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冀西北栗钙土有机碳、酶活性及土壤呼吸强度特征研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
土壤有机碳(质)水平的高低是评价土壤肥力高低的重要指标之一,如何提高土壤有机碳(质)研究一直是国内外土壤科学工作者关注的课题。近年来,随着全球环境变化对陆地生态系统的影响,土壤有机碳逐渐成为公众和科学界关注的热点[1]。研究陆地碳循环机制及其对全球变化的响应,是预测大气CO2含量及气候变化的重要基础,这已引起科学界的高度重视[2]。目前,有关土壤碳循环研究主要集中在大气CO2浓度升高对土壤酶活性、有机物料分解、土壤微生物、土壤有机质、腐殖质组成、农作物养分利用、植物生长、光合作用、根系生长及其分泌物等生理生态方面的影响[3～12],以及施肥对农田土壤碳循环、微生物及酶活性的影响[13～16], 相似文献
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黄土丘陵区人工草地牧草营养元素累积及土壤有机碳与养分特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以黄土丘陵沟壑区安塞川地及山坡地豆科和禾本科的人工草地为对象,研究人工草地的土壤有机碳及土壤养分变化、草地植物营养元素吸收与循环特征,揭示种植不同种类牧草的人工草地对土壤有机碳及养分变化的驱动作用.结果表明:在各种牧草当年生长的茎叶、立枯物、凋落物及根系中所累积的营养元素中,氮素累积量最高,其次为钾,磷的累积量最少;牧草通过凋落物归还到土壤中的氮素最多、其次为钾素,磷的归还量最少;各种牧草的地上部氮、磷、钾3种元素累积量高于根系.苜蓿的地上部和根系中氮、磷、钾的总累积量最高,其次为红豆草、柳枝稷和达乌里胡枝子,沙打旺的地上部与根系中累积的氮、磷、钾总量最少.川地与坡地草地土壤全氮、土壤有机碳与有机碳储量及有机碳固定量均高于裸地.川地草地土壤全氮,土壤有机碳含量与储量高于坡地,川地草地土壤有机碳固定量低于坡地.土壤全氮含量川地以苜蓿最高,山坡地以白羊草最高.建植草地可有效提高土壤氮与钾的有效性. 相似文献
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研究森林土壤有机碳的分布、转化及其对环境变化的响应有助于更好地了解陆地生态系统碳循环过程,为准确评估碳排放提供科学依据。本研究选择神农架落叶阔叶成熟林(NMF)和砍伐后形成的落叶阔叶次生林(NSF)为研究对象,分析了其植物多样性、土壤活性有机碳和土壤微生物的磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)含量。结果表明,NSF具有显著(P0.05)高于NMF的植物多样性,两种不同森林类型的土壤微生物磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)具有明显差异(P0.05),主成分分析(PCA)表明了两种植被类型具有不同的微生物群落结构。Mantel分析表明,土壤有机碳、全氮、有效氮、植物多样性、pH、易氧化有机碳和微生物量碳等都与微生物群落结构均具有显著的相关性(P0.05)。因此,不同阔叶林类型具有明显不同的土壤有机碳和微生物群落结构特征。 相似文献
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土壤有机氮组分研究进展 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
《土壤通报》2018,(5)
有机氮组分作为土壤氮素的重要组成,是土壤中有效态氮的源和库,在氮素矿化、固定、迁移以及为植物生长供氮过程中起到至关重要的作用。总结近年来国内外土壤有机氮组分的研究进展,详述了土壤有机氮组分的组成、功能及其影响因素。结果表明,土壤有机氮组分与土壤供氮能力紧密相关,其中酸解铵态氮和酸解氨基酸氮为土壤有机氮组分的主要组成,一定程度上可作为土壤供氮潜力的表征。最后,对未来的研究重点—同位素标记技术和分子生物学技术等在土壤有机氮组分研究的应用进行展望,以期为深入开展土壤氮素循环和供氮能力的研究提供一定的理论参考。 相似文献
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土壤中的有机污染物可从根系进入植物体内,并可进一步通过食物链富集,从而威胁人群健康。植物根际微生物种类繁多、数量巨大,其中很多根际细菌可通过成膜作用在植物根表形成细菌生物膜,协助植物抵抗外界的不良环境或促进植物生长。有机污染物在被植物根系吸收的过程中,多需经过根表细菌生物膜这一特殊界面。综述了根际细菌在植物根表的成膜作用,以及根表功能细菌生物膜对污染物根际环境过程的影响及作用机理,分析了利用根表功能细菌生物膜调控植物吸收有机污染物的可行性,试图为防治土壤有机污染、降低作物污染风险、保障农产品安全等提供理论依据。 相似文献
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土壤中的氮素主要以有机态的形式存在,大部分有机氮通过矿化作用成为无机态氮供植物利用;小部分有机氮可直接为植物所吸收。土壤中还含有微量的有机氮化物,如核酸及各种维生素等,这类物质对植物、微生物的生长有着特殊的作用[l.14]。研究土壤中有机氮化物的组成和性质,是土壤有机质本性研究的一部分,它对于进一步调节氮素的转化、提高土壤的供氮能力、以及制定合理的施肥制度都有着重要的意义。本文对我国几种土壤中的氮素形态、组成和分布进行了研究,现简报如下。 相似文献
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间套作改善作物矿质营养的机理研究进展 总被引：11，自引：1，他引：10
【目的】合理的间套作能够改善作物的矿质营养。近年来国内外对间套作提高作物生产力、 改善作物矿质营养的机理研究越来越深入。本文分析了国内外不同间套作中作物根际养分动态及作物营养吸收变化,阐述了间套作改善作物矿质营养的可能机理。【主要进展】 1)根系分泌物中的铵态氮和氨基酸态氮作为作物的氮源; 根系分泌物能够诱导豆科作物固氮作用的增强,增加间套作系统中的氮营养; 2)根系分泌物中的有机酸类物质能够活化根际土壤中的磷、 铁、 钾等营养,将其转变为植物可以利用的营养; 3)根系分泌物或地上部的种间互作能诱导作物的根系构型和矿质营养吸收相关基因的表达发生变化,形成空间上的营养生态位互补,增强根系吸收矿质营养的能力,充分利用土壤营养资源; 4)丛枝菌根真菌与作物间形成的网络便于营养在作物之间的转移和吸收; 5)间套作能够改变土壤生物多样性(土壤动物和微生物),而土壤的生物多样性能够促进作物矿质养分的吸收。间套作中,由于微生物代谢功能的多样性,作物对微生物的选择和富集使得根际土壤功能微生物的种类和数量增多,提高了土壤中矿质营养的生物有效性; 6)间套作提高了土壤的酶(如脲酶,酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶)活性,促进了有机氮、 磷向无机氮、 磷的转化,提高了土壤无机氮、 磷的浓度。总之,根系分泌物、 根系构型变化、 土壤生物多样性、 土壤酶在作物的营养有效利用中发挥重要作用,其中根系分泌物是它们之间的纽带,介导了作物-作物、 作物-土壤、 作物-微生物之间的相互作用。【建议与展望】由于技术手段的限制及地下根际过程的复杂性,人们对于地下生物学过程的认识还远远不够。根系分泌物的原位定性与定量、 间套作中种间的识别和响应、 间套作对土壤生物多样性的影响及土壤生物多样性对作物生长的反馈、 间套作中功能微生物的筛选、 分离、 鉴定及应用都将成为研究的重点。 相似文献
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根系分泌物是植物保持根际微生态系统活力的关键因素，也是根际物质循环的重要组成部分，对根际土壤生态环境中的物质循环具有重要的驱动作用。根系分泌物可以刺激微生物生长，增强其活性，加速根际养分循环，增加土壤养分利用率，并在小规模空间引起温室气体通量的变化。此外，它也是植物参与竞争的重要策略，植物通过根分泌物以获取种间长期生存的养分，甚至分泌对自身有害的化感物质来排挤其他植物，实现自我生存，即使存在自毒作用或引起连作障碍等。植物的健康生长依赖于自身与土壤微生物复杂动态群落的相互作用，但是根际微生物群落结构和组成却又受植物物种、植物生长期、土壤性质、功能基因等因素影响，这些因素的动态变化可能导致根系分泌物的多样化，从而形成复杂多变的根系分泌物与植物的关系，进而影响植物的健康生长。目前，对植物根系分泌物的研究是土壤生态学、植物营养与代谢等领域的研究热点，且随着分析技术手段的快速发展，根系分泌物相关研究也逐渐深入，进一步揭示植物与微生物间的协同作用机理对农、林等行业生产具有重要的指导意义。 相似文献
