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1.
Lee Hong-gil Kim Hyun-Koo Noh Hoe-Jung Byun Yoon Joo Chung Hyen-Mi Kim Ji-In 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2021,21(5):1947-1961
Purpose
To identify the sources and levels of contamination with anthropogenically derived heavy metals (HMs) for appropriate pollution control. We quantified anthropogenic influences with respect to HM pollution in soil, based on multiple pollution indices and cluster analysis derived from the results of an annual nationwide survey conducted in Korea.
MethodsContamination levels of HMs in soils were quantitatively evaluated using multiple pollution indices: contamination factor (CF), geo-accumulation index (Igeo), Nemerow’s integrated pollution index (NIPI), and pollution load index (PLI). Hierarchical cluster analysis was conducted to elucidate the correlations between HMs and contamination sources. A total of 2214 HM concentration data including six contamination sources were used to evaluate the pollution state of anthropogenic effects of HMs.
ResultsThe CFs for Zn and Cu revealed a broad enrichment of these HMs in all pollution sources. Scrap recycling sites (SRS) had the highest likelihood of pollutant distribution in soil surfaces. NIPI and PLI varied with the extent of anthropogenic activities or land use, especially in SRS, waste disposal sites (WDS), transport maintenance sites (TMS), and industrial sites (INS), and anthropogenic sources were divided into three discrete clusters: INS-TMS-LDS (land development sites), SRS-WDS, and vicinities of industrial sites (VIS).
ConclusionOur results confirmed that soil pollution indices combined with cluster analysis were useful to identify sources of anthropogenic HMs in urban soil, as well as to assess the levels of HM contamination.
相似文献2.
Laura Maleci Gabriella Buffa Mohammad Wahsha Claudio Bini 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2014,14(4):731-743
Purpose
Heavy metal accumulation produces significant physiological and biochemical responses in vascular plants. Plants growing on abandoned mine sites are of particular interest, since they are genetically tolerant to high metal concentrations. In this work, we examined the effect of heavy metals (HMs) on the morphology of T. officinale growing in pots with mine soils, with the following objectives: (1) to determine the evolution of HM concentration in leaves and roots over 3 years of cultivation; (2) to highlight possible damage at anatomical and cytological level.Materials and methods
Wild specimens of Taraxacum officinale Web., with their soil clod, were gathered from three sites with different contamination levels by heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn) in the abandoned Imperina Valley mine (Northeast Italy). A control plant was also gathered from a non-contaminated site nearby. Plants were cultivated in pots at the botanical garden of the University of Florence (HBF), and appeared macroscopically not affected by toxic signals (reduced growth, leaf necrosis) possibly induced by soil HM concentration. Leaves and roots taken at the same growing season were observed by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.Results and discussion
Light microscopy observations show a clear difference in the cellular organisation of non-contaminated and contaminated samples. The unpolluted samples present a well-organised palisade tissue and spongy photosynthetic parenchyma. Samples from contaminated sites, instead, present a palisade parenchyma less organised, and a reduction of leaf thickness proportional to HM concentration. The poor structural organisations, and the reduced foliar thickness of the contaminated plants, are related to soil contamination. Differences in root micromorphology concern the cortical parenchyma. Moreover, all the samples examined present mycorrhiza. Ultrastructure observations of the parenchyma cells show mitochondrial structure alteration, with lacking or reduced cristae of the internal membrane at increasing metal content. Instead, chloroplast organisation does not present significant differences, particularly in number and compartmentalization of thylakoids.Conclusions
Although macromorphology does not present evidence of phytotoxicity, the recorded observations of the micromorphological characteristics of leaves and roots, show a suffering state of the plants, strictly related to HM content. Leaching reduced partly the HM content of the soil, therefore decreasing their phytotoxic effect. A gradual restoration of leaf organisation suggests that somewhat resilience occurred in plants. Moreover, the presence of stress-tolerant mycorrhizal fungi could contribute to reduce metal toxicity. 相似文献3.
