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1.
This study investigated the efficacy of fixed-time laparoscopic intra-uterine insemination of farmed fallow deer (Dama dama) with frozen-thawed or fresh semen. In the trials with frozen-thawed semen, a total of 547 mature non-lactating does across five New Zealand farms were used. For oestrous synchronisation and artificial insemination, a standard control regimen was applied to at least 30% of the does on each farm, involving the insertion of single CIDR type-G devices intravaginally for 14 days, deposition of 50 x 10(6) frozen-thawed spermatozoa at 65 hours after withdrawal of the CIDR device and the continuous presence of vasectomised bucks from the insertion of the CIDR device until 10 days after insemination. Various aspects of this protocol were changed for the remaining does on each farm, including inseminations at 60 or 70 hours, the absence of vasectomised bucks, insemination with 25 x 10(6) or 10 x 10(6) spermatozoa, synchronisation with CIDR type-S devices and synchronisation with prostaglandin. The conception rate, based on rectal ultrasonography at 45 days after insemination, was 67% across all treatments (n=547). Corrected conception rates (+/-s.e.), calculated following between-farm adjustments, were 67+/- 3% for the control regimen, 67+/- 9% and 73 +/- 8% for inseminations at 60 and 70 hours respectively, 61 +/- 9% for absence of bucks, 80 +/- 8% and 74 +/- 9% for inseminations with 25 x 10(6) and 10 x 10(6) spermatozoa respectively, 62 +/- 10% for CIDR type-S device synchronisation, and 49 +/- 10% for prostaglandin synchronisation. Despite apparent differences, none of the treatments resulted in adjusted conception rates that were significantly different from the control regimen (P>0.01). In the trials with fresh semen, 216 does in the USA were inseminated at 69-71 hours after withdrawal of the CIDR device using either cryopreserved semen from New Zealand (n=158; 25 x 10(6) spermatozoa per inseminate) or fresh semen (n=58; 7.5 x10(6) to 20 x 10(6) spermatozoa per inseminate) collected less than 10 hours earlier. The overall conception rates were 77% and 81% respectively, with no significant differences between semen type (frozen v. fresh) or fresh spermatozoa number per inseminate (P>0.01). A further 102 does in New Zealand similarly received fresh semen from 3/4 Mesopotamian buck. Doses of 10 x 10(6) (n=35), 5 x 10(6) (n=32) or 2.5 x 10(6) (n=35) spermatozoa per inseminate were delivered at 69-71 hours after withdrawal of the CIDR device. The conception rates were 77%, 66% and 51% respectively, reflecting a dose effect (P<0.05). However, 1/4 Mesopotamian does in the group (n=19) exhibited higher conception rates (95% overall) irrespective of semen dose, possibly indicating a semen/recipient genotype interaction. It is concluded that laparoscopic intra-uterine insemination of fallow deer with frozen-thawed or fresh semen at fixed intervals after removal of a CIDR device can give acceptable conception rates under a range of on-farm management options and semen doses.  相似文献   

2.
Sera from 335 farmed fallow deer (Dama dama) at the breeding station in Kosewo Górne in the Mazurian Lake District, North-East Poland, were investigated for the presence of antibodies against Neospora caninum. The distribution of age groups was as follow: >4 years - 154 animals; 2 years - 76 animals; 1 year - 105 animals. Ten sera with the optical density exceeding 0.159 absorbance units (i.e., cut-off value) in ELISA test were also analyzed by Western blot. Western blot analysis revealed seroreactivity against immunodominant N. caninum antigens of 37, 25, and 16kDa; however, in some sera additional bands were also visible. This is the first screening studies for antibodies against N. caninum in farmed fallow deer in Poland, in the region where neosporosis was confirmed in cattle and in farmed and free-ranging European red deer (Cervus elaphus).  相似文献   