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Among the several kinds of seed cakes, the cake made from rape seeds has been most widely employed for tobacco cultivation. Numerous investigations have been conducted by many workers, on the mineralization of organic nitrogen in rape seed cake applied to the soil and on the absorption of inorganic nitrogen degraded from the seed cake in soil by tobacco plants (8,9). However, little has been known about the organic nitrogen compounds which are generated through the process of decomposition of the seed cake. Recently, it has been believed that the plant roots are able to absorb the organic nitrogen compounds such as amino acids (10,11, 12). Therefore, it is considered that these organic nitrogen compounds produced by mineralization of the seed cake applied to the soil would have some effects upon the yield and quality of some crops such as tobacco plant with their physiological effects on plants. This paper deals with the changes in amino acids produced by the mineralization of rape seed cake in the soil. 相似文献
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J.S. Pate 《Soil biology & biochemistry》1973,5(1):109-119
This paper reviews current knowledge and presents some new information on the metabolism of nitrogen in various species of higher plants.The role of the root system is considered. It is shown that the roots of many herbaceous and woody plants can manufacture organic compounds of nitrogen from the nitrate or other forms of inorganic nitrogen they absorb from the medium. The extent to which they do this varies greatly with the age and nutrition of the plant and with the environmental conditions under which it is growing. The relationship is examined between the synthetic activities of the root and its activity in upward transport of nitrogen to the shoot. The latter process takes place predominantly, if not exclusively, in the xylem, and in each species one or more nitrogen-rich compounds, e.g., amides, ureides and amino acids, carry the bulk of the nitrogen leaving the root. A second group of plants is described in which roots do not function to any extent in the reduction of nitrate.Consideration is given to the fate of recently absorbed nitrogen once it reaches the shoot system. An inorganic source such as nitrate, or molecules such as amides containing surplus amino groupings, are shown to serve as nitrogen sources for synthesis of amino acids required for protein synthesis. Some of these amino acids arise directly from the photosynthetic apparatus. Alternatively, surplus nitrogen arriving from the root may be stored in the shoot, from where it is drawn upon extensively if uptake by the root fails to keep pace with the shoot's demands for nitrogen.The transport system for nitrogen is examined for the whole plant. The classes of sources and sinks for nitrogen are described, and information presented on the types of nitrogenous solutes they receive from the xylem and phloem. 相似文献
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Soil amino acids are important sources of organic nitrogen for plant nutrition, yet few studies have examined which amino acids are most prevalent in the soil. In this study, we examined the composition, concentration, and seasonal patterns of soil amino acids across a primary successional sequence encompassing a natural gradient of plant productivity and soil physicochemical characteristics. Soil was collected from five stages (willow, alder, balsam poplar, white spruce, and black spruce) of the floodplain successional sequence on the Tanana River in interior Alaska. Water-extractable amino acid composition and concentration were determined by HPLC. Irrespective of successional stage, the amino acid pool was dominated by glutamic acid, glutamine, aspartic acid, asparagine, alanine, and histidine. These six amino acids accounted for approximately 80% of the total amino acid pool. Amino acid concentrations were an order of magnitude higher in coniferous-dominated late successional stages than in early deciduous-dominated stages. The composition and concentration of amino acids were generally constant throughout the growing season. The similar amino acid composition across the successional sequence suggests that amino acids originate from a common source or through similar biochemical processes. These results demonstrate that amino acids are important components of the biogeochemical diversity of nitrogen forms in boreal forests. 相似文献