Hongyan Song Kelin Hu Yi An Chong Chen Guangde Li 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2018,18(3):852-862
Purpose
Understanding the spatial distribution and sources of soil heavy metals (HMs) in a large city helps prevent and control soil pollution. This study aimed to investigate the spatial patterns of soil HMs and identify their main sources in a regional scale.Materials and methods
A total of 110 topsoil samples were collected from Tai’an City, China. Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations in each soil sample were determined. Geostatistics, geographic information system (GIS), and positive matrix factorization (PMF) were used to explore the spatial distribution of seven soil HMs and to reveal the main sources of soil HMs in Tai’an City, respectively.Results and discussion
Soil Cd, Cr, Pb, and Zn generally showed slight pollution levels in the study area. However, soil Hg and Cu contents reached moderate to heavy pollution levels in some areas. Soil Hg content increased from north to south across the city, and the highest Hg concentration was detected in Ningyang County. Soil Cd, Cu, and Zn distributions exhibited a similar pattern, and their contents increased from west to east; the highest Cd, Cu, and Zn concentrations were found in Xintai County. The highest soil Ni concentration was obtained in the northeast of Feicheng and Xintai counties. PMF analysis revealed the following four potential sources of agricultural soil HMs in Tai’an City: industrial and mining activities, agricultural activities, residential living activities, and business activities. Soil Hg mainly originated from residential living activities, which accounted for 75.3% of the total source. The main sources of soil Ni were residential living activities, agricultural activities, and industrial and mining activities, which account for 38.2, 27.50, and 25.1% of the total source, respectively. Soil Cu was mainly produced by agricultural activities (36.6%), followed by residential living activities (29.8%) and industrial and mining activities (25.8%).Conclusions
PMF combined with GIS could be effectively applied to determine the main sources of HMs in agricultural soils in a regional scale.4.
Olga Nikolaeva Marina Rozanova Mikhail Karpukhin 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2017,17(4):1045-1053
Purpose
The objective of this research is to find out the spatial distribution of different traffic-related contaminants in urban topsoils across a highway (125,000 vehicles per day) in the city of Moscow, Russia.Materials and methods
The topsoils (0–3 cm depth) were sampled 1, 6, 10, 18, and 50 m perpendicular to the roadbed in three replicates 10 m apart. We analyzed total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), heavy metals in total and phyto-available forms (HM; Cu, Zn, and Pb), and deicing salts (DS; Cl?). The TPH were extracted with carbon tetrachloride and detected by spectrometry and PAH were extracted with methylene chloride, separated by high-performance liquid chromatography, and determined by fluorescence detector. Total HM were extracted by microwave acid digestion with aqua regia and phyto-available forms were extracted by NH4OAc and determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The DS were analyzed using an ion liquid chromatograph with a conductometric detector.Results and discussion
Heavy soil pollution was found within 1–6 m of the road. The TPH, B[a]P, and phyto-available HM concentrations exceeded permissible levels for Russia, while total HM and DS did not. The contaminant contents sharply decreased 10 m from the road. Within 10–50 m, they reached background levels, while PAH levels were elevated. We attribute this to the greater age of soils at 10–50 m than 1–6 m from the road. The different contaminant distribution patterns are attributed to their different transportation pathways: TPH, DS, and HM generally reach soils through road spray, splashes, melting snow moved from the road surface to roadsides, and aerosol sedimentation, whereas PAH are mainly transported as airborne particles and are thus able to reach more distant locations.Conclusions
Traffic-related soil pollution creates ecotoxicological and human-health risks. Distribution patterns vary by type of soil contaminant. The influence of the road on soil contamination was greatest within 10 m from the roadbed for TPH, HM, and DS and within 50 m for PAH. The increased PAH concentration levels with increased distance from the road highlights the importance of PAH monitoring in roadside soils.5.