3.
Sera were collected from 224 fallow deer (Dama dama) in reserves in central Italy. Samples were tested for antibodies against Chlamydia spp., Brucella spp. and Coxiella spp. with the complement fixation (CF) test. Indirect immunofluorescence was used to test for antibodies against Borrelia spp. and agglutination tests were conducted for Leptospira interrogans antibodies. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests were used to detect antibodies against bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) and bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV). All samples were negative for antibodies against Brucella spp., L. interrogans, Coxiella spp. and BHV-1. Four samples (1.8%) had antibodies against Chlamydia spp., nine (4%) against Borrelia spp. and 10 (4.5%) against BVDV. These results indicate that fallow deer in central Italy have a low rate of exposure to pathogens typical of domestic livestock.  相似文献   

4.
Neosporosis, caused by the protozoan parasite Neospora caninum, is a serious cause of bovine abortion, stillbirth and perinatal death. This paper reports a clinical neosporosis in a 3-week-old fallow deer (Dama dama). The fawn was full term and appeared normal at birth. Histological lesions consisted of a multifocal necrotizing and granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis, with intralesional protozoal cysts. Positive immunohistochemical staining and characteristic PCR products confirmed the diagnosis of N. caninum infection.  相似文献   

5.
Intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were observed in the digestive epithelium of fallow deer (Dama dama L) suffering from bovine virus diarrhea/mucosal disease. Similar inclusion bodies were also found in the ruminal epithelium of fallow deer subjected to overfeeding by supplementary food. Inclusion bodies were not found in the upper alimentary mucosa of clinically healthy deer but were frequently found when these tissues were subjected to autolysis. At electron microscopical studies the inclusion bodies were found to consist of granular protein-like material encircled by a single membrane. Such inclusion bodies may constitute a non-specific degenerative cell response which could be elicited by diverse factors including autolysis.  相似文献   

6.
Different subtypes of Listeria monocytogenes were isolated from various animal and environmental samples during an episode of increased mortality on a fallow deer (Dama dama) farm. During a 4-wk period, six fallow deer died, including four does, one fawn, and one adult buck. Prior to death, one of the does had exhibited central nervous system signs characteristic of listeriosis. Postmortem examination of the six deer showed no histologic changes typical of listeriosis, although inflammatory changes were present in several organs. Different subtypes of L. monocytogenes were isolated from brain samples from six deer, from fodder and soil from the deer feeding area, and from faces of some healthy animals on the farm. Listeria monocytogenes, which was frequently isolated in the environment of the farm, was considered the probable major cause of mortality in these fallow deer.  相似文献   

7.
Reference ranges for five parameters of blood coagulation were established in clinically normal farmed fallow deer (Dama dama) and red deer (Cervus elaphus). Storage of plasma at -15 degrees C resulted in small increases in activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) for both species, and in the one stage prothrombin time (OSPT) of fallow deer, between days 1 and 30. These times were then stable between days 30 and 60. The fibrinogen levels of fallow deer plasma showed a small apparent increase over 60 days. These storage artefacts were not of sufficient magnitude to preclude the use of such plasma for diagnostic purposes although they could limit its use in research. Levels of fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) were not affected by storage at -15 degrees C. Rabbit brain thromboplastin appeared adequate for OSPT determination in both species. The activated clotting time (ACT) is recommended as a field test for screening the intrinsic and common pathways of blood coagulation in deer.  相似文献   

8.
Four outbreaks of hemorrhagic septicemia caused by Pasteurella multocida multocida occurred in a population of 1,800 fallow deer (Dama dama) during 1992-1996. A total of 340 fallow deer were submitted for postmortem examination. Pasteurellosis was diagnosed in 273 of 312 deer suspected of having septicemia. Pasteurella multocida was isolated from 257 animals, and the diagnosis was based on typical pathologic changes alone in the other 16 animals. Pasteurella multocida was isolated in pure culture from 219 of 248 samples of cerebrospinal fluid. Eighteen animals were observed moribund with severe depression, foamy nasal discharge, and respiratory distress, and 257 were found dead. Major clinical signs and pathologic changes included extensive swelling of the head and the neck and peracute or acute septic pneumonia, petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages on serous membranes, and severely hemorrhagic adrenal glands and abomasum. Rhinitis and necrotic pharyngeal mucosae were common. Histologically, the most advanced lesions were in the nasal mucosa and pharynx. The swelling of the head and the neck arose from a diffuse cellulitis in the subcutaneous and intermuscular tissues. The earliest lesions in the lungs included large numbers of bacteria in the pulmonary capillaries, but various degrees of fibrinous exudation to the alveoli and infiltration with heterophils usually were observed.  相似文献   

