by the infiltration of alveoli with leucocytes, macrophages and multinucleate syncytia, the necrosis of bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium, focal proliferation of type II pneumocytes and occasional acidophilic cytoplasmic inclusions in alveolar macrophages and syncytia. Lymphoid depletion was apparent in the spleen, thymus and lymph nodes of both porpoises. Other changes in the Isle of Sheppey porpoise included severe dacryoadenitis. Marked pharyngitis, oesophagitis and balanoposthitis were present in the Moray Firth porpoise. Immunoperoxidase staining revealed the presence of morbillivirus antigen in a range of epithelia from both porpoises. This is the first report of morbillivirus infection in cetaceans from the coast of Great Britain.  相似文献   

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