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T. Mimmo D. Del Buono R. Terzano N. Tomasi G. Vigani C. Crecchio R. Pinton G. Zocchi S. Cesco 《European Journal of Soil Science》2014,65(5):629-642
Poor iron (Fe) availability in soil represents one of the most important limiting factors of agricultural production and is closely linked to physical, chemical and biological processes within the rhizosphere as a result of soil–microorganism–plant interactions. Iron shortage induces several mechanisms in soil organisms, resulting in an enhanced release of inorganic (such as protons) and organic (organic acids, carbohydrates, amino acids, phytosiderophores, siderophores, phenolics and enzymes) compounds to increase the solubility of poorly available Fe pools. However, rhizospheric organic compounds (ROCs) have short half‐lives because of the large microbial activity at the soil–root interface, which might limit their effects on Fe mobility and acquisition. In addition, ROCs also have a selective effect on the microbial community present in the rhizosphere. This review aims therefore to unravel these complex dynamics with the objective of providing an overview of the rhizosphere processes involved in Fe acquisition by soil organisms (plants and microorganisms). In particular, the review provides information on (i) Fe availability in soils, including mineral weathering and Fe mobilization from soil minerals, ligand and element competition and plant‐microbe competition; (ii) microbe–plant interactions, focusing on beneficial microbial communities and their association with plants, which in turn influences plant mineral nutrition; (iii) plant–soil interactions involving the metabolic changes triggered by Fe deficiency and the processes involved in exudate release from roots; and (iv) the influence of agrochemicals commonly used in agricultural production systems on rhizosphere processes related to Fe availability and acquisition by crops. 相似文献
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Substantial amounts of low molecular weight organic compounds (LMWs) such as sugars and amino acids are transferred from plant roots into soil. These substances are released due to decomposition processes or leaching (exudation). Afterwards they can be metabolized by soil microorganisms into different compounds, or they can be partially re‐absorbed by the plants. The aim of this study was to clarify the influence of five wild plant species on the composition and pool sizes of LMWs extractable from three different soils. Four of the five species caused significant changes in soil LMW pools. In Chernozem, the sugar concentrations of soil with plants were up to 60 % higher than those of the bulk reference soil, and amino acids increased by as much as 207 %. The relative abundance of free amino acids in roots did not correlate with the relative abundance of amino acids in soil after six weeks of plant growth. The relative abundance of soil amino acids, that increased after plant growth, was strongly dependent on the type of soil and on the plant species present. We suggest that rather than rhizodeposition being dependent on soil type, it reflects differential microbial metabolization of amino acids in the respective soils. 相似文献
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During cultivation of legumes soil is acidified due to proton release from roots. As a consequence of proton release, plants accumulate organic anions which may, if returned and decomposed in the soil, neutralize the soil acids. Until now the detailed processes responsible for the change in soil pH after incorporation of plant material have not been completely understood. Using a pot experiment we studied the changes in acid and base in soil during growth of field beans (Vicia faba L. cv. Alfred) and after incorporation of the plant material into the soil. Soil pH was significantly decreased by field beans from 6.00 to 5.64 in a cultivation period of 45 days. Proton release amounted to 32.7 mmol H+ pot-1, which was