9.
The histomorphological changes occurring in the Dama dama reticulum during prenatal development have been investigated. Twenty‐five Dama dama embryos were used, from the first stages of prenatal life until birth. Differentiation of the reticulum was observed at 23% gestation. By 25% gestation the reticular wall comprised three layers: an internal epithelial layer, a middle layer of pluripotential blastemic tissue and an external layer or serosa. Primary reticular crests were visible at 38% gestation. Secondary reticular crests were observed at 61% gestation. Neuroendocrine cells were detected by synaptophysin (SYP) at 35% gestation, in the lamina propria‐submucosa, tunica muscularis, and serosa. Epithelial Cytokeratin‐18 (CK‐18) cells were observed at 35% gestation extended throughout the epithelial layers. The glial cells (vimentin –VIM‐ and glial fibrillary acidic protein‐GFAP‐markers) were discerned at 25% and 43% gestation, respectively, in myenteric and submucosal plexuses, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, tunica muscularis, and perivascular connective tissue. The neuropeptide Y (NPY) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) markers were immunodetected at 75% and 80 gestation, respectively, in the lamina propria‐submucosa, muscularis mucosae, tunica muscularis, serosa, and myenteric plexuses. The prenatal development of the fallow deer reticular mucosa evidenced a considerable precocity similar to that previously reported in goat and red deer.  相似文献   

10.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of Anaplasma spp. in group of 50 fallow deer (Dama dama) from free-range farm in eastern Poland and determine what species of Anaplasma could infect these animals based on PCR gene sequencing. The PCR technique revealed the presence of 16S RNA Anaplasma spp. genetic material in the blood of 7 out of 50 examined animals. The sequences of the PCR products obtained showed a 100% homology with each other and 100% homology with GU 183908 sequence of A. phagocytophilum, isolated in our earlier study from a horse with clinical form of anaplasmosis. Here, we report the first molecular evidence of Anaplasma spp. among naturally infected fallow deer in eastern Poland.  相似文献   

11.
The present study was performed to assess the fertility of frozen-thawed dog semen prepared by freezing with 6% glycerol and thawing at 70℃ for 8 sec, and to evaluate the least number of post-thaw spermatozoa necessary to achieve pregnancy by intrauterine or intratubal artificial insemination. It was found that the pregnancy rate of intrauterine artificial insemination was 100% using 6% glycerol buffer and thawing at 70℃ for 8 sec with 5 × 107 spermatozoa. Even though the pregnancy rate (80%) and the whelping rate (24.5%) in the 5 × 106 spermatozoa inseminated group were lower than those of the 5 × 107 spermatozoa group, conception was confirmed with 5 × 106 spermatozoa. Although the pregnancy rate of intratubal insemination was low (20%) with 4 × 106 spermatozoa, this study is the first report to show the pregnancy rate of intratubal insemination with frozen-thawed ejaculated canine semen. In order to improve the pregnancy rate with intratubal insemination of canine spermatozoa, it is necessary to investigate the optimal insemination site of the uterine tube, the appropriate number of sperm, and the direct effect of buffer on oocytes.  相似文献   