Ivan V. Timofeev Natalia E. Kosheleva Nikolay S. Kasimov Petr D. Gunin Enkh-Amgalan Sandag 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2016,16(4):1225-1237
Purpose
The aim of the present study is to evaluate geochemical transformation of soil cover in the territory of Erdenet (Mongolia) and to assess the environmental risk associated with soil cover contamination. The objectives of the present study included: (1) the determination of heavy metals (HMs) and metalloids contents in surface horizons of background and urban soils and the assessment of geochemical transformation of the city’s soil cover; (2) the identification of elements’ associations and patterns of their spatial distribution in the soil cover of the city; (3) the assessment of environmental hazard, related to contamination of soils with complexes of HMs and metalloids.Materials and methods
Soil–geochemical survey was conducted by the authors in the summer periods of 2010 and 2011. In total, 225 samples, including 32 backgrounds, were collected. Bulk contents of HMs and metalloids in soil samples were analyzed by mass-spectral method with inductively coupled plasma at All-Russian Research Institute of Mineral Raw Materials (Moscow) using Elan-6100 and Optima-4300 devices (Perkin Elmer, USA).Results and discussion
Mo, Cu, and Se appeared to be the priority pollutants nearly in all land-use zones. The maximum accumulation of Mo, Cu, Se, As, Sb, and W is restricted to the industrial area where total pollution index of soils (Zc) equals 74.8. Three technogenic associations of elements, derived mainly from petrochemical features of Erdenet ore field and characterized by similar spatial distribution within the city, are identified. Environmental assessment of surface soil horizon geochemistry in Erdenet showed that 1/5 of its area has dangerous and extremely dangerous levels of soil pollution.Conclusions
Experience of the environmental–geochemical assessment of soil cover in the impact zone of mining enterprises could be useful for other fields of the non-ferrous metals with high lithological–geochemical heterogeneity of the territory. It suggests the need of accounting for the geological diversity and specific features of metallogeny of an area. Geochemical indices local enrichment factor/local depletion factor should be calculated against the individual background values for each soil-forming rock. Such approach allows more accurate assessment of the degree of technogenic geochemical transformation of soils and the environmental hazard of pollution.6.
Evaluation and source identification of trace element contamination of soils in the Qixia lead-zinc mining area,Jiangsu, China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Zongwei Ma Tiantian Li Changsheng Qu Jun Bi Lei Huang 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2014,14(10):1703-1712
Purpose
The Qixia mine is one of the largest lead-zinc mines in Eastern China and has been operational for approximately 60 years. Source identification for trace element contamination of soils in the Qixia mining area has been lacking. This report details the evaluation and source identification of trace element contamination (including Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Hg, Cr, As, and Ni) of soils in this area.Materials and methods
Thirty-three soil samples from roadsides and fields in the study area were collected and analyzed. The index of geo-accumulation (I geo) was employed to evaluate contamination. Methods of multivariate statistical analysis were used to determine the probable sources of the pollutants.Results and discussion
The analysis showed that the levels of contamination ranked in the following order: Cd > Pb/Zn> > As/Cu> > Hg > Cr/Ni. In the sampling area nearest the mine, soil samples collected from roadsides showed much higher levels of contamination than those collected from fields away from the roadways. Trace element contamination decreased as the distance from the mine increased. Contamination extended to a distance of approximately 700 m from mineral transportation routes, with the area of greatest impact at 200 m or less. Multivariate statistical analysis and ore composition data suggest that the Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, and As found in the soil samples originate from anthropogenic sources. Ni and Cr are considered to be at natural background concentrations.Conclusions
This study distinguished between natural and anthropogenic sources of trace element contamination in the soils of the Qixia mining area. The contamination of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, and As is linked to the mining activities and is likely due to the transportation of ore concentrates and tailings. 相似文献7.
Andrew Turner 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2013,13(6):1052-1056
Purpose
Metal contamination arising from boat maintenance is a growing environmental concern. In this study, metals currently or historically employed in boat paints (Ba, Cu, Pb, Sn and Zn) have been determined in geosolids sampled from within and in the vicinity of two leisure boat maintenance facilities in south west England.Materials and methods
Samples of dusts, sediments and soils from two boatyards and from various urban control sites were fractionated through 63 μm before being digested in boiling aqua regia. Metal concentrations were determined in sample digests by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry.Results and discussion
Metal concentrations were highly variable in each medium but were greatest in boatyard dusts which, pre-fractionation, often contained visible particles of paint. Metal concentrations in sediments and soils were higher than concentrations in respective control samples and, in many cases, exceeded environmental quality standards or predicted effect concentrations. Observations are attributed to the heterogeneous contamination of geosolids by fine particulates of antifouling paint generated during boat maintenance and repair; specifically, particulates contaminate sediment via boatyard runoff (with rainfall and washdown water), while soil is contaminated through the deposition of fine, airborne paint dusts.Conclusions
This study demonstrates that boat paint particles enriched in a variety of metals contaminate both coastal and terrestrial environments. Contamination arises from the removal and dispersion of dusts during boat maintenance. Stricter measures for the containment and disposal of wastes generated by boat repair and repainting are, therefore, recommended. 相似文献8.