approximately equivalent to the accumulated alkalinity in the plant shoots (34.4 mmol). Return of field bean shoots caused a significant soil pH increase from 5.64 to 6.29. Within 7 days more than 90% of the added alkalinity was released. After 307 days incubation, soil pH decreased to 5.86 due to nitrification. In a second experiment, maize leaves (Zea mays L.), containing various concentrations of nitrogen and at various alkalinities, were incorporated into the soil. Soil pH change was positively correlated to alkalinity and malate concentration and negatively correlated to total nitrogen and water-soluble organic nitrogen of incorporated leaves. It is concluded that the soil acidification caused by legume cultivation can be partly compensated for if crop residues are returned to the soil. Addition of plant material may initially cause an increase in soil pH due to decomposition of organic anions and organic nitrogen. Soil pH may decrease if nitrification is involved. The concentrations of nitrogen and alkalinity of added plant material are decisive factors controlling soil pH change after incorporation of plant material.Dedicted to Professor J.C.G. Ottow on the occasion of his 60th birthday 相似文献
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Changes in soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH, and the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are examined along a large-scale aridity gradient from southeast to northwest in China. Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen decreased but pH increased with increased aridity. Aboveground plant biomass, spore abundance, and colonization of roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi also declined as the aridity increased. Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen were positively correlated with aboveground plant biomass, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spore number and root colonization were positively correlated with soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and aboveground plant biomass but were negatively correlated with soil pH. A structural equation model suggested that aridity affected soil organic carbon and total nitrogen by limiting aboveground plant biomass. Aridity exerted a large direct effect and smaller indirect effects (via changes in aboveground plant biomass) on the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Soil pH also directly influenced arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal abundance. These results suggest that aboveground plant biomass could be a key factor driving the changes of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal abundance along this aridity gradient in China. 相似文献
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《Soil biology & biochemistry》2001,33(4-5):651-657
The direct uptake of organic nitrogen compounds from the soil solution by plant roots has been hypothesised to constitute a significant source of N to the plant particularly in N limiting ecosystems. The experiments undertaken here were designed to test whether wheat roots could out-compete the rhizosphere microflora for a pulse addition of organic N in the form of three contrasting amino acids, namely lysine, glycine and glutamate. Amino acids were added at a concentration reflecting reported soil solution concentrations (100 μM) and the uptake into either plant biomass or respiration or microbial biomass and respiration determined over a 24 h chase period. The results showed that the plant roots could only capture on average 6% of the added amino acid with the remainder captured by the microbial biomass. We therefore present direct in vivo evidence to support earlier work which has hypothesised that organic N may be of only limited consequence in high input agricultural systems. We suggest that this is a result of the higher concentrations of NO3− in agricultural soil solutions, the slow movement of amino acids in soil relative to NO3−, the rapid turnover of amino acids by soil microorganisms, and the poor competitive ability of plant roots to capture amino acids from the soil solution. 相似文献