12.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: To compensate for the wide variation in the freezability of stallion spermatozoa, it has become common veterinary practice to carry out repeated ultrasonography of the ovaries of oestrous mares in order to be able to inseminate them within 6-12 h of ovulation with a minimum of 300-500 x 10(6) frozen-thawed spermatozoa. Furthermore, in order to achieve satisfactory fertility, this requirement for relatively high numbers of spermatozoa currently limits our ability to exploit recently available artificial breeding technologies, such as sex-sorted semen, for which only 5-20 x 10(6) spermatozoa are available for insemination. OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of hysteroscopic vs. conventional insemination when low numbers of spermatozoa are used at a single fixed time after administration of an ovulation-inducing agent. METHODS: In the present study, pregnancy rates were compared in 86 mares inseminated once only with low numbers of frozen-thawed spermatozoa (3-14 x 10(6)) at 32 h after treatment with human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), either conventionally into the body of the uterus or hysteroscopically by depositing a small volume of the inseminate directly onto the uterotubal papilla ipsilateral to the ovary containing the pre-ovulatory follicle. RESULTS: Pregnancy rates were similarly high in mares inseminated conventionally or hysteroscopically with 14 x 10(6) motile frozen-thawed spermatozoa (67% vs. 64%). However, when the insemination dose was reduced to 3 x 10(6) spermatozoa, the pregnancy rate was significantly higher in the mares inseminated hysteroscopically onto the uterotubal junction compared to those inseminated into the uterine body (47 vs. 15%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: When inseminating mares with <10 x 10(6) frozen-thawed stallion spermatozoa, hysteroscopic uterotubal junction deposition of the inseminate is the preferred method. POTENTIAL CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Satisfactory pregnancy rates are achievable after insemination of mares with frozen-thawed semen from fertile stallions 32 h after administration of human chorionic gonadotrophin (Chorulon). Furthermore, these results were obtained when mares were inseminated with 14 x 10(6) progressively motile frozen-thawed spermatozoa from 2 stallions of proven fertility.  相似文献   

13.
Confined and unconfined fallow deer (Dama dama) of the black variety kept at Whipsnade Park were sedated with etorphine in combination with acepromazine, or xylazine or both, with or without atropine. Induction, sedation and recovery times were recorded. During the period under sedation, systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures, electrocardiographs, body temperature, arterial blood gas pressures and pH, packed cell volume and plasma electrolytes and enzymes were monitored. In both groups, and with all drug combinations, heart rates (except where atropine was used and respiratory rates were depressed, pulmonary arterial pressures were elevated, and blood oxygen tension and pH lowered compared with interspecies norms. In confined animals, systemic arterial pressures were depressed. Unconfined animals and animals in which atropine was used showed higher and more varied systemic arterial pressures and more varied heart rates. Cardiac arrests occurred in eight animals, five during induction and three during sedation, one of which was revived with oxygen. Severe arrhythmia occurred in an animal in which atrioventricular block was confirmed and reversed by oxygen treatment.  相似文献   

14.
Our previous report indicated that addition of Orvus ES Paste (OEP) to the extender of frozen canine semen protected acrosomes and maintained sperm motility after thawing. In this study, artificial insemination (AI) using the frozen semen was carried out. The frozen semen was prepared using egg yolk Tris-fructose citrate, and the final concentrations of glycerol and OEP were 7% (v/v) and 0.75% (v/v), respectively. AI was performed during the optimal mating period predicted from the peripheral plasma progesterone level. In intrauterine insemination (IUI), the bitches were laparotomized and 1 x 10(8) spermatozoa were infused into one of the uterine horns. In insemination of non-OEP supplemented semen, 3 x 10(8) spermatozoa were inseminated. In intravaginal insemination (IVI), 10-40 x 10(8) spermatozoa were inseminated. Conception was obtained in nine of 10 bitches (90.0%) that underwent IUI. The number of newborns was from 1 to 7 (mean 3.6 +/- 0.9). The mean ratio of the number of puppies to the number of ovulations in the inseminated uterine horn was 71.8%. The number of puppies did not exceed the number of ovulation in the inseminated uterine horn. Conception using non-OEP supplemented frozen semen was unsuccessful in all four bitches. In IVI, conception was not obtained in any of the six bitches that received insemination of 10 x 10(8) or 40 x 10(8) spermatozoa, but two of three bitches that received insemination of 20 x 10(8) spermatozoa were fertilized. It was shown that a high conception rate can be obtained by IUI using OEP-supplemented frozen canine semen. Developmenmt of a non-surgical method of IUI and a method of freezing canine sperm applicable to IVI is necessary.  相似文献   

15.
Achieving canine pregnancy by using frozen or chilled extended semen   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Successful artificial insemination in the dog requires good timing of the insemination, skilled collection and handling of the semen, and mastering of insemination techniques. The bitch should be inseminated late in estrus. The insemination dose should contain at least 150 to 200 x 10(6) spermatozoa. Fresh semen can be inseminated vaginally, whereas frozen-thawed semen should be inseminated into the uterus. Pregnancy rates of 84% with fresh semen and 69% with frozen semen are reported.  相似文献   