Sara C. Pé-Leve Santos Mariana Eloy Cruz António M. E. Barroso Catarina P. S. Fonseca Mauro Guerra Maria Luísa Carvalho José Paulo Santos 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2014,14(4):778-784
Purpose
Mining activities represent a current source of pollution due to the large release of trace elements from mineral particles into the soil, atmosphere, and ecosystems. In active or abandoned metal-mining areas, direct discharge from mining deposits is one of the most common processes of contamination.Materials and methods
In this work, we calculated the elemental concentrations of plants, edible for cattle, which might contain high values of toxic elements, such as As, Cu, Zn, and W, originated from mining exploitation, especially wolframite. Several species of plants originating from the same contaminated place, close to the mine, were the subject of our study in order to compare the uptake of harmful elements, from the contaminated soils, in the different plants. We have used the energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence technique to perform the analysis and quantification of the elements present in the collected samples. The quantification was based on the fundamental parameters method for plants and on the WinAxil compare mode using a standard reference material, for soils. Calibration against a series of standard samples has been carried out.Results and discussion
A comparison between contaminated and control samples, within the same species, was performed. The contamination of the two mining wash sites is assessed by comparing the elemental concentration of several plants in these places. Elemental content in soils was investigated, and a comparison between elemental levels in plants was performed.Conclusions
High concentrations of tungsten were found near the new wash site. Arsenic was found throughout the area in concentrations many times higher than those recommended by the World Health Organization. 相似文献9.
Bin Cui Meilin Zhu Yang Jiang Yanxue Jiang Hongbin Cao 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2014,14(8):1456-1468
Purpose
Frequent mining activities and higher background values in soil have led to the contamination of the sediments of some rivers in southwest China by several metals and arsenic (As). This study combined multivariate analysis with geochemical approaches to differentiate mining activity from other sources, which may aid to evaluate the effectiveness of reducing mining release.Materials and methods
Sixteen sediment samples were collected along the Yuan River, China. The total concentrations of lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), and As were measured by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES). The Pb isotopic composition was measured using a thermal ionization mass spectrometer (TIMES). Both geochemical approaches and multivariate statistical analysis were used to identify the sources of these metals. The fractionation of Pb was determined through a Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction procedure to aid the identification of the sources.Results and discussion
The concentrations and enrichment factors (EFs) of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, and As in the middle reach of the river were higher than those at the other sites, indicating anthropogenic sources. The factor analysis (FA) extracted “mining and smelting,” “mixture of anthropogenic and natural,” and “natural” factors. The Pb isotope composition of metal ores was similar (206Pb/207Pb?<?1.190 and 208Pb/206Pb?>?2.023) to that found in the sediments in the middle reach, indicating anthropogenic sources of mining activities. Compared with the narrow ranges of the δ34S ratios in the bedrock (+8.5 to +9.3?‰) and the metal ores (?1.4 to +1.9?‰), the sediment samples presented a relatively wide range of δ34S ratios from ?2.6 to +9.2?‰ with a mean of +2.6?‰, which suggests a mixed composition. The BCR sequential extraction procedure revealed that the proportion of the extractable fraction in the sediments in the middle reach was higher than that in other sites, suggesting anthropogenic sources as the cause of contamination in the study area.Conclusions
Lead, Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr, Hg, and As are mainly derived from natural materials in the upstream region. In the middle reach, these elements are the result of anthropogenic activities, particularly activities associated with the mining industry. In the downstream region, the origin of these elements is considered to be a mixture of anthropogenic and natural sources. In addition to geochemical approaches and multivariate statistical analysis, the BCR sequential extraction method is an effective procedure for the identification of the anthropogenic sources of sediment-associated metals. 相似文献10.
Tereza Novakova Tomas Matys Grygar Ondrej Babek Martin Famera Martin Mihaljevic Ladislav Strnad 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2013,13(2):460-473
Purpose
Regional contamination of southern Moravia (SE part of the Czech Republic) by trace metals and magnetic particles during the twentieth century was quantified in fluvial sediments of the Morava River. The influence of local pollution sources on regional contamination of the river sediments and the effect of sampling site heterogeneity were studied in sediment profiles with different lithologies.Materials and methods
Hundreds of sediment samples were obtained from regulated channel banks and naturally inundated floodplains and proxy elemental analyses were carried out by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (ED XRF) and further calibrated by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP MS). Magnetic susceptibility was determined as a proxy for industrial contamination. The age model for the floodplain sediments was established from 137Cs and 210Pb dating. Trace metal contamination was assessed by establishing the lithological background values from floodplain profiles and calculating enrichment factors (EF) of trace metals (i.e. Pb, Zn, Cu) and magnetic susceptibility for the entire study area.Results and discussion
Channel sediments are unsuitable for the reconstruction of historical regional contamination due to their lithological heterogeneity and the “chaotic” influence of local sources of contamination, as well as the possibility of geochemical mobility of pollutants. On the other hand, sediments from regulated river banks qualitatively reflected the actual, local contamination of the river system.Conclusions
This approach allowed us to distinguish the influence of local sources of contamination by comparison with more spatially averaged contamination signals from distal floodplain profiles. The studied area is weakly contaminated (EF ～1–2), while individual sediment strata from regulated channel banks reflect local sources of contamination and contain up to several times higher concentrations of trace metals. 相似文献11.
T. M. Minkina S. S. Mandzhieva V. A. Chaplygin G. V. Motuzova M. V. Burachevskaya T. V. Bauer S. N. Sushkova D. G. Nevidomskaya 《Eurasian Soil Science》2017,50(6):746-755
The effect of soil properties and distance from the source of technogenic emission on the input of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, Mn, Cr, and Ni into daisy family plants (Asteraceae) has been studied. It has been found that the high level of anthropogenic load related to the atmospheric emissions from the Novocherkassk power plant (NPP) favors the accumulation of heavy metals (HMs) in herbaceous plants. Contamination with Pb, Cd, Cr, and Ni is revealed in plants growing near the NPP. The main factors affecting the distribution of HMs in the above- and underground organs of plants include individual physiological features of plant species controlling the barrier functions of different plant organs. Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Artemisia austriaca Pall. ex. Wild. Jack., and Tanacetum vulgare L. are accumulators of HMs. The resistance of herbaceous plants to pollution has been determined from the acropetal coefficient and actual biogeochemical mobility of HMs. Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. is most resistant to contamination with Mn; Achillea nobilis L. is most resistant to Pb, Ni, and Cd; Cichorium intybus L. is most resistant to Zn and Cu. 相似文献
12.
Rimantė Zinkutė Ričardas Taraškevičius Margarita Jankauskaitė Žilvinas Stankevičius 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2017,17(2):440-452
Purpose
The research is aimed at comparison of different enrichment factors (EFs) calculated for potentially harmful chemical elements (PHEs) basing on topsoil data from Klaip?da with geological differences between two areas, choice of the reference elements (REs), consideration of the expediency and efficiency of normalisation, the influence of PHE and RE background or upper threshold values on the estimated contamination level of 50 schoolyards and the arising problems, i.e. which PHE should be normalised.Materials and methods
Composite topsoil samples taken in 50 schoolyards and 28 football fields from 0 to 10-cm depth were air-dried, sieved to <1 mm, milled and analysed for total contents of major elements and As, Ba, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sn, U, V and Zn by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence and of Ag and Co by optical atomic emission spectrophotometry. Simple EFs in schoolyards were calculated normalising by concentration factor (CF) of Fe, while complex EFs normalising by weighted average of Al, K and Ti concentration factors (WACFs).Results and discussion
The variability of RE is shown with significant differences between sandy western and loamy eastern areas and lower differences between schoolyards and football fields. The highest effectiveness of normalisation, i.e. the number of sites where WACF > 1 or CF > 1, is when RE background values for schoolyards differentiated for each area are selected. The formulas for the ratio of different EFs demonstrate that (1) for Co, Ba, Mn, Mo, Pb and Cu, the upper threshold-type EFs exceed the background-type EFs; (2) there is the tendency to obtain lower EFs for the greater part of PHE when using differentiated background of PHE and RE. The problems of estimation of the background of some PHE and the expediency of their normalisation are discussed.Conclusions
The recommendations are (1) to explore the variability of RE in the urban territory and to find out if there are areas with significant differences in RE content, in this case try to estimate the differentiated background values of RE and PHE, because respective EFs are usually lower; (2) for more effective normalisation, to use background values of RE which correspond to the object of assessment; (3) not to use upper threshold-type EFs; (4) to be careful with interpretation of EFs for those PHEs which have significant negative correlation with RE.13.