16.
Observations on the reproductive performance of fallow deer on 47 farms in New South Wales were made over 6 consecutive years. The minimum fawning rate for does varied significantly (p less than 0.001) between years, the corresponding fawning percentages varying from 75.0% to 96.4%, with an overall mean of 88.8%. The weaning rate also varied significantly (p less than 0.001) between years, the corresponding percentages varying from 65.0% to 89.1% with a mean over 6 years of 81.4%. Weaning rates were low given the known high fertility of fallow deer. The ratio of male to female fawns at weaning varied significantly (p less than 0.05) between years, although the ratio was exactly 1:1 for all births recorded over the 6-year period. The mean birthweights for female and male fawns were 4.01 kg +/- 0.61 (n = 330) and 4.23 kg +/- 0.72 (n = 348) respectively. Mean birthweights varied significantly (p less than 0.001) between the sexes and between years. There was a greater difference between birthweights of male and female fawns in years with higher mean fawn birthweight. Fawn birthweights generally approximated 10% of the pre-rut weight of their mother. Handling of newborn fawns for tagging and weighting did not increase the chance of mismothering and rejection. The mean weaning weight for doe fawns and buck fawns over 6 years was 18.7 kg (n = 227) and 21.2 kg (n = 231) respectively, with a mean birth to weaning interval of 108.4 +/- 4.89 (n = 458). Growth rates of male fawns from birth to weaning were significantly higher (p less than 0.01) than for female fawns, and the growth rates of fawns were significantly different (p less than 0.01) between years.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

17.

Background

This paper describes the isolation and characterization of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAG) from fetal cotyledonary tissue (FCT) and maternal caruncular tissue (MCT) collected from fallow deer (Dama dama) pregnant females. Proteins issued from FCT and MCT were submitted to affinity chromatographies by using Vicia villosa agarose (VVA) or anti-bovine PAG-2 (R#438) coupled to Sepharose 4B gel. Finally, they were characterized by SDS-PAGE and N-terminal microsequencing.

Results

Four distinct fallow deer PAG (fdPAG) sequences were identified and submitted to Swiss-Prot database. Comparison of fdPAG with PAG sequences identified in other ruminant species exhibited 64 to 83% identity. Additionally, alpha-fetoprotein was identified in fetal and maternal tissues.

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate the efficacy of VVA and bovine PAG-2 affinity chromatographies for the isolation of PAG molecules expressed in deer placenta. This is the first report giving four specific amino acid sequences of PAG isolated from feto-maternal junction (FCT and MCT) in the Cervidae family.  相似文献   

18.
Thirteen of 100 fallow deer, aged between 6 months and 10 years, died over a 5 week period. The deaths occurred in 2 outbreaks 3 weeks apart. Both outbreaks were preceded by at least 3 days of cold wet and windy weather, and were associated with water-logged pastures. Affected animals were usually found dead, with a frothy blood-stained nasal discharge. In the 8 deer necropsied, gross lesions included widespread subserosal petechial haemorrhages, severe pulmonary congestion and oedema with froth-filled airways, and fibrinous pneumonia and pleurisy in 4 deer. Two deer, also, had extensive subcutaneous petechial and ecchymotic haemorrhages and oedema of skeletal musculature. Histologically, the most significant lesions were present in the lungs. Moderate to severe pulmonary congestion and oedema, with fibrinous exudation into alveoli and septal oedema, were present in all deer. In some deer these changes were accompanied by a diffuse infiltration with polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Pasteurella multocida was isolated from a range of tissues from 7 of 8 deer examined. The remaining animal had been treated with antibiotics 8 hours before death. The isolates had identical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns and were of the same antigenic type-Carter group A, Heddleston type 3,4.  相似文献   

19.
A simultaneous live/dead and acrosome staining, originally described for domestic mammals, was successfully applied on red deer (Cervus elaphus) and fallow deer (Dama dama) spermatozoa collected from the cauda epididymidis and vas deferens of shot stags. The staining is simple enough for routine application. Seven classes of spermatozoa were distinguished in the smears of frozen/thawed semen samples. Morphology, including cytoplasmic droplets, was evaluated as well. Percentage of live cells with intact acrosomes and with no other morphological aberrations might be a practical index of semen quality.  相似文献   