Purpose
The metal concentrations and Pb isotopic composition in sediments and plants from the Xiangjiang River, China, were investigated to understand the contamination and potential toxicity of metals in sediments; to determine the accumulation and distribution of metals in plant tissues; and to trace the possible pollution source of Pb in sediments and plants.Materials and methods
Sediments and plants were collected from 43 sampling sites in the study region. After sediments were air-dried and passed through a 63-??m sieve, they were acid-digested and DTPA-extracted for determination of total and bioavailable metals. The plants were separated into roots, leaves, and stems; dried; cut into pieces; and digested with HNO3?CH2O2. Metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) and Pb isotopic composition were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.Results and discussion
Maximum As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations in sediments were 47.18, 55.81, 129.5, 161.6, 160.4, 430.7, and 1,098.8?mg?kg?1, respectively. The bioavailable fractions of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn had significant linear relationship with their corresponding total contents in sediments while no significant relationship was observed between bioavailable and total contents of Cr and Ni. In general, plant tissues showed higher As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations and lower Cr and Ni concentrations compared with sediments. The 206Pb/207Pb ratios decreased in the order of total > bioavailable > stems ?? leaves > roots. A strong linear correlation was observed between the 208Pb/206Pb and 206Pb/207Pb ratios of the plant tissues, sediments, and the possible pollution sources of Pb in the Xiangjiang River.Conclusions
As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn demonstrated higher contamination levels in sediments and plants compared with Cr and Ni. Cd had highest potential ecological risk. The Pb from anthropogenic sources with low 206Pb/207Pb ratios was preferentially associated with the bioavailable fractions in sediments and accumulated in roots. The Pb in plant tissues is mainly derived from the Pb in sediment and is taken up through the sediment-to-root pathway. 相似文献14.
Inorganic and organic pollution in agricultural soil from an emerging e-waste recycling town in Taizhou area, China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Xianjin Tang Chaofeng Shen Lei Chen Xi Xiao Jingyan Wu Muhammad I. Khan Changming Dou Yingxu Chen 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2010,10(5):895-906
Purpose
The emerging recycling of electronic and electric waste (e-waste) is causing critical levels of soil pollution in those relatively poor towns surrounding the central cities, which have been involved in recycling activities for quite some time. Agricultural soil is of great importance due to its direct impact on food and human health. The objective of this study was to provide a systematic investigation of the contamination in agricultural soil for a range of inorganic compounds (Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Ni) and organic compounds (PAHs and PCBs) in town A, an emerging e-waste recycling town in China.Materials and methods
A total of 20 agricultural soil samples were collected from three sampling locations throughout town A. Levels of inorganic compounds (Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Ni) and organic compounds (PAHs and PCBs) were determined by AAS, GC/MS, and GC/electron capture detector, respectively. Data was processed with SPSS 13 and Arcview 3.3 GIS software.Results and discussion
The findings demonstrate that agricultural soil was contaminated to various extents by inorganic and/or organic pollutants. Comparison among the three sampling areas indicated that the soil was highly contaminated in the agricultural area near e-waste recycling workshops. Moreover, the contaminants (Cu, Pb, PAHs, and PCBs) may be connected through a common source as found in the Pearson correlations and cluster analysis.Conclusions
There exists a heightened sense of awareness concerning the hazardous implications of current emerging e-waste recycling issues in the agricultural soil of those areas close to the central city in Taizhou. 相似文献15.
Milica Marković Tea Zuliani Snežana Belanović Simić Zorana Mataruga Olga Kostić Snežana Jarić Janja Vidmar Radmila Milačič Janez Ščančar Miroslava Mitrović Pavle Pavlović 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2018,18(12):3404-3414
Purpose
Riparian zone contamination is a growing problem for several European catchments due to high anthropogenic pressures. This study investigates As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations in the Sava River riparian zone, characterized by wide agricultural areas, various geological substrates, and different types of industrial pollution. The accumulation and mobility of these elements were studied because they are listed as priority substances in the Water Framework Directive and environmental objectives for surface waters.Materials and methods
Sampling was performed during the sampling campaign of the EU 7th FW-funded GLOBAQUA project in September 2015 during a low-water event. Soil samples were collected along the Sava River at 12 selected sampling sites, from a depth of 0–30 cm, at a distance of 10–15 m from the river bank. The extent of pollution was estimated by determining total and readily soluble element concentrations in the soils. Potential ecological risk and the source of the selected elements in the soils was determined using the enrichment factor (EF), potential ecological risk index (RI), and statistical methods such as the principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple linear regression analysis (MLRA).Results and discussion
This study showed that concentrations of the selected elements increase along the Sava. In terms of origin, PCA and MLRA indicated that Cr and Ni in soils are predominantly lithogenic, while As, Cd, Pb, and Zn are both lithogenic and anthropogenic (ore deposits, industry, and agriculture). PCA singled out Cu since its origin in soil is most probably from specific point-source pollution. EF was generally minor to moderate for most of the examined elements, apart from Cu, for which the EF was significant at one sampling site. Overall ecological risk (RI) fell within the low-risk category for most sites, apart from Belgrade sampling site (BEO), where high total Cd content affected individual and overall ecological risk indicators, indicating Cd could represent a considerable ecological risk for the downstream riparian zone.Conclusions
At downstream sites, there was a noticeable increase in PTE content, with Cd, Cr, Ni, and Zn exceeding the proposed threshold values for European soils, indicating rising contamination in riparian soils. In terms of the ecological risk, only Cd could pose a potential ecological threat for the downstream riparian zone.16.
Identification of sources of heavy metals in agricultural soils using multivariate analysis and GIS 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Yushu Shan Mats Tysklind Fanghua Hao Wei Ouyang Siyang Chen Chunye Lin 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2013,13(4):720-729
Purpose
Heavy metals in agricultural soils readily enter the food chain when taken up by plants, but there have been few investigations of heavy metal pressure in farming areas with low background concentrations. This study was carried out in a cultivation area of Northeast China that has undergone decades of intensive farming, with the aim of identifying the sources of accumulated heavy metals in agricultural soils using multivariate analysis and geographic information system (GIS).Materials and methods
In 2011, concentrations of total iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and cobalt (Co), as well as soil pH and organic matter, were measured at 149 sites in arable soils in the study area. The principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to extract hidden subsets from the raw dataset in order to detect possible sources. Metal contents in soils from various croplands were further investigated using analysis of variance. With the Kriging interpolation method, GIS was used to display the PCA results spatially to explore the influence of land use on heavy metal accumulation.Results and discussion
Most of the studied metals in arable soils of the study area were shown to have low concentrations, except for Cd (0.241 mg?kg?1). According to the results of the PCA analysis, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn, Cd, and Co formed the first component (PC1) explaining 40.1 % of the total variance. The source of these metals was attributed to farming practices (“anthropogenic” factor). Cu, Ni, and Cr fell into the second component (PC2), heavy metals that derived from parent rock materials (“lithogetic” factor). This component describes 24.6 % of the total variance. Compared to paddy lands, soils in drylands had greater accumulations of all the metals in PC1, which can be explained by a higher rate of phosphorus fertilizer application and a longer farming history.Conclusions
Owing to the natural low backgrounds, soils in the study area were safe from heavy metal pollution with a contamination risk of Cd the only exception. Multivariate analysis and GIS were effective means in helping to identify the sources of soil metals and addressing the land use influence on soil metals accumulation. This work can support the development of strategy and policies to aid in the prevention of widespread heavy metal contamination in area with characteristics similar to those of the study area. 相似文献17.
Purpose
Heavy metals pollution of city soil has become a serious environmental issue. Attention has been given to the issue of soil contamination in big cities, but little research has been done in the Loess Plateau, which is the largest loess deposition area in the world. The aim of this study was to assess the contamination of topsoil.Materials and methods
Forty soil samples were collected from different districts and sieved through nylon sieves. The coarse particles (2 mm) were used to determine pH and electrical conductivity using a suspension of 1:5 soil to deionized water. The fine particles (150 μm) were used to determine soil organic matter and selected heavy metals. Metals were measured in digested solutions by a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer.Results and discussion
The mean concentrations of heavy metals in urban soils in the study area are significantly lower than the mean concentrations across China. The integrated pollution index was determined to be 1.13, indicating moderate pollution. Weathering of parent material, the use of pesticide and fertilizer, discharge of waste from traffic, wastes from commodities and industry, and coal combustion are considered to be the main sources of heavy metal pollution in the study area.Conclusions
The results indicate that, at least in the study area, land use greatly influences the soil quality and heavy metal contents in urban topsoils. Soil backfill may change heavy metal contents to some extent. Deep digging and backfill can be effectively used for the remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and sediments. 相似文献18.