20.
Contents: The quantitative morphology of the seminiferous epithelium was studied in 10 testes of 16- to 17-monthsold fallow bucks (Dama dama). Seminiferous tubules constitute 77.2% of the testicular parenchyma and amount to a total length of 400–750 m per testis. According to varying cell associations 6 different stages can be observed during the spermatogenic cycle. The average tubular diameter varies between 215 μm (stage 1) and 230 μm (stage 8), the epithelial height between 67.6 μm in stage 3 and 71.9 μm in stage 8 when spermiation occurs. From primary spermatocytes during the prophase of the first meiotic division preleptotenes have smallest nuclear (203.7 μm3) and cellular (469.1 μm3) volumes, whereas late diplotenes show a nuclear volume of 846.7μm3 and a cellular volume of 3440.5 μm3, that is an increase of more than 4 times for the nucleus and more than 7 times for the cell body. Numerical analysis reveals 4 spermatogonial divisions and a considerable loss of spermatogenic cells during the second meiotic division and subsequent spermiogenesis. Sertoli cells constitute between 31.4% (stage 4) and 38.3% (stage 1) of the tubular epithelium. The calculated cell volume of an individual Sertoli cell increases during every cycle from 6515.3 μm3 instage 3 to 8350.0 μm3 in stage 8; that is a volume change of 22%. The Sertoli cell organelle with most prominent cyclical variations is the endoplasmic reticulum. A lipid cycle is absent in the seminiferous epithelium of the fallow deer. Inhalt: Quantitative Studien am Keimepithel des männlichen Damwilds (Dama dama). Das Keimepithel im Hoden von fünf 16 bis 17 Monate alten Damwildjährlingen (Dama dama) wurde mit morphometrischen Methoden untersucht. Tubuli seminiferi machen 77,2% des Hodenparenchyms aus; die Gesamttubuluslange pro Hoden betragt zwischen 400 und 750 m. Sechs Spermatogenesestadien können beim Damhirsch identifiziert werden, wobei für diese Einteilung wechselnde Zellassoziationen im Keimepithel zugrunde gelegt wurden. Der Durchmesser der Tubuli seminiferi wechselt zwischen 215 μm (Phase 1)und 230 μm (Phase 8). Die Tubulusepithelhöhe schwankt ebergfalls zwischen 67,6 μm in Phase 3 und 71,9 μm in Phase 8 (Spermiation). Präleptotäne habendie kleinsten Kern- und Zellvolumina (203,7 μm3 bzw. 469,1 μm3) von allen Spermatozyten I. Ordnung, Diplotäne aus Phase 4 die größten Werte (846,7 μm3 bzw. 3440,5 μm3), das ist ein Zuwachs um das Vierfache bei mKern und um das Siebenfache beim Zeilleib. Eine numerische Anaiyse derZellzahlen in Tubulusquerschnitten aus den verschiedenen Phasen der Spermatogenese erlaubt die Schlußfolgerung, daß es 4 Spermatogonienteilungen bei dieser Spezies gibt, und daß eine beträchtliche Anzahl aller rechnerisch möglichen Keimzellen während der Spermatokenese verloren geht, vor allem während der zweiten Reifeteilung und der Spermiogenese. Sertolizellen machen zwischen 31,4 (Phase 4) und 38,3% (Phase 1) des Keimepithels aus. Eine Sertolizelle aus Phase 3 besitzt ein rechnerisches Zellvolumen von 6515,3 μm3, eine Zelle aus Phase 8 ein Zellvolumen von 8350,0 μm3. Somit verringert und vergrößert sich das Volumen der einzelnen Sertolizelle um ca. 22% in jedem Keimepithelzyklus. Das endoplasmatische Retikulum der Sertolizelle ist das Organell mit den auffälligsten zyklischen Veränderungen. Der Lipidgehalt des Keimepithels ist minimal; ein Lipidzyklus im Keimepithel, wie für andere Spezies beschrieben, existiert beim Damwild nicht.  相似文献   

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