Tomáš Matys Grygar Jitka Elznicová Tereza Lelková Timea Kiss Márton Balogh Ladislav Strnad Tomáš Navrátil 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2017,17(11):2596-2609
Purpose
The Oh?e River has received contamination from metal mining and metallurgy (mainly Cu, Pb, Sn, U, Zn) over the previous five centuries. This contamination history has been poorly documented. Contamination has entered the river system in its middle reach, where the channel is incised and bedrock confined, which impedes overbank deposition. Our objective was to locate and describe a sedimentary record in this unfavourable depositional setting.Materials and methods
Three former channel bars that have coalesced with the riverbank were revealed by examination of historical and current maps and a digital terrain model. Manual coring in the bar and in situ (handheld) X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy provided data for developing a contamination chemostratigraphy, which was correlated with the mining history in the region. Detailed topographic examination of the bar and valley edge was important to understanding the evolution of one of the bars. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating was used to verify the timing of deposition.Results and discussion
Handheld XRF for in situ analysis of element composition is efficient for studying contaminated sediment bodies with complex stratigraphy, which require extensive coring and stratigraphic correlation. Despite the unfavourable settings, the channel bars trapped sufficient sediment to produce a record that correlates with the history of contamination in the drainage basin. In the bar studied in greatest detail, we observed a surprising amount of contamination passing through the Oh?e River channel (up to 300 mg kg?1 of Cu, 340 mg kg?1 of Pb and 630 mg kg?1 of Sn in fine sand and silt deposits) associated with a pollution climax in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Modern contamination (Hg and U deposited in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries) was entrapped with low efficiency based on comparable concentrations of Hg and U located 90 km downstream.Conclusions
The efficacy of the use of historical maps and detailed fieldwork was demonstrated by identification of unique depositional meso-environments, which are rare in bedrock-confined fluvial systems. The contamination chemostratigraphy of the bar deposits was correlated with the local mining and pollution history and contributed to an understanding of the bar evolution. The approach used in our study may be applicable to other montane rivers with historic ore mining and processing in their basins.19.
Ruiping Li Guanqing Cai Jing Wang Wei Ouyang Hongguang Cheng Chunye Lin 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2014,14(11):1806-1817
Purpose
The concentration of human activities in urban systems generally leads to urban environmental contamination. Beijing is one of ancient and biggest cities on the world. However, information is limited on Beijing’s soil contamination, especially for roadside and campus soils. Thus, the aims of this study were to investigate the contents and chemical forms of toxic heavy metals Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the road-surface dust, roadside soils, and school campus soils of Beijing. In addition, enrichment and spatial variation of these toxic heavy metals in the soils and dust were assessed.Materials and methods
Topsoil samples were collected from the schools and roadside adjacent to main ring roads, and dust samples were collected from the surface of the main ring roads of Beijing. These samples were analyzed for total contents and chemical forms of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sc, Zn, Al, and Fe. Enrichment factors (EFs, relative to the background content) were calculated to evaluate the effect of human activities on the toxic heavy metals in soils.Results and discussion
Heavy metal contents in the road dust ranged from 0.16 to 0.80, 52.2 to 180.7, 18.4 to 182.8, 11.9 to 47.4, 23.0 to 268.3, and 85.7 to 980.9 mg kg?1 for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, respectively. In the roadside soil and school soil, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn contents ranged from 0.13 to 0.42, 46.1 to 82.4, 22.7 to 71.6, 20.7 to 29.2, 23.2 to 180.7, and 64.5 to 217.3 mg kg?1, respectively. The average EF values of these metals were significantly higher in the dust than in the soils. In addition, the average EF values of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in the soils near second ring road were significantly higher than those near third, fourth, and fifth ring roads. Anthropogenic Cd, Pb, and Zn were mainly bound to the carbonates and soil organic matter, while anthropogenic Cu was mainly bound to oxides. The mobility and bioavailability of these metals in the urban soils of Beijing generally decreased in the following order: Cd?>?Zn?>?Pb?>?Cu?>?Ni?>?Cr; while in the dust, they decreased in the following order: Zn, Cu, and Cd?>?Pb?>?Ni?>?Cr.Conclusions
Both EF and chemical forms documented that Cr and Ni in the soils and dust mainly originated from native sources, while Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn partially originated from anthropogenic sources. In overall, Beijing’s road dust was significantly contaminated by Cd and Cu and moderately contaminated by Cr, Pb, and Zn, while Beijing’s roadside soil and school soil were moderately contaminated by Cd and Pb. However, the maximal hazard quotients (HQs) for individual Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn and comprehensive hazard index (HI) of these metals in the dust and soil were less than 1, indicating that the heavy metals in the dust and soil generally do not pose potential health effects to children, sensitive population. 相似文献20.
M. Carmen Casado-Martinez Brian D. Smith Philip S. Rainbow 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2013,13(2